Lead (Pb) is frequently used as an alloying element in brass to enhance machinability and castability. However, this element poses a significant risk to human health and the environment. The 2021 revision of the Drinking Water Directive imposed stricter limits on Pb content in brass, encouraging the development of lead-free brass. Several studies have identified tin (Sn) as a potential substitute for Pb in brass. This master’s thesis examines the thermodynamic description of the Cu-Zn-Sn ternary system, using the Swerim Cu database. The investigation involved casting five alloys in the Cu-rich corner, followed by heat treatment at 550 oC until homogenized, and quenching, after which the samples were analyzed to determine the bcc and fcc phase composition. The results were used to confirm the thermodynamic description, and the ternary parameters of the fcc and bcc phases were optimized to match the experimental results. After the optimization, a significant enhancement is achieved in the description of the Cu-Zn-Sn ternary system, which better fits the experimental data. / Bly  (Pb)  används  ofta  som  ett  legeringselement  i  mässing  för  att  förbättra bearbetbarheten och  gjutbarheten.    Detta  element  utgör  dock  en  betydande  risk för människors  hälsa  och miljön.   2021 års översyn  av  dricksvattendirektivet införde strängare  gränser  för  Pb-halten  i mässing,  vilket  uppmuntrade utvecklingen av blyfri mässing.    Flera  studier  har  identifierat tenn  (Sn)  som  ett potentiellt substitut  för  Pb i mässing.   Denna  masteruppsats  undersöker den termodynamiska beskrivningen  av det ternära  Cu-Zn-Sn-systemet  med  hjälp  av Swerim Cu-databasen.   Undersökningen innefattade  gjutning  av  fem  legeringar  i det  Cu-rika hörnet, följt av värmebehandling vid 550 oC tills de homogeniserades, och härdning, varefter proverna analyserades  för  att bestämma  bcc-  och  fcc-fassammansättningen.   Resultaten  användes  för att  bekräfta den  termodynamiska  beskrivningen,  och  de  ternära  parametrarna  för  faserna  fcc och bcc  optimerades  för  att  matcha  experiment resultaten.  Efter  optimeringen  uppnås  en betydande  förbättring  av  beskrivningen  av  det  ternära  Cu-Zn-Sn-systemet,  vilket bättre  passar experimentdata.

Aluminium applications in automotive will increase by 25 % over the next decade, mainly driven by the electrification and the reduction of fuel consumption. This diploma work aims to increase the understanding of the chemical interactions between aluminium alloys and typical tool systems in metal cutting. First the temperature at the tool-chip interface was estimated by FEM simulations, using the software AdvantEdge. Thereafter the chemical interaction of the tool-chip interface was calculated at the simulated temperature using the Thermo-Calc software. The thermodynamic data and descriptions of the multicomponent systems used where found in the literature, assessed by other authors, but critically reviewed for the use in this work. The results of the FEM simulations indicate that the temperature for machining aluminium with PCD and cemented carbide is between 60-80 % of the melting temperature of Al7wt %Si alloy. The calculations of the chemical interaction in turn results in that several hard precipitates can stick to or transform on the surface of the workpiece or tool-chip interface, for example SiC, Al4C3 and evidently diamond from the tool. This work concluded that more predictive modelling is needed to refine the results and the results from this work needs to be confirmed with experiments. The results show that the modelling can predict the reaction phases at the tool-chip interface, this can be used as input for the tool wear mechanisms during development of tooling solutions. / Aluminium användningen inom fordonsindustrin förväntas öka med 25 % under det närmsta decenniet, främst på grund av elektrifiering men också för att för att minska bränsleförbrukning. Målet med detta examensarbete är till att öka förståelsen för de kemiska interaktionerna mellan aluminiumlegeringar och typiska verktygssystem vid metallskärning, framförallt vid bearbetning av aluminiumlegeringar innehållande kisel med ett TiN-belagt PCD-verktyg och icke-belagda verktyg. Detta gjordes genom prediktiva FEM-simuleringar av temperatur, med hjälp av mjukvaran AdvantEdge. Parallellt med detta skapades databaser för simulering av den kemiska interaktionen mellan skär och bearbetningsmaterial i programvaran Thermo-Calc. De termodynamiska data och beskrivningarna av de termodynamiska system som används var bedömda av andra författare men kritiskt granskade för användning i detta arbete. Resultaten av FEM-simuleringarna gav den beräknade temperaturen för bearbetning av aluminium med PCD ligger någonstans mellan 60-80 % av smälttemperaturen för Al7wt % Si-legering. Beräkningarna av den kemiska interaktionen resulterar i sin tur i att flera hårda utskiljningar kan fastna på eller transformera på ytan mellan arbetsstycket och verktyget, till exempel SiC, Al4C3och diamant från verktyget. Resultaten från detta arbete visar att det går att förutsäga fasomvandlingar mellan skär och arbetsstycket, samt att detta kan användas som indata för skärförslitning under utvecklingen av verktygslösningar.

