Because of the impact of teacher strikes on education there has been a call to declare the teacher‟s profession an essential service and thus prohibit them from striking. This call was made by the Democratic Alliance (DA). The Democratic Alliance arguments in their application to the Essential Services Committee was based on the fact that education in South Africa is in a crisis and the life-altering inconvenience this caused for children. The combined teacher unions in the Education Labour Relations Council (ELRC) expressed their concerns over the DA‟s call for education to be declared an Essential Service. The Bill of Rights grants every employee the fundamental right to strike. This is an absolute and should always be exercised under certain controlled conditions, as stipulated by the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995. Convention 87 of the International Labour Organising (ILO) recognises the right of trade unions, as an organisation of workers set up to further and defend their interest (Article 10), to formulate their programs and organise their activities (Article 3); this means that unions have the right to negotiate with employers and to express their views on economic and social issues affecting the occupational interest of their members. This constitutes the position that the right to strike is one of the legitimate and indeed essential means available to workers for furthering and defending their occupational interest. Balanced against the right of every teacher to strike is the right of everyone to have a basic education as set out in section 29 of the Constitution. In terms of section 29(1)(a) everyone has a right, enforceable against the state, to basic education. This creates a strong positive right. Aspects of the right to education are found in human rights treaties and declarations. This right to education is contained in article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) which states that “everyone has the right to education”. The International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural v Rights of 1966 covers the right to education comprehensively, especially article 13 and 14. In 1989 the Convention on the Rights of the Child further confirmed this right. The right to a basic education is further enhanced by section 28(2) of the Constitution “(a) child‟s best interest is of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child”. It is significant to note that in 2007 the Constitutional Court elevated the “best interest” principle to a right. This implies that the best interest of the child would be the decisive factor in each matter that affects the child. In deciding to declare the teaching profession as an essential service constitutional rights must be balanced. These are the right to strike, the right to a basic education and the best interest of the child principle.

L'éducation d'aujourd'hui en Chine est une oeuvre tant individuelle qu'étatique. Elle rattache strictement le développement de l'individu et l'avenir de l'État. Après une trentaine années du développement depuis la politique d'ouverture et de réforme en 1978, le système éducatif chinois est modernisé et complété. L'État, débiteur du droit à l'éducation, prend enfin en charge son devoir d'organiser l'enseignement public et de surveiller l'enseignement privé, ce dernier étant auparavant interdit dans l'histoire chinoise. L'enseigné chinois bénéficient alors le droit à l'éducation et la liberté d'enseignement. Pour autant, dans la notion de communauté éducative qui se construit, les enseignants-chercheurs apparaissent aussi indispensables pour réaliser les missions de l'éducation. Comment garantir leurs droits et libertés dans leurs vies professionnelles ? C'est une question aussi primordiale. L'indépendance de leur statut, par rapport à l'établissement d'enseignement et aux autres administrations est sans aucune doute une garantie importante. Les enseignants chinois, disposent-ils d'un tel statut ? Et, dans leurs activités d'enseignement et de recherche, jouissent-ils pleinement de la liberté d'expression ? Si ces droits et libertés de l'éducation ne sont pas encore protégés de manière parfaite, c'est parce que la Chine peine à construire un État de droit et une société démocratique. L'adoption d'une législation suffisante et cohérente est un atout considérable dans ce processus de développement. Quelles mesures doit-on prendre pour mettre un terme aux sources de désordre, et, trop souvent d'inégalité ? / Today's education in China is an individual as well as a State's undertaking. It combines the strictly individual development and the future of the State. After thirty years of development since the opening and reform policy in 1978, China's education system was modernized and expanded. The State, as a debtor of the right to education, finally takes charge of this duty to organize public education and supervise private education, previously banned in Chinese history. People taught in China got right to education and freedom of education. However, to achieve this notion of educational community, the teachers and/or researchers must be mainly associated in performing this broad function of education. How to ensure their rights and freedoms in their career? It is also a key issue. Undoubtedly, independence of their professional status with respect to the institution and to other jurisdictions is a fundamental guarantee. Do Chinese teachers have such a status? And, in their teaching and researching activities, have they a complete freedom of expression? If these rights and freedoms of education are not yet fully protected, China struggling to find common ground between rule of law and democratic society, adoption of an adequate and consistent legislation will be a major asset to identify a real development process. What measures need to be taken to put an end to educational disorders, and, too often, inequalities?

