Expériences de terrain et de laboratoire montrent que les rivières à gravier avec étendue granulométrique élevée et faible contrainte latérale, comme dans le cas des rivières à chenaux multiples, notamment les rivières en tresses, et des rivières à chenal unique avec une pleine mobilité latérale, comme les rivières à méandres, peuvent présenter simultanément variations du chenal actif à la fois dans le plan et dans la direction verticale, ainsi qu’un tri granulométrique planimétrique et vertical. En fait, les ajustements du chenal présentent une interaction complexe avec les processus de tri granulométrique: processus de transport et dépôt des mélanges de sédiments hétérogènes engendrent la formations de plusieurs motifs de tri, parmi lesquels patches qui migrent dans le chenal, notamment les sorting waves également connues sous le nom de bedload sheets. Ces sorting waves sont observées comme l’alternance des bandes de sédiments grossiers et fins dans la direction d’écoulement. Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les processus de tri granulométrique d’une distribution granulométrique bimodale à la fois dans la direction latérale et verticale avec un accent particulier sur l’étude des bedload sheets. Ce projet vise également à étudier les effets du confinement latéral sur la morphodynamique du lit de la rivière et en particulier sur les processus de tri granulométrique; et en plus, vu que le tri granulométrique joue un rôle crucial en influant sur le profil en long de la rivière, ainsi que les motifs sédimentaires et le formes du lit, étant donné le lien étroit entre la topographie du lit et la composition sédimentaire, pente, largeur du chenal actif et taux de transport des sédiments. L’analyse de ces paramètres permet de définir des feedbacks entre les variables morphologiques. Les résultats de cette étude éclairent le rôle de la contrainte latérale sur les processus de tri granulométrique et la morphodynamique du lit nu des rivières. / Field and laboratory investigations indicate that gravel bed rivers with poorly-sorted grain size distribution and low lateral confinement, such as in the case of multi-thread, braided and transitional rivers but also wandering single-thread rivers, can simultaneously present active channel variations, both in the planimetric and altimetric directions, together with planimetric and vertical sorting.Actually channel adjustments present a complex interaction with sorting processes. transport and depositional processes of heterogeneous sediment mixtures induce the formation of various sorting patterns, among which free migrating patches such as sorting waves also known as bedload sheets. Such sorting waves are mainly observed by the alternation of bands of finer and coarser material in the streamwise direction.This PhD research investigates the sorting processes of a bimodal grain size distribution both in the lateral and in the vertical direction, with particular focus on the study of bedload sheets.The main aim of this work is to investigate the effects of lateral confinement on river bed morphodynamics and in particular on grain sorting processes; and besides, given that grain sorting plays a crucial role in affecting longitudinal river profile, as well as sediment patterns and bed forms, being indeed the connection between bed topography and bed sediment composition close, we would like to provide simple theoretical analyses and tools able to predict morphodynamic bed river variations driven by sortingDifferent methodologies are applied to successfully achieve this purpose.Firstly, a deep investigation of the state of knowledge of mixed-size sediment morphodynamics, sorting processes, sorted sediment patterns and bedload sheets is carried out.Then, a 1D linear stability analysis of a uniform flow above an erodible bed composed by a bimodal mixture of sediments is performed and investigation of the associated eigenvectors, amplitude of perturbations and migrations rate is discussed. Results are presented in terms of arising instabilities dominated by sorting. Although the monodimensional shallow-water framework, the simple flow model adopted allows for the formulation of an algebraic eigenvalue problem that can be solved analytically, allowing for a deep insight into the mechanisms that drive instabilities.Then, small scale flume experiments are carried out by reproducing three different flow confinement configurations and involving a bimodal mixture of natural sediments. All the configurations show large fluctuations of parameters characterising bed system in terms of bed sediment composition, slope, active channel width and sediment transport rate. The analysis of such parameters allows defining feedbacks among morphological variables. Results of such investigations shed light on the role of lateral confinement on sorting processes and morphodynamics of barebed rivers.

This bachelor’s degree project aimed to improve the wheel profile of a rail mounted trolley and determine the cause of wheel failure. The proceedings of this project where modelled after an approach for solving wear problems with an emphasis on designing for sustainability. A case study and root cause analysis (RCA) was performed and the flanged wheels were deemed insufficient for the given heavy-haul system. Possible areas of wheel profile improvement were identified and further researched with multiple literature reviews. Throughout the projects duration several limitations were introduced that reduced the concept testing to exclusively theoretical prediction models. Archard’s model was implemented to predict wear and operating time for the proposed material and wheel tread profile concepts. The wheel flange dimensions were chosen based on recommendations from wheel and rail interference handbooks among other sources. The final wheel and rail profile suggestion improved operating time by approximately 300% and wear resistance by 50% compared to its predecessor. This result was achieved by applying the same theoretical prediction model to both current and suggested profiles. The findings of this project are meant to aid SCA among others in similar cases and additionally highlight the value of product improvement from a technological, sociological, and environmental perspective.