Foi investigada a influência de elementos de liga como o Cromo, o Níquel, o Carbono e o Nitrogênio no intervalo de solidificação de um aço inoxidável martensítico fundido do tipo CA6NM. Este tipo de aço, utilizado na fundição de peças de grande porte, é bastante utilizado pela sua ótima resistência ao impacto, e boas propriedades contra corrosão em meio aquoso. Além disso, este aço possui ótima fundibilidade, tendo como principal característica seu reduzido intervalo de solidificação, o que torna diminutos os defeitos relacionados a este fenômeno. Resultados obtidos por cálculos termodinâmicos utilizando-se o Thermo-calc sugeriram forte dependência deste parâmetro em relação ao teor de Carbono (0,018%C a 0,044%C), com o intervalo de solidificação variando de 25°C a 43°C no intervalo de composições definidos pela norma como aceitáveis para a liga. Os outros elementos de liga analisados, segundo os cálculos termodinâmicos, não demonstraram influência significativa dentro das faixas toleradas pela norma. Foram fundidas 13 amostras com as composições químicas simuladas no Thermo-calc, e seus intervalos de solidificação foram investigados por análise térmica diferencial (DTA) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Contrariando os resultados do Thermo-calc, a influência do Carbono não foi comprovada, não havendo variação do intervalo de solidificação entre as amostras. Para confirmar os resultados de análise térmica, as amostras desta técnica foram analisadas por metalografia, não sendo observado qualquer tipo de reação no material ensaiado (descarbonetação, oxidação, etc). / The influence of alloying elements like Chromium, Nickel, Carbon and Nitrogen on the solidification interval on a CA6NM martensitic stainless steel casting was investigated. This steel class, mainly used on large castings, applies due to the fact that it has very good impact resistance, and satisfactory corrosion properties. Besides that, this stainless steel class has excellent castability, having as an important characteristic its reduced solidification interval, diminishing the tendency for solidification defects. The results obtained by thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-calc package have suggested a strong influence of the Carbon content on the solidification interval (25°C a 43°C) when the carbon content is varied within the range allowed by the alloy standard (0,018%C to 0,044%C). Other alloying elements, according to the thermodynamic calculations, have no influence over the solidification interval. Thirteen samples were cast based on the simulated chemical compositions and their solidification interval was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Contrary to the thermodynamic calculations, no influence of Carbon was observed on the solidification interval. In order to confirm the thermal analysis results, metallographic tests were performed on the DTA samples, with no observation of any unusual reaction on them, like oxidation or decarburizing.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences des matériaux : Lille 1 : 2004. / N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3532. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 171-176.