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a o direito à educação no Brasil, focalizando o Período Imperial (1822 a 1889). A reflexão incorpora uma análise históricocomparativa acerca do sentido do direito à educação, sua interpretação nos documentos legais e o correspondente debate legislativo. O mapeamento realizado observou a inserção da gratuidade e da obrigatoriedade na legislação. Vale ressaltar que a gratuidade foi explicitada na Constituição Política do Império do Brasil, de 1824. Com o Ato Adicional, em 1834, descentralizou-se a administração pública, ficando a educação primária a cargo das províncias. Assim, a gratuidade não se efetivou em algumas delas no período estudado. Já a obrigatoriedade enfrentou resistências e permeou inúmeros debates parlamentares, de modo que sua implantação aconteceu pontualmente apenas em algumas legislações provinciais. Apesar da explicitação do direito à educação, enquanto dever do Estado, só ter sido realizada no nível federal com a Constituição de 1969, o presente trabalho indica que, em nível provincial, houve inserções já no Período Imperial. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the idea of the right to education during the Imperial Period (1822 to 1889). The reflection incorporates comparative historical analyzes about the right to education, its interpretation on the legal documents and corresponded debates. The right to education mapping began with the observation of the concept of free tuition and compulsory education by the law. In 1824, the Imperial Constitution (Constituição Política do Brasil Imperial) established the principle of free tuition to elementary schools. With the Amendment Constitutional (Ato Adicional) of 1834 the public administration was decentralized and the provinces were made responsible for primary education. But it was not applied at some provinces at that time according this research. On the contrary, the compulsory concept was discussed by the parliament, so it was implemented in a punctual way, just established as a law in some provinces. Although the right to education as a state duty was officially declared only in 1969, this study shows that there were previous statements, in some provinces, during the Imperial Period.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_wagner.pdf: 1434670 bytes, checksum: 09d8a4d662854e9960b7652f4e61072d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-04 / Sem Abstract / O povo brasileiro, em sua larga maioria, não tem iguais oportunidades (igualdade material), exatamente porque não tem como usufruir de um processo educativo que viabilize seu pleno desenvolvimento enquanto pessoa, que o prepare para o exercício da cidadania e que o qualifique para o trabalho, tudo em ordem a torná-lo, não mero passageiro, mas condutor de sua vida. Como, então, inserir, de modo sustentável, o (Dever)-(Poder) Judiciário no processo de efetivação da política pública de Estado (e não meramente de Governo!) direcionada para a educação, tal como assimilada pelo texto constitucional, tendo em vista a omissão dos dois outros Deveres-Poderes, redimensionando - com razoabilidade, proporcionalidade e no limite - a exceção da Reserva do Possível ? Segundo conhecido forismo, antes de pensar a reforma, é preciso reformar o pensamento . Por isso, o trabalho se propõe a investigar a efetivação do direito fundamental à educação pela via da decisão judicial, enfrentando o obstáculo da chamada cláusula da reserva do possível. A idéia central é traçar um diagnóstico da posição do Supremo Tribunal Federal por meio de uma pesquisa empírica que consiga catalogar, por amostragem, decisões envolvendo o direito à educação e a reserva do possível julgadas na Corte após 1988. Com isso, a dissertação busca inicialmente trabalhar o significado atual do direito fundamental prestacional à educação, bem como o que é a reserva do possível aos olhos do Supremo Tribunal Federal e, posteriormente, verificar se o discurso da reserva do possível é utilizado nos seus acórdãos de forma coerente pela própria Corte ou se é utilizado de maneira casuística, sem parâmetros de controle da decisão judicial. Outrossim, procura-se investigar se o exercício da jurisdição que encerra o direito prestacional se dá predominantemente pelo método difuso ou pelo método concentrado, bem como quem mais aciona a Suprema Corte em face de tal matéria. A dissertação também objetiva trazer para o debate a idéia de que, sendo a cidadania uma cláusula pétrea, não pode nem deve ficar à mercê de omissão ou inércia de qualquer dos Deveres-Poderes, até porque omissões assim violam, por via oblíqua, o art. 60, § 4º, da Constituição Federal. Ora, cláusulas pétreas apenas são modificáveis e/ou suprimíveis por atuação do dever-poder constituinte originário. Desse modo, havendo, por inércia do Dever-Poder inadimplente, uma supressão de fato, seja ela parcial ou total, de direito fundamental, surge, em contraponto, a necessidade de uma resposta institucional hábil à defesa da ordem pública, aqui entendida como o regular funcionamento dos deveres-poderes, e, porque não dizer, do próprio Estado, ostentando o Judiciário a qualificação suficiente para dar essa resposta, com destaque para o Supremo Tribunal Federal, que tem por missão precípua a guarda da Lex Mater

