Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 shimizu_fm_me_bauru_prot.pdf: 2503731 bytes, checksum: 27862595949ca55dc6df971eb795c314 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram estudadas as monocamadas de Langmuir, filmes Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) e filmes finos preparados pela técnica de casting (filmes auto-sustentados) usando vários tipos de moléculas de azocoroa de éter. Os filmes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de UV-Vis, FTIR e espalhamento Raman. O composto 29-diazocoroa de éter com dois substituinte n-octil foi a única molécula de azocoroa de éter que permitiu a preparação de filmes LB de alta qualidade e com propriedades ópticas adequadas para uso no estudo de birrefringência fotoinduzida. Nas medidas de birrefringência foram empregados os filmes preparados do composto 29-diazocoroa de éter pela técnicas LB e casting, variando-se os seguintes parâmentros experimentais: número de monocamadas do filme LB, espessura de filme auto-sustentado, intensidade da luz de excitação e temperatura. A dinâmica de formação e decaimento de birrefringência mostrou ser muito mais rápida para os filmes LB do que para os filmes auto-sustentados. As curvas experimentais da dinâmica da birrefringência fotoinduzida para os filmes LB foram ajustadas usando as equações de Debye e de Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW), enquanto que as curvas experimentais dos filmes auto-sustentados foram ajustados usando as equações de Sekkat e de KWW. Usando as constantes de tempo obtidas dos ajustes das curvas experimentais de birrefringência, foi possível calcular as energias de ativação de Arrheniu dos processos de foto orientação. Os resultados obtidos para a energia de ativação e da dinâmica de formação e decaimento das medidas de birrefringência para os diferentes filmes foram comparadas e discutidas. / Langmuir monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and thin filmes prepared by casting (auto standing films) from a series of azocrown ethers molecules were studied. Films were characterized using UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy and Raman scattering techniques. The compound 29-diazocrown ether with n-octyl substituent was the only azocrown ether molecule that allowed us to prepare high quality LB films having suitable optical properties for photo induced birefringence studies. On birefringence measurements using LB films and standing films of 29-diazocrown ether several experimental parameters were varied: number of monolayer of BL films, thickness of the auto standing film, excitation light intensity and temperature. It was found for the dynamics of formation and decay of the birefringence is much faster for LB films when compared with the auto standing films. The experimental curves of birefringence signals for LB films were fitted using the Debye and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) functions while the experimental curves for the auto standing films were fitted using the Sekkat and KWW functions. From the obtained time constants of fittings the Arrehnius activation energy and the dynamics of the formation and decay of the birefringence for the films were compared and discussed.

abstract: Given the growing market in solar energy, specifically by the thin-film technologies, it is imperative that adequate and accurate standards be developed for these newer photovoltaic devices. Cadmium Telluride, CdTe, one of the major players in the thin-film PV industry is currently rated and certified using standards that have been developed under the context of older technologies. The behavior of CdTe has been shown to be unique enough to suggesting that standards be revised. In this research, methods built on previous industry and independent studies are used to identify these unique behaviors. As well new methods are developed to further characterize CdTe modules in the context of current standards. Clear transient and meta-stable behavior is identified across modules from four different commercial manufacturers. Conclusions drawn from this study show illumination and temperature hysteresis effects on module ratings. Furthermore, suggestions for further study are given that could be used to define parameters for any reexamination of module standards. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Electrical Engineering 2010