Foi investigada a influência de elementos de liga como o Cromo, o Níquel, o Carbono e o Nitrogênio no intervalo de solidificação de um aço inoxidável martensítico fundido do tipo CA6NM. Este tipo de aço, utilizado na fundição de peças de grande porte, é bastante utilizado pela sua ótima resistência ao impacto, e boas propriedades contra corrosão em meio aquoso. Além disso, este aço possui ótima fundibilidade, tendo como principal característica seu reduzido intervalo de solidificação, o que torna diminutos os defeitos relacionados a este fenômeno. Resultados obtidos por cálculos termodinâmicos utilizando-se o Thermo-calc sugeriram forte dependência deste parâmetro em relação ao teor de Carbono (0,018%C a 0,044%C), com o intervalo de solidificação variando de 25°C a 43°C no intervalo de composições definidos pela norma como aceitáveis para a liga. Os outros elementos de liga analisados, segundo os cálculos termodinâmicos, não demonstraram influência significativa dentro das faixas toleradas pela norma. Foram fundidas 13 amostras com as composições químicas simuladas no Thermo-calc, e seus intervalos de solidificação foram investigados por análise térmica diferencial (DTA) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Contrariando os resultados do Thermo-calc, a influência do Carbono não foi comprovada, não havendo variação do intervalo de solidificação entre as amostras. Para confirmar os resultados de análise térmica, as amostras desta técnica foram analisadas por metalografia, não sendo observado qualquer tipo de reação no material ensaiado (descarbonetação, oxidação, etc). / The influence of alloying elements like Chromium, Nickel, Carbon and Nitrogen on the solidification interval on a CA6NM martensitic stainless steel casting was investigated. This steel class, mainly used on large castings, applies due to the fact that it has very good impact resistance, and satisfactory corrosion properties. Besides that, this stainless steel class has excellent castability, having as an important characteristic its reduced solidification interval, diminishing the tendency for solidification defects. The results obtained by thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-calc package have suggested a strong influence of the Carbon content on the solidification interval (25°C a 43°C) when the carbon content is varied within the range allowed by the alloy standard (0,018%C to 0,044%C). Other alloying elements, according to the thermodynamic calculations, have no influence over the solidification interval. Thirteen samples were cast based on the simulated chemical compositions and their solidification interval was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Contrary to the thermodynamic calculations, no influence of Carbon was observed on the solidification interval. In order to confirm the thermal analysis results, metallographic tests were performed on the DTA samples, with no observation of any unusual reaction on them, like oxidation or decarburizing.

This work deals with the effects of high temperature exposition of low alloyed creep resistant steels on their structural stability and structural stability of their weld joint. The theoretical part of this work gives an overview of creep resistant steels considering their chemical and phase composition and their connection to high temperature mechanical properties. The CALPHAD method is presented as generally accepted approach for equilibrated calculations and Thermo-Calc and DICTRA software packages are introduced as CALPHAD applications. Thermo-Calc software is used for calculation of phase composition of the examined materials and for calculation of the phase diagrams. Software DICTRA is used for simulations of diffusion controlled phase reactions in the analysed weld. Experimentally one weld joint of the steels 15 128 and 15 313 has been studied after four different annealing procedures. The experimental results include chemical profiles across the welds, microhardness profiles and metallographic analysis of significant regions of the welds. These experimental results are compared with the simulation results. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement between experimental and simulation data.

No description available.

The stacking fault energy (SFE) of seven austenitic stainless steels with the compositions x(Cr)=20 at%, 8≤x(Ni)≤20 at% and 0≤x(Mn)≤8 at% have been calculated at room temperature using the thermodynamics-based Olson and Cohen modeling approach [1]. Modeling has been performed using the TCFE7 database together with the Thermo-Calc 3.0 software. Experimental SFE values from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements and theoretical SFE values from ab initio calculations were used for comparison. The results of the SFE from TCFE7 were not in agreement with the values reported in the literature. After an evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters in the database, a new assessment of the SFE in the ternary and quaternary Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn system was proposed which resulted in SFE values in fairly good agreement with the literature.