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-07-01T15:31:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Cesar Aparecido Sanches.pdf: 3249451 bytes, checksum: 56fd0418517000ae71c3d7eec75f77da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T15:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Cesar Aparecido Sanches.pdf: 3249451 bytes, checksum: 56fd0418517000ae71c3d7eec75f77da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Este trabajo presenta los datos de la evasión escolar en la Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos en los primeros grados de la escuela primaria en la ciudad de Osasco / SP, entre el período de 2009-2014. Objetiva comprender este fenómeno desde la perspectiva del derecho a la educación. Elegimos como instancias para objeto de nuestra análisis dos escuelas de Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos (EJA) que pertenecen a la Secretaría Municipal de Educación de la ciudad de Osasco, una de la zona nuerte y otra de la zona sul. Se presenta como pasos de esta reflexión la revisión bibliográfica de la EJA, el mapeo de tesis y disertaciones sobre el tema de esta investigación, la lectura exploratoria de documentos de la Secretaria Municipal de Educación y de las unidades escolares pesquisadas. Por lo tanto, esta pesquisa fue realizada mediante análisis de documentos y revisión bibliográfica. Se concluye que las responsabilidades establecidas por la legislación de la EJA no garantiza el derecho a la educación, sobre todo a causa de la evasión escolar. Esta pesquisa indicó que la evasión escolar en la EJA ocurre con frecuencia y que los índices de las escuelas no son ampliamente divulgados. Las reflexiones implicadas en esta disertación pueden contribuir para la continuidad de los debates acerca de las cuestiones de la evasión escolar en la EJA. / This work presents the data of school dropout in two schools in adult and youth education in the elementary school’s initials (I), in the municipality of Osasco / SP, between the period of 2009-2014. It aims to understand this phenomenon of school dropouts in adult and youth education from the perspective of the right to education.Elected as instances to be object of this research truancy in Youth and Adult Education and as the universe of our analysis two schools belonging to the Municipal Secretary of Education of the city of Osasco, one of the north side and another in the south zone.It is presented as stages of this reflection the literature review of the of adult and youth education, the mapping of theses and dissertations on the subject of this investigation, the exploratory reading documents from Municipal Department of Education and school units surveyed. It is concluded that the responsibilities established by legislation of the adult and youth education does not guarantee the right to education, especially because of the truancy. This research indicated that the truancy in the adult and youth education occurs frequently and that the contents of the schools are not widely disseminated. The considerations involved in this dissertation can collaborate for continuity of debate around the issues of truancy in the adult and youth Education. / Este trabalho apresenta os dados de evasão escolar em duas escolas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental I, no município de Osasco/SP, no período de 2009-2014. Visa compreender este fenômeno da evasão escolar na EJA sob a ótica do direito à educação. Elegemos como instâncias a serem objeto desta pesquisa a evasão escolar na Educação de Jovens e Adultos e como universo de nossa análise duas escolas que pertencem à Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Osasco, sendo uma da zona norte e outra da zona sul. Apresenta-se como etapas desta reflexão a revisão bibliográfica da EJA, o mapeamento de teses e dissertações sobre o tema e a leitura exploratória de documentos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação e das unidades escolares pesquisadas. Conclui-se que as responsabilidades estabelecidas pela legislação da EJA não garantem o direito à educação, sobretudo por causa da evasão escolar. Esta dissertação indicou que a evasão escolar na EJA ocorre com frequência e que os índices das escolas não são amplamente divulgados. As reflexões aqui envolvidas poderão colaborar para a continuidade do debate em torno das questões da evasão escolar na EJA.

Education is since the inception of the world regarded as the formal process by which society conveys its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another. Today, education is a human right and the right to education and specifically the right to (a) basic education is acknowledged and emphasised worldwide. In South Africa, the right to a basic education is entrenched in the Constitution and is regarded as one of the most crucial constitutional rights, particularly because it promotes economical and social well-being. The protection of a child’s right to a basic education in terms of the South African Constitution together with the most important international instruments pertaining to education will be extensively discussed and the most important similarities and differences between, and challenges in the legal systems of South Africa, New Zealand and Namibia regarding a child’s right to (a) basic education will be addressed with due consideration of factors such as early childhood development and education, mother tongue education and HIV/AIDS which may affect a child’s right to (a) basic education. It is submitted that the success of any country, whether it is social, financial or economic success, depends on how its citizens are educated. Moreover, a good education system is crucial, not only for ensuring that its populace are well educated, but also for optimal human development and for the maintenance and preservation of socially responsive economic and political systems. Education is a life-long process and in order to give effect to the right to (a) basic education, the adoption and implementation of the recommendations made throughout this study are proposed. / Private Law / LL. D.