abstract: This dissertation provides a fundamental understanding of the impact of bulk polymer properties on the nanometer length scale modulus. The elastic modulus of amorphous organic thin films is examined using a surface wrinkling technique. Potential correlations between thin film behavior and intrinsic properties such as flexibility and chain length are explored. Thermal properties, glass transition temperature (Tg) and the coefficient of thermal expansion, are examined along with the moduli of these thin films. It is found that the nanometer length scale behavior of flexible polymers correlates to its bulk Tg and not the polymers intrinsic size. It is also found that decreases in the modulus of ultrathin flexible films is not correlated with the observed Tg decrease in films of the same thickness. Techniques to circumvent reductions from bulk modulus were also demonstrated. However, as chain flexibility is reduced the modulus becomes thickness independent down to 10 nm. Similarly for this series minor reductions in Tg were obtained. To further understand the impact of the intrinsic size and processing conditions; this wrinkling instability was also utilized to determine the modulus of small organic electronic materials at various deposition conditions. Lastly, this wrinkling instability is exploited for development of poly furfuryl alcohol wrinkles. A two-step wrinkling process is developed via an acid catalyzed polymerization of a drop cast solution of furfuryl alcohol and photo acid generator. The ability to control the surface topology and tune the wrinkle wavelength with processing parameters such as substrate temperature and photo acid generator concentration is also demonstrated. Well-ordered linear, circular, and curvilinear patterns are also obtained by selective ultraviolet exposure and polymerization of the furfuryl alcohol film. As a carbon precursor a thorough understanding of this wrinkling instability can have applications in a wide variety of technologies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemical Engineering 2011

Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are electrically controlled micro-machines which have been widely used in both industrial applications and scientific research. This technology allows us to use macro-machines to build micro-machines (MEMS) and then use micro-machines to fabricate even smaller structures, namely nano-structures. In this thesis, the concept of Fab on a Chip will be discussed where we construct a palette of MEMS-based micron scale tools including lithography tools, novel atomic deposition sources, atomic mass sensors, thermometers, heaters, shutters and interconnect technologies that allow us to precisely fabricate nanoscale structures and conduct in-situ measurements using these micron scale devices. Such MEMS devices form a novel microscopic nanofabrication system that can be integrated into a single silicon chip. Due to the small dimension of MEMS, fabrication specifications including heat generation, patterning resolution and film deposition precision outperform traditional fabrication in many ways. It will be shown that one gains many advantages by doing nano-lithography and physical vapor deposition at the micron scale. As an application, I will showcase the power of the technique by discussing how we use Fab on a Chip to conduct quench condensation of superconducting Pb thin films where we are able to gently place atoms upon a surface, creating a uniform, disordered amorphous film and precisely tune the superconducting properties. This shows how the new set of techniques for nanofabrication will open up an unexplored regime for the study of the physics of devices and structures with small numbers of atoms.

No description available.

This thesis describes the modeling and manufacture of bimorph mirrors as well as an example of their application. A general review of adaptive optics is provided, paying particular attention to those technologies which would allow adaptive optics to be employed in non-astronomical situations. The first stage of the theoretical analysis of the bimorph mirror involves developing a mechanical model of the laminated structure. This is carried out using standard thin plate laminate theory; this results in expressions for the overall sensitivity of a bimorph mirror. The mechanical model also leads to an equation describing the response of the surface of the mirror to a given applied voltage. An analytical solution is developed, and its implementation described. Using this analytical solution, the performance of a bimorph mirror under various operating conditions is analysed. Particular attention is paid to the case of correcting phase fluctuations that have a Kolmogorov spectrum. The process of manufacturing bimorph mirrors is described in some detail, and results of this procedure are presented. Results from various bimorph mirrors are analysed, and the comparisons with the theory are presented. A possible use of bimorph mirrors in laser scanner systems is described. A simple demonstration system is described, and results from its operation are presented. A detailed design for a laser printer using adaptive optics is presented, along with the associated deformable mirror requirements.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13843号 / 工博第2947号 / 新制||工||1435(附属図書館) / 26059 / UT51-2008-C759 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 金谷 利治, 教授 吉﨑 武尚, 教授 渡辺 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The objective of the current work has been to develop a system which will allow continuous monitoring of areal mass density, lateral stress, and temperature during a process with real time presentation of results making possible either manual or automated control of the process. The system uses three quartz resonators of different crystallographic cuts (AT cut, BT cut and SC cut) in the same environment. The development of an algorithm to solve a system of equations representing a complete representation of the temperature characteristics of the three resonators is presented. This is followed by an analysis of the potential accuracy of the system and the limitations imposed by the assumptions made in the mathematical models of the system. Sputtering yields were verified using Rutherford backscattering analysis. Experimental apparatus including the physical mounting of the resonators in an experimental environment, details of the oscillator circuitry and frequency counter, and use of a personal computer for data acquisition and control are described. The results presented show, in addition to the mass change and lateral stress build-up which occur when sputtering a gold film with an argon ion beam, the radiation induced temperature rise and the radiation induced stress caused by temperature gradients. An experiment using beams of Sb+ at 50keV and Sb2+ at 100keV has been used to demonstrate the enhancement of sputtering yield that occurs when Au films are bombarded with monomers and dimers of Sb at the same energy per atom. Results are compared with simulations using both the TRIM program and molecular dynamics code.

