This diploma thesis aims to describe policy design of assisted human reproduction in the Czech Republic in the frame of two examined groups: 1) women undergoing this procedure, 2) service providers. The goals are also to identify the policy framework of assisted human reproduction in the political environment. The theory background is supported by the theory of social construction of the target audience written by the authors Ingram and Schneider and the analysis of the framework by Rein and Schon. The legislation of assisted human reproduction is covered mostly in the period of 2011 - 2021. The analytical part of this work is based on systematic expert surveys, questionnaire surveys and analysis of stenographic records. The benefits and drawbacks arising from the legislations, political power and social constructions in relation to both examined groups are formulated in the paper's results. Furthermore, two competing policy frameworks are identified during the debate of amendments to the Act on Specific health Services and the Act on Public Health Insurance.

The aim with this thesis is to find out how one can understand the exceptions not to introduce the euro as the currency of Denmark and the United Kingdom, as well as their attitude to European integration. It has been implemented in a comparative case study using theories in which the case has been the central focus of the investigation. The theories being used is rational actor model that emphasizes rational decision-making and self-interest. In comparison to that theory has a historical institutional perspective been used, which emphasizes path-dependency and critical events. The focus of the study is the time when the countries became members of the European Economic Community in 1973 to the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 where these exceptions not to introduce the euro as the currency was ratified. In the analysis section, one can see portions of both theories to a varying degree. The conclusions of the study is that both countries show a skeptical attitude to European integration and that the exceptions to not introduce the euro as a currency is based on this critical view of moving power to centralized institutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telmo Antonio Dinelli Estevinho.pdf: 1165004 bytes, checksum: 442ab0824ae72d7a854afcf1e0ed39cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aim is to make an analysis of Film Industry Policies in Brazil from the 1960s to the late 1990s. In this period, the main state agencies to support the Brazilian movie production were created and this specific policy remained basically constant regardless of political and economic changes in the country. For this, we use the concepts of historical institutionalism to demonstrate the resilience of a specific system in these policies and to explain the mechanisms that allowed its deployment over time. The centralization of the movie production unlinked to its public distribution, and the implementation of these policies by the educational and cultural state agencies were constant during more than 30 years what enabled interactions between the state and influent political sectors of Brazilian Film industry. This shows the influence of formal and informal Brazilian institutions over the public policy design and its respective implementation process. National agencies like Instituto Nacional de Cinema and Embrafilme were important because they meant to be an opened space in the state in order to make possible the interactions among filmmakers, producers and politicians. The cultural characteristics of the brazilian movies were also used for the maintenance and reproduction of these interactions. The research used a systematic analysis of the film legislation, studies and reports produced by professional associations and government institutes as well as interviews with Brazilian filmmakers, producers and politicians / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto uma análise das políticas de cinema no Brasil entre os anos de 1960 ao final dos anos 1990. Neste período foram criadas as principais agências estatais de suporte à produção cinematográfica e o desenho da política foi aqui concebido e permaneceu mais ou menos constante independente das mudanças nos regimes políticos e das transformações econômicas. Para tanto utilizamos os conceitos do neoinstitucionalismo histórico para demonstrar a relisiência de um formato específico nas políticas de cinema implementadas no Brasil e explicar os mecanimos que permitiram o seu desdobramento através do tempo. A centralidade conferida a produção de filmes desvinculada de sua difusão ou circulação pública e a implementação dessas políticas pelos setores educacionais e culturais do Estado mantiveram-se constantes durante mais de trinta anos permitindo contínuas interações entre as burocracias estatais e setores politicamente influentes do cinema brasileiro. Constata-se assim a influência das instituições, sejam elas formais ou informais, sobre o desenho das políticas de cinema e o seu respectivo processo de implementação. Assim agências estatais como o Instituto Nacional de Cinema e a Embrafilme foram importantes porque eram arenas abertas no interior do Estado para que as interações entre cineastas, produtores e políticos pudessem ocorrer. Os atributos culturais conferidos ao filme nacional também foram utilizados para a manutenção e reprodução dessas interações. A pesquisa utilizou uma análise sistemática da legislação cinematográfica, de estudos e relatórios produzidos por associações de classe e entidades governamentais bem como entrevistas com cineastas, produtores e políticos