Originally the aim of this study was the exploration of the current situation of the right to education for refugee children in Burundi and Rwanda being the two countries with the highest number of refugees in Africa. However because of lack of information about the refugee situation in Rwanda, this study is limited to analysis of the situation in Burundi. This study then analyses the state of implementation of the international and national legal instrument by the government of Burundi and suggest ways of implementing the existing international and national legal framework. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Ass. Prof. Frederick Juuko, of the Faculty of Law, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Malawi is a state party to a number of international human rights instruments that guarantee the rights of children with disabilities (CWDs), which include the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD); the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC). The instruments guarantee the right to education, among other rights. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

v anglickém jazyce The thesis deals with the right to education in the European system of the protection of human rights. It examines theoretical approaches to judicial protection of the right to education. It compares the right to education in the European system of the protection of human rights with the United Nations' human rights protection and the human rights protection system with the system of the Organization of American States. The thesis shows the development of the right to education through the general commends and recommendations and views of the UN human rights committees and through judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. The thesis analysis six cases of violation of the right to education of ethnic minorities, namely the D.H. and Others v. the Czech Republic, Sampanis v. Greece, Oršuš v. Croatia, Sampani v. Greece, Horváth and Kiss v. Hungary and Lavida v. Greece. These cases show that the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights stating the violation of the right to education and the award of the symbolic just satisfaction are not sufficient for the effective protection of the right to education of ethnic minorities. The paper shows that violation of the right to education of ethnic minorities are always related to racial discrimination. This fact must be taken...

Doctor Legum - LLD / The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the latest human rights treaty at the UN level. The process leading to the adoption called attention to the plight of persons with disabilities, and redefined approaches to issues of disability. Fundamentally, the CRPD embodies a paradigm shift in thinking about disability. It embraces the social model of disability, in terms of which disability is a function of the interaction between a person with impairment and his or her environment as opposed to an inherent limitation of functioning. The social model is, in turn, anchored in a human rights approach to disability. No doubt, the adoption of the CRPD triggered immense optimism for the realization of the rights of persons with disabilities. One of the rights recognised under the CRPD is the right to education. Article 24(1) of the CRPD recognises the right of persons with disabilities to education and sets out the aims of such education. Article 24(2) sets out a number of principles to guide the implementation of the right. These include: non-exclusion from the general education system including non-exclusion of children with disabilities from free and compulsory primary education; access to inclusive quality and free primary education on an equal basis with other children in the communities in which children with disabilities live; reasonable accommodation of a student’s needs; provision of support necessary to facilitate effective education; and provision of individualised support measures in environments that maximise academic and social development of the students with disabilities. It is generally accepted that the right to education is one of the most essential rights, particularly in light of its empowerment function that helps to facilitate the exercise of other rights. The primary level of education has particularly attained global recognition and priority in resource allocation and implementation. Primary education contributes significantly to the maximum development of the full human potential of children. There are therefore differentiated obligations for the right to primary education in international human rights. Nevertheless, there are still significant barriers to access to primary education, particularly in the African region. While children with disabilities have been excluded from education for a long time the world over, their exclusion in the African context is particularly endemic. The core purpose of this thesis is to determine how article 24(2) of the CRPD affects or is likely to affect primary education of children with disabilities, particularly in the context of developing countries. The focus of the enquiry is mainly the law and policy in this regard. The subject spans three main spheres of rights: children’s rights, socioeconomic rights (particularly the right to education), and finally disability rights. Children’s rights, especially since the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), are generally accepted. The right to education also has a long standing history, and whereas debate regarding the appropriate approaches to its implementation still abides, there is apparent normative and jurisprudential consensus on some aspects thereof, particularly at the primary education level. It is essential to determine the relational framework of these spheres with the disability rights established under the CRPD. The thesis finds that the CRPD does in fact redefine the parameters of the right to education as previously understood in international human rights instruments. Particularly, the expanded aims of education under article 24 call for education systems that recognise non-academic learning, such as the development of the talents or creativity of the learner. This provision is particularly significant to the child with disabilities. Also, while not establishing an entirely new right, the principles under article 24(2) establish actionable sub-entitlements that enhance the justiciability right to education for children with disabilities. However, it is apparent from the comparative studies that it is the implementation of these provisions that presents the greatest challenge for the realisation of primary education for children with disabilities. This suggests that whereas norm creation as under the CRPD may have the value of triggering and sustaining discourse on appropriate responses in the context of the education of children with disabilities, it is the translation of these norms into practical action points that is the determining factor for realization of the right. / South Africa