Bor tillförs stålet för att förbättra härdbarheten. Vid borering av rostfri ståltråd (0,5mm) har borsyra och bortribromid använts. Dessa borhaltiga ämnen har använts vid olika tillstånd, dvs. borsyra har tillförts i fast form och bortribromid som vätska, vilken förångats med hetvattenbad. Borsyra har i form av granuler placerats i reaktorn under ståltråden. Vid höga temperaturer på ståltråden har borsyran därvid upphettats direkt av tråden och bor har överförts till denna. Med båda borhaltiga ämnena har ståltråden impregnerats med två försök vardera, genom att ståltråden upphettats elektriskt med två olika spänningar, 4 resp. 5 volt. Efter detta har upplösning av trådarna skett med elektrolys med svavelsyra under ett dygn. Spektrofotometrisk analys har därefter genomförts för att bestämma mängden bor som tillförts de rostfria ståltrådarna. Med hjälp av en kalibrerkurva framtagen med kända bormängder har detta möjliggjort vidare bestämning av mängderna bor i de, med bortribromid och borsyra behandlade trådarna. I rapporten framgår hur mycket bor som tillförts från de borhaltiga ämnena till ståltrådarna. Mängderna bor visade sig vara mellan 0,025 – 0,050 vikts - %. Vid högre spänning, dvs. högre temperaturer blir mängderna bor högre och reaktionstiden kortare (den tid det tagit för ståltråden att brännas av har bestämt reaktionstiden). Proverna som genomförts vid 5 volt har kortare reaktionstid och mängderna bor är något högre än vid proverna med 4 volt.

Cette étude présente le brasage isotherme sous vide des alliages d’aluminium appliqué à la fabrication d’échangeurs thermiques. Ainsi, on étudie les évolutions microstructurales des nuances 3003 (Al-Mn) et 4004 (Al-Si-Mg) au cours des différentes étapes du cycle de brasage. Une double approche est mise en œuvre. Dans un premier temps, des échantillons modèles sont traités thermiquement en laboratoire. On suit l’évolution des phases en présence dans les deux alliages et les phénomènes de diffusion à l’état solide grâce à des analyses EDS. Nous montrons que les outils de simulation thermodynamique Thermo-Calc et DICTRA sont fiables à des températures supérieures à 400°C. On propose ensuite une description des mécanismes gouvernant la fusion du métal d’apport. Nous montrons qu’elle aboutit à la ségrégation d’un liquide enrichi en Si à la surface du métal d’apport. Dans un deuxième temps, des essais sont réalisés en industrie afin de prendre en compte les paramètres du brasage réel. Nous mettons en évidence des phénomènes de dissolution excessive et de pénétration de liquide aux joints de grains. Nous identifions les mécanismes qui gouvernent l’apparition de ces problèmes métallurgiques au cours du brasage. Ainsi, une faible taille de grains du métal de base et une diffusion préférentielle aux joints de grain sont mises en cause / This study deals with the vacuum TLP (Transient Liquid Phase) brazing of aluminum alloys applied to the manufacture of heat exchangers. Thus, the microstructure evolutions of 3003 (Al-Mn) and 4004 (Al-Si-Mg) alloys during the whole assembly process are studied. Firsty, model samples are heat treated in laboratory. The phase transformations and the solid state diffusion between the filler alloy and the base alloy are studied. The results are compared to thermodynamic predictions obtained with both Thermo-Calc and DICTRA softwares. We conclude that these tools are reliable at temperatures above 400°C. The fusion path of the filler alloy is described. It is shown that a Si enriched liquid is formed at the clad surface. On a second time, tests are carried out in industrial conditions, in order to take actual brazing parameters into account. Excessive dissolution and liquid penetration at grain boundaries are observed. The fine grained structure of the base alloy associated to a preferential diffusion at grain boundaries appear to be the main causes