This thesis is an inquiry into the challenges to the role of civic organisations in political reform during and after political transitions. The major question this research addresses is: How do institutions and institutional dynamics constrain political reform during a transition? The thesis examines how demands for reform by non-governmental organisations in Lebanon and Libya were not translated into concrete political decisions taken by regimes during a transition period. The thesis suggests that the combination of weak states and power-sharing agreements marginalizes civic organisations, and poses institutional constraints on the likelihood of reform. The thesis is based on contemporary research on events and reform trajectories in Lebanon and Libya, with a focus on the demands and strategies employed by activists during periods of transition. Lebanon between 2005 and 2010 and Libya between 2011 and 2013 underwent critical political events but subsequently did not adopt political reforms despite demands by civic organisations in two main areas: the electoral system in Lebanon and the constitutional process in Libya. A study of these two reform campaigns reveals deeply entrenched historical patterns and elements of continuity that led to path dependent outcomes during transition. By utilising theory and concepts from the perspective of historical institutionalism, the thesis identifies the factors behind path dependent outcomes in Lebanon and Libya. I argue that the transitions in Lebanon and Libya were a result of only ‘partially' critical junctures. The thesis builds on the approach of path dependence by offering insights as to how historically inherited institutional dynamics from the previous regime can cause junctures to be only ‘partially' critical for the broader political order. The main source of data comes from participant observations, interviews and focus groups with two organisations that tried to advance electoral reform and constitutional development.

Esta dissertação compara historicamente dois modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica das relações de trabalho o brasileiro e o britânico , opostos no papel que o direito desempenha, com o intuito de avaliar seus impactos nos padrões específicos de ação sindical verificados nessas duas nações. Ela analisa a formação, transformações e a resiliência de algumas instituições, políticas e valores relacionados à regulação das relações de trabalho e os padrões resultantes de ação sindical nessas duas nações. Empregando um modelo explicativo informado pelo institucionalismo histórico e pela teoria das oportunidades políticas, procura demonstrar que o processo de construção e desenvolvimento de modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica do trabalho são dependentes de sua própria trajetória (path-dependent) e que esses modelos mobilizam instituições, políticas e valores, além de angariar apoio social, fatores que freqüentemente se tornam enraizados e interagem dinamicamente em circunstâncias concretas influenciando as preferências dos atores. / This dissertation historically compares two national models of legal regulation of employment relations the Brazilian and the British , opposite in the role that law plays, in order to assess their impacts on the specific patterns of trades unions action verified in these two nations. It analyses the formation, transformations and the resilience of some institutions, policies and values regarding the regulation of employment relations and the resulting patterns of trades unions action in these two nations. Employing an explanatory model informed by the historical institutionalism and the political opportunities theory, it attempts to demonstrate that the process of construction and development of national models of legal regulation of labour are path-dependent and that these models mobilise institutions, policies and values, besides eliciting social support, factors that often become entrenched and interact dynamically in concrete circumstances shaping the preferences of actors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telmo Antonio Dinelli Estevinho.pdf: 1165004 bytes, checksum: 442ab0824ae72d7a854afcf1e0ed39cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aim is to make an analysis of Film Industry Policies in Brazil from the 1960s to the late 1990s. In this period, the main state agencies to support the Brazilian movie production were created and this specific policy remained basically constant regardless of political and economic changes in the country. For this, we use the concepts of historical institutionalism to demonstrate the resilience of a specific system in these policies and to explain the mechanisms that allowed its deployment over time. The centralization of the movie production unlinked to its public distribution, and the implementation of these policies by the educational and cultural state agencies were constant during more than 30 years what enabled interactions between the state and influent political sectors of Brazilian Film industry. This shows the influence of formal and informal Brazilian institutions over the public policy design and its respective implementation process. National agencies like Instituto Nacional de Cinema and Embrafilme were important because they meant to be an opened space in the state in order to make possible the interactions among filmmakers, producers and politicians. The cultural characteristics of the brazilian movies were also used for the maintenance and reproduction of these interactions. The research used a systematic analysis of the film legislation, studies and reports produced by professional associations and government institutes as well as interviews with Brazilian filmmakers, producers and politicians / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto uma análise das políticas de cinema no Brasil entre os anos de 1960 ao final dos anos 1990. Neste período foram criadas as principais agências estatais de suporte à produção cinematográfica e o desenho da política foi aqui concebido e permaneceu mais ou menos constante independente das mudanças nos regimes políticos e das transformações econômicas. Para tanto utilizamos os conceitos do neoinstitucionalismo histórico para demonstrar a relisiência de um formato específico nas políticas de cinema implementadas no Brasil e explicar os mecanimos que permitiram o seu desdobramento através do tempo. A centralidade conferida a produção de filmes desvinculada de sua difusão ou circulação pública e a implementação dessas políticas pelos setores educacionais e culturais do Estado mantiveram-se constantes durante mais de trinta anos permitindo contínuas interações entre as burocracias estatais e setores politicamente influentes do cinema brasileiro. Constata-se assim a influência das instituições, sejam elas formais ou informais, sobre o desenho das políticas de cinema e o seu respectivo processo de implementação. Assim agências estatais como o Instituto Nacional de Cinema e a Embrafilme foram importantes porque eram arenas abertas no interior do Estado para que as interações entre cineastas, produtores e políticos pudessem ocorrer. Os atributos culturais conferidos ao filme nacional também foram utilizados para a manutenção e reprodução dessas interações. A pesquisa utilizou uma análise sistemática da legislação cinematográfica, de estudos e relatórios produzidos por associações de classe e entidades governamentais bem como entrevistas com cineastas, produtores e políticos

