There are more people in rural areas today that will relocate to a bigger city and the urban areas are increasing towards this negative development. Cities will be overcrowded in the future, meanwhile the population in sparsely populated areas decreases. In sparsely populated areas, there are fewer possibilities in work and education, there is also limited access to service and public transportation.  This study focuses on social sustainable physical environment in sparsely populated areas. The purpose of this project is to produce a proposal on a design of a new residential area in urban areas with social sustainability aspects. The study focuses exclusively on the physical environment and how it can further social sustainability for the residents.  Because of the fact that more people relocate to bigger cities, the council of Bengtsfors wants to change this negative process. For the benefit of the citizens, Bengtsfors needs more and better public meeting areas but also more possibilities regarding work and education. By making Bengtsfors a more appealing place, the chance of people staying increases. As part of the study a survey was made, where the citizens of Bengtsfors county got the chance to make their voices heard by answering questions. Interviews with people working for the council and the company Fridh & Hell bygg AB were also made. The result of the survey and the interviews showed that public places and green areas were important, this was then implemented in the final proposal of the design.

Bakgrund: Vårdmiljön kan delas in i två kategorier, varav den ena är objektiv och den andra är subjektiv. Båda dessa miljöfaktorer påverkar livskvaliteten för personer med demens. Vårdmiljön inkluderar rum, byggnader, inom-/utomhus och trädgårdar. Förståelse för vårdmiljön och dess påverkan hos demenssjuka är därför avgörande för vårdpersonal, sjuksköterskor och anhöriga som bör engagera sig i att implementera rätt vårdmiljö som skapar en kvalitativ levnadsstandard hos individer med demenssjukdom. Syfte: Att undersöka forskning om vårdgivares erfarenheter av hur patienter med demenssjukdom påverkas av sin vårdmiljö. Metod: Litteraturundersökningen grundar sig på det systematiska flödesschemat enligt Polit & Beck, (2012). Litteraturstudien börjar med att formulera en frågeställning och finna därmed relevanta sökord. Granskningen gick utifrån SBU:s (2014) och studien styrkas med aktuell forskning. Resultat: Utifrån 12 granskade artiklar som genomförts i USA, England, och Australien gällande vårdmiljön och socialmiljön instämmer vårdpersonal, sjuksköterskor och anhöriga enhälligt att en trivsam hemmiljön stärker självvärdet för individer med demenssjukdom och måste individanpassas. I och med detta behöver vårdpersonal, sjuksköterskor och anhöriga vara delaktiga i tillämpande och implementeringen av rutiner och anpassningen av miljön för de demenssjuka. Konklusion: Vårdmiljön och socialmiljön och hur den inrättas och implementeras är direkt avgörande för levnadsstandarden hos individer med demenssjukdom. En trevlig och behaglig hemmiljö som individen med demenssjukdom kan känna igen skapar trygghet. En socialmiljö där individen med demenssjukdom kan vara delaktigt och kognitivt engagera sig skapar självvärde. / Background: The care environment can be divided into two categories, one of which is objective, and the other is subjective. Both environmental factors affect the quality of life of people with dementia. The care environment includes rooms, buildings, indoor / outdoor and gardens. Understanding the care environment and its impact on people with dementia is therefore crucial for care staff, nurses and relatives who should be involved in implementing the right care environment that creates a qualitative standard of living for individuals with dementia. Objective: To investigate research on caregivers' experiences of how patients with dementia are affected by their care environment. Method: The literature review is based on the systematic flow chart according to Polit & Beck, (2012). The literature study begins with formulating a question and thereby finding relevant keywords. The literature study is supported by current research. The review template used was from SBUs (2014). Result: Based on 12 reviewed articles conducted in the USA, England, and Australia regarding the care environment and the social environment, care staff, nurses and relatives unanimously agree that a pleasant home environment strengthens the self-esteem of individuals with dementia and must be individually adapted. As a result, healthcare professionals, nurses and relatives need to be involved in the application and implementation of routines and the adaptation of the environment for people with dementia. Conclusion: The care environment and the social environment and how it is set up and implemented are directly correlated with the standard of living for individuals with dementia. A pleasant and comfortable home environment that the individual with dementia can recognize creates security. A social environment where the individual with dementia can be involved and cognitively get involved creates self-worth.