This study is a case study that observes the development of equality strategies in the European Union. After the former strategy for equality ended in 2015 there has been expectations that the European Commission would present a new strategy for equality. Therefore, the new strategy for equality was a disappointment for several actors and institutions of the European Union. The new strategy for equality is a work document and has a lower status in comparison with former strategies for equality in the EU. As a result, several actors and institutions are worried about the development of equality without a complete strategy.   To examine the development of strategies for equality in the EU historical institutionalism and a process called historic process tracing is used in this case study. The current strategy for equality 2016-2019 is going to be compared to the former strategies for 2006-2010 and 2010-2015. Are there any indications that the new work document represents a critical juncture or is it the result of path dependency and the way that EU equality strategies follows? To observe this case Hall and Taylors´ four distinct features of historical institutionalism has been the theoretical vantage point in this study.   To summarize the results of this study there has not been many substantial changes between the different equality strategies. However, changes has been identified through the way the commission presents their strategies. The new strategy for equality has also been criticised for the way the Commission has presented the document.  There are signs of a conflict in the union where different institutions rely on different patterns and structures. While the Commission presents a work document other actors and institutions in the EU are currently debating for a concise and formal strategy.

Esta dissertação compara historicamente dois modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica das relações de trabalho o brasileiro e o britânico , opostos no papel que o direito desempenha, com o intuito de avaliar seus impactos nos padrões específicos de ação sindical verificados nessas duas nações. Ela analisa a formação, transformações e a resiliência de algumas instituições, políticas e valores relacionados à regulação das relações de trabalho e os padrões resultantes de ação sindical nessas duas nações. Empregando um modelo explicativo informado pelo institucionalismo histórico e pela teoria das oportunidades políticas, procura demonstrar que o processo de construção e desenvolvimento de modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica do trabalho são dependentes de sua própria trajetória (path-dependent) e que esses modelos mobilizam instituições, políticas e valores, além de angariar apoio social, fatores que freqüentemente se tornam enraizados e interagem dinamicamente em circunstâncias concretas influenciando as preferências dos atores. / This dissertation historically compares two national models of legal regulation of employment relations the Brazilian and the British , opposite in the role that law plays, in order to assess their impacts on the specific patterns of trades unions action verified in these two nations. It analyses the formation, transformations and the resilience of some institutions, policies and values regarding the regulation of employment relations and the resulting patterns of trades unions action in these two nations. Employing an explanatory model informed by the historical institutionalism and the political opportunities theory, it attempts to demonstrate that the process of construction and development of national models of legal regulation of labour are path-dependent and that these models mobilise institutions, policies and values, besides eliciting social support, factors that often become entrenched and interact dynamically in concrete circumstances shaping the preferences of actors.