Bakgrund: Sedan pandemins start har det blivit vanligare att arbeta hemifrån. Vid distansarbete kan aktivitetsmönstret förändras då gränsen mellan arbete och fritid lätt kan suddas ut. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur distansarbete påverkar aktivitetsmönstret hos yrkesverksamma personer mellan 19–35 år. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes för att samla in data genom en egenkonstruerad enkät. Med inspiration från instrumentet GAP i vardagens aktiviteter och från Patterns Of Daily Occuaptions har frågor konstruerats. En blandning mellan snöbollsurval och bekvämlighetsurval användes. 36 personer deltog i studien. Data analyserades med hjälp av Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) och de öppna frågorna med inspiration från kvalitativa analysmetoder. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att aktivitetsmönstret har påverkats av att arbeta på distans. De flesta deltagarna upplevde att de hade mer tid för sina vardagsaktiviteter vid distansarbete jämfört med arbete på arbetsplatsen samt att den fysiska miljön i hemmet påverkar arbete på distans. Slutsats: Flertalet deltagare upplever sämre ergonomi och minskad arbetsro och många upplever att de har en mer flexibel vardag vid distansarbete. / Background: Since the start of the pandemic, it has become more common to work from home. During teleworking, activity patterns may change as the boundary between work and leisure can be easily blurred. Aim: The aim was to describe how teleworking affects the activity pattern of professionals between 19–35 years of age. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed to collect data through a self-constructed questionnaire. With inspiration from the instrument GAP in everyday activities and Patterns of Daily Occuaptions, questions have been constructed. A mixture of snowball and convenience selection were used. 36 people participated in the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS and the open questions with inspiration from qualitative analysis methods. Results: The results of the study show that the activity pattern has been influenced by teleworking. Most participants felt they had more time for everyday activities during telework compared to work at the workplace and that the physical environment at home affects teleworking. Conclusion: Most participants experience poorer ergonomics and reduced peace of mind and many participants felt they had a more flexible everyday life when teleworking.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka de erfarenheter förskollärare beskriver om skapandet av den fysiska miljön i förskolan utifrån barns intressen, nyfikenhet och undersökande i stunden. För att nå vårt valda syfte har vi utgått från följande frågeställningar: Vilka strategier använder förskollärare för att ge barnen inflytande över utformningen av den fysiska miljön i förskolan? Vilka utmaningar lyfter förskollärare att de möter i skapandet av fysiska miljöer i förskolan utifrån barns intresse och undersökande? Vi har valt att utgå från ett barndomssociologiskt perspektiv i studien, vilket inte enbart handlar om kunskapen om barn och barndom utan något som också bör förstås i relation till tid och rum. Detta betyder att barn blir till och påverkas på olika sätt beroende på vilken miljö som omger dem. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, där det insamlade materialet har skett i fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika förskollärare. Resultatet visar på olika erfarenheter och utmaningar hos förskollärarna kring arbetet med att utforma en miljö utifrån barnens intresse och inflytande, samt betydelsen av vilket förhållningssätt förskolläraren väljer att ta. Förskollärarna beskriver såväl erfarenheter kring vikten av en gemensam barnsyn i arbetslaget som utmaningar i arbetet med att tillgodose varje enskilt barns behov och intressen. / The purpose of the study is to examine the experiences preschool teachers describe about the creation of the physical environment in preschool based on children's interests, curiosity and exploration in the moment. To achieve our chosen purpose, we have started from the following questions: What strategies do preschool teachers use to give the children influence over the design of the physical environment in preschool? What challenges do preschool teachers highlight that they face in the creation of physical environments in preschool based on children's interest and exploration? We have chosen to start from a childhood sociological perspective in the study, which is not only about the knowledge about children and childhood, but something that should also be understood in relation to time and space. This means that children are conceived and affected in different ways depending on the environment that surrounds them. We have used a qualitative research method, where the collected material has been done in four semi-structured interviews with different preschool teachers. The results show different experiences and challenges among the preschool teachers regarding the work of designing an environment based on the children's interest and influence, as well as the importance of the approach the preschool teacher chooses to take. The preschool teachers describe both experiences of the importance of a common view of children in the work team and challenges in the work to meet each individual child's needs and interests.

No description available.

The aim of this study was to investigate the management strategies conducive to establishing constructive discipline for optimal learning. The study represented a case study conducted in a primary school in the Empangeni district of KwaZulu-Natal. An in-depth literature study was followed by an empirical investigation based on a qualitative research design employing focus group and individual interviews. The research findings revealed that optimal learning is achieved through effective classroom management practices promoting constructive discipline. A classroom environment in which constructive discipline prevails includes the organisation of the physical environment in a functional way, the consideration of instructional strategies such as teachers being well-prepared for the lesson, as well as class routines and procedures being well communicated. Based on the findings of the empirical investigation, and concurring with the findings from literature, recommendations were made regarding classroom management strategies for constructive discipline in order to arrange for optimal learning. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed.

A wide range of research fields have studied how emotions and behavior are affected by the physical environment. This gestalt theorist approach of experimental research as well seeks to measure emotion (using the valence-arousal scale) and micro-scale community development interactions when weighted physical environment factors are adjusted. Community development (CD) interactions at the micro-scale have received but slight attention from scholars in the CD research field and this study aims partially to investigate developing objective measures from social observations. CD interactions from recordings along with self-reported emotion through surveys in four quasi-experimental groups (where the environments were constructed based on peer-reviewed literature to cause emotional reactions) and one control group made up the data collected for this experiment. While the results of this experiment displayed apparent convincing quantitative differences in both CD interactions and emotion when the physical environment was manipulated, the results of a one-way ANOVA indicated no statistical significance to either dependent variable. The conclusions suggest limiting the physical factors of the environment to produce more precise changes as a result of the manipulated quasi environments.

The aim of this study was to investigate the management strategies conducive to establishing constructive discipline for optimal learning. The study represented a case study conducted in a primary school in the Empangeni district of KwaZulu-Natal. An in-depth literature study was followed by an empirical investigation based on a qualitative research design employing focus group and individual interviews. The research findings revealed that optimal learning is achieved through effective classroom management practices promoting constructive discipline. A classroom environment in which constructive discipline prevails includes the organisation of the physical environment in a functional way, the consideration of instructional strategies such as teachers being well-prepared for the lesson, as well as class routines and procedures being well communicated. Based on the findings of the empirical investigation, and concurring with the findings from literature, recommendations were made regarding classroom management strategies for constructive discipline in order to arrange for optimal learning. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Det pågår många brottsförebyggande arbeten idag i Sverige och dessa sker oftast genom sociala insatser, men det är allt för få satsningar som avser den fysiska miljön. Den påverkar oss människor mer än vad vi tror. Syftet med denna studie är att göra en systematisk analys av den fysiska miljön i tre särskilt utsatta områden och undersöka hur dessa miljöer kan skapa brottsmöjligheter. Områdena Bergsjön, Rinkeby och Vivalla undersöks i denna rapport, dessa är valda till särskilt utsatta områden och där finns en rådande problematik och även en högre koncentration av kriminella (Polisen, 2017). Fakta och teorier som bland annat rutinaktivitetsteorin, CPTED och Jane Jacobs stadsplaneringsidéer behandlas i studiens bakgrund. Likheterna mellan områdenas fysiska miljöer sammanställs genom kartjämförelser, platsanalyser och intervjuer.    Metoden visade att trafiksepareringen hade skapat många mörka gångtunnlar in till områdena som skapade oattraktiva och otrygga inträden. Att områdena var bilfria ledde ytterligare till att många ställen blev ödsliga, obevakade och otrygga. Områdenas byggnader var vidare inte varierade och det kunde förekomma flera likadana hus bredvid varandra, till och med över hela områden. För en brottsling är det enklare att begå brott i en enkel detaljfattig miljö, eftersom det då är färre saker att hålla koll på och det blir mycket enklare att begå brottet när övriga människor inte ser sig omkring sig. En annan likhet var gatustrukturen, till exempel hade de tre områdena återvändsgator som inte sammanvävde vägarna med varandra. Detta bidrog till segregerade områden och svårigheter för polisen att komma fram och utföra sina insatser på ett effektivt sätt. Även byggnadernas placering mot gatan påverkade huruvida det skapades naturlig övervakning som kunde motverka brottslighet. Därmed blev slutsatsen att likheterna i den fysiska miljön mellan de tre områdena kan underlätta möjligheterna för att begå brott. / There is many jobs today in Sweden for crime prevention and these happen often through social efforts, but there is way too few of these for the physical environment that actually affects us more than we think they do. The purpose with this study is to make a systematical analysis of the physical environment in three deprives areas and examine if these environments can create crime opportunities. The chosen places are Bergsjön, Rinkeby and Vivalla with current problematic and high crime concentration (Polisen, 2017). Fact and theories such as the Routine Activity Theory, CPTED and Jane Jacobs’s urban ideas is treated in the study’s background. Similarities between the areas physical environment is compiled through map comparisons, place analysis and interviews.   The methods result showed that the traffic separation created many dark tunnels into the areas, which caused unattractive and insecure entries. The buildings in the areas were also not varied and there could be a several of similar houses next to each other or over the whole field. It can be easier for a criminal to commit crimes in a simple surrounding without details, because it is fewer things to keep track of and it becomes much easier to commit the crime when people doesn’t look around themselves. Another similarity was the street structures, for example the three areas had blind alleys that didn't interweave the streets with each other. This contributed to segregated areas and difficulties for the police to arrive and perform their efforts effectively. Even the buildings placement to the street affected whether they had a natural surveillance that could prevent crime. This concluded that the physical environment in these three deprived areas can affect the emergence of crime.