本論文採取歷史制度主義作為研究途徑，分析相關研究文獻，以台灣的經建會與南韓的經濟企劃院為例，探討身處全球化浪潮下，台韓兩國國家角色轉變之過程。在全球化的脈絡下，本論文以台韓兩國隨著民主化與自由化的發展，歷經威權體制轉型時期、亞洲金融危機發生階段與危機結束後，政府中制定與推動經濟政策者，即台灣的經建會與南韓的經濟企畫院，對於經濟政策之作為，分析兩國國家角色的轉變、原因及所產生的影響。 自90年代開始全球化的影響力遽增，台韓兩國歷經政治民主化與經濟自由化，使國家角色由過去威權體制時期的政府領導且高度介入的地位，因自由市場體制所致而失去領導能力之模式，至歷經1998年亞洲金融危機時期，兩國政府為因應危機引發經濟成長減緩等問題，使國家角色領導能力更為減弱，至亞洲金融危機結束後2000年，台灣面臨首次政黨輪替以及南韓經濟開始復甦的情況下，兩國國家角色對於經濟政策的領導能力，再次產生轉變，台灣的情況因朝野對立而引發政治失序，使經濟政策窒礙難行，國家角色主導經濟發展程度更為減弱，南韓則由於全球化與自由化的影響，財閥完全主導經濟發展的方向，使政府退位為管理者的角色。 / This research adopts the approaches of historical institutionalism and literature analysis to provide a comparative study of the transformations of the state role in South Korea and Taiwan in an attempt to shed a light on the study of the relationships between globalization and state role. Focusing on the economic policies of government, this dissertation examines the transformations of state role in South Korean and Taiwan since the two countries embarked upon economic liberalization and political democratization in the 1990s in the broad context of globalization. The impact of the transformations of state role upon their respective politico-economic developments will also be discussed. It is argued that under the impact of globalization, South Korea’s and Taiwan’s development trajectories are similar. However, different politico-economic institutions impact upon the economic policies of government in the two countries, hence the state role. It is nonetheless observed that the advancement of globalization, the state role of South Korea and Taiwan should supervise economic development in order to weather the global financial storm.

近二十年來，中國大陸與印度無論在經濟發展，或是國民平均所得都呈現出快速的成長，它也直接促進了兩國的金融體系發生結構性的改變。在資金流動持續的成長及資本市場自由化的時代下，金融擴張、多樣性及全球化已成為必然的趨勢。所以，90年代以來金融自由化已成為中、印兩國，在經濟發展的政策上最重要的一項議題。 本文的研究範圍：是以中國大陸與印度銀行部門的市場化改革作比較研究，分析兩國銀行部門從金融抑制到自由化的過程，依據轉型的過程要素：自由化、穩定化、私有化、制度建立及結構改變等評估指標，檢視中、印兩國銀行部門改革的成效。並採取歷史制度研究途徑及比較法，分別從中、印兩國的國內政經環境、國際金融及國際建制的規範，比較兩國銀行部門改革的原因與轉型的差異，以深入了解中國大陸及印度銀行部門改革的目標及對經濟發展的影響。 研究發現印度銀行體系的制度建立及監管的規範雖然較中國大陸完善，但是在資金運用的效能及經濟的發展上都不如中國大陸。它主要的原因在於兩國的政治體制不同，影響了改革的執行成效。因此，制度的建立與執行要能互相配合才會有實質的成效，否則即使有了完善的制度，但是缺乏貫徹到底的執行力，最終仍將走向失敗。 / For the past twenty years, China and India have seen rapid growth in both economic development and Gross National Product (GNP), which prompted structural transformation in the financial sectors of both countries as well. In an age of growing capital flows and liberalizing capital market, the trends of financial expansion, variety and globalization have become inevitable. Therefore, since the 1990s, financial liberalization has become the issue of utmost importance in economic development policy-making in China and India. This study aims to conduct a comparative research of market reforms in the banking sectors in China and India to analyze the processes from financial repression to liberalization in the banking sectors of both countries. With the factors of transformation—liberalization, stabilization, institutionalization, and structural transformation—as indicators for assessment, this study examines the effectiveness of banking reforms in China and India. By means of historical institutionalist approach and comparative method, this study compares the reasons for reforms and differences in transformations between the banking sectors in the two countries in terms of domestic politico-economic environment, and standards of global finance/ international institutions so as to delve into the reform objectives for banking sectors in China and India and their influence on economic development. The findings of this study indicate that Indian banking sector have sounder institutions and regulations than China; however, they lag behind their counterparts in China in terms of efficient application of funds and economic development. The key factor is that the two countries have different political institutions, which influences the effectiveness of banking reforms. Therefore, only a coordinated effort of institutionalization and implementation may yield substantial results. Otherwise, a sound system without the executive power to carry through is yet doomed to failure.