Un accroissement de l’intérêt porté au télétravail est apparu depuis la pandémie. Les études sont de plus en plus nombreuses à s’intéresser à son évolution et aux formes qu’il peut prendre. Dans la foulée de ces études, il nous a semblé pertinent d’étudier l’influence du soutien organisationnel et de l’adéquation des conditions physiques de télétravail sur l’adaptation au télétravail, ainsi que la façon dont les stresseurs interagissent avec e processus d’adaptation. En se basant sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1989), l’objectif de ce mémoire est de déterminer s’il existe un lien entre les ressources et l’adaptation et si les stresseurs exercent un effet de médiation. Nous analysons l’effet du soutien organisationnel et des conditions physiques de télétravail comme ressources, ainsi que la charge de travail et la charge familiale comme stresseurs afin d’expliquer le mécanisme d’adaptation au télétravail. Les données utilisées ont été collectées entre le 7 juillet 2020 et le 7 septembre 2020 par la Chaire BMO en diversité et gouvernance de l’Université de Montréal dans le cadre d’un partenariat de recherche intitulé « Crise COVID-19 et télétravail : un remède universel ou une solution ponctuelle? » L’échantillon final de 12 367 répondants est composé en majorité de femmes. Les participants travaillent tous dans une même grande organisation, ils sont âgés de 18 à 77 ans et ils vivent dans dix-sept régions administratives du Québec. La majorité d’entre eux ont un diplôme universitaire et ont un statut de salarié. Des analyses descriptives, des analyses bivariées et des analyses multivariées par des régressions hiérarchiques ont été utilisées pour tester les hypothèses. Les résultats ont montré que certaines ressources telles que le soutien organisationnel et les conditions physiques peuvent prédire une meilleure adaptation au télétravail. Nos analyses ont révélées que le soutien organisationnel et la charge de travail ne sont pas significativement reliés. De plus, certains stresseurs, tels que la charge de travail et la charge familiale, jouent un rôle dans ces relations. Les effets de la charge de travail varient en fonction de son intensité. Une faible charge familiale contribue à une meilleure adaptation au télétravail. / Interest in telecommuting has grown since the pandemic. More and more studies are looking at its evolution and the forms it can take. In the wake of these studies, we felt it relevant to investigate the influence of organizational support and the suitability of physical teleworking conditions on adaptation to teleworking, as well as the way stressors interact with the adjustment process. Based on Conservation of Resource Theory (Hobfoll, 1989), the aim of this dissertation is to determine whether there is a link between resources and adaptation, and whether stressors exert a mediating effect. We analyze the effect of organizational support and physical conditions of telecommuting as resources, and workload and family load as stressors, in order to explain the mechanism of telecommuting adjustment. The data used were collected between July 7, 2020 and September 7, 2020 by the BMO Chair in Diversity and Governance at Université de Montréal as part of a research partnership entitled "Crise COVID-19 et télétravail: un remède universel ou une solution ponctuelle?" The final sample of 12,367 respondents is predominantly female. The participants all work in the same large organization, are aged between 18 to 77 years old and live in seventeen administrative regions of Quebec. The majority have a university degree and are salaried employees. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate hierarchical regression analyses were used to test hypotheses. The results showed that certain resources such as organizational support and physical conditions can predict better adaptation to teleworking. Our analyses revealed that organizational support and workload were not significantly related. In addition, certain stressors, such as workload and family load, play a role in these relationships. The effects of workload vary according to its intensity. A low family load contributes to better adaptation to teleworking.