ZnO is an n-type semiconducting material with high optical transparency in the visible range (400 - 750 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum. When doped with group 13 or 14 metal oxides, ZnO exhibits almost metallic electrical conductivity. ZnO thin films have been recognised as promising alternative material for the currently widely-used but expensive indium oxide in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO), in terms of their low cost and the high abundance of zinc. At the moment, even the best solution-processed ZnO films still can not compete for ITO replacement especially in solar energy utilization and OLED lighting applications, and the performance of ZnO films needs to be further improved. The objective of this work was to enhance the electrical and optical properties of spray pyrolysed ZnO thin films by simultaneous cation and anion doping. This was achieved by growing several series of undoped, single-doped, and co-doped ZnO thin films over a wide range of conditions, in order to understand the growth behaviour of undoped and doped ZnO, and to establish the optimum growth procedure. Spray pyrolysis process has advantages over vacuum-based techniques in terms of its low-cost, high deposition rate, simple procedure and can be applied for the production of large area thin films. Various techniques were employed to characterize the properties of the prepared thin films, and thus determine the optimum growth conditions (i.e. X-ray difiraction (XRD), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and Hall effect measurement). The growth of doped ZnO on glass substrates using Si and F as dopants, yielded highly conducting and transparent thin films. The co-doped thin films exhibited distinct widening of band gap upon increasing deposition temperature and doping concentration as a result of increasing electron concentration up to 4.8 x 10²⁰ cm^-3 upon doping with Si and F at the same time. The resistivity of the films deposited from Zn(acac)₂ · xH₂O solutions and at the optimum temperature of 450 °C, was found to decrease from 4.6 x 10^-2 Ωcm for the best undoped ZnO film to 3.7 x 10^-3 Ωcm, upon doping with 3% Si. The films co-doped with Si and F in the ratios of [Si] / [Zn]= 3 - 4 mol% and [F] / [Zn]=30 - 40 mol% were the most conducting (p ∼ 2.0 x 10^-3 Ωcm). The associated optical transmittance of co-doped ZnO was above 85% in the whole visible range. Results compare favourably with In-doped ZnO deposited under similar conditions. Si+F co-doped ZnO films offer a suitable replacement for ITO in many applications such as LCD and touch screen displays.

In this tribological study, a temperature dependent inquiry of the changes in chemistry and crystal structure of two selected double metal oxides is undertaken. It is known that chameleon coatings of Mo2N/Ag/MoS2 produce a friction coefficient of 0.1 from wear testing at 600 °C for 300,000 cycles. The low friction is attributed to the formation of silver molybdates layers, a lubricious double-metal oxide, in the coating. Double-metal oxides consisting of a group 6 transitional metal and silver (silver molybdate (Ag2Mo2O7) and silver tungstate (Ag2WO4)) were used for this investigation. Thin films and powders were investigated using high temperature x-ray diffraction, high-temperature Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry in tandem with sliding tests from 25 to 600 °C. Our results were compared to external ab-initio molecular dynamic simulations performed elsewhere to qualify experimental results. The layered atomic structure of silver molybdate facilitates sliding, resulting in a low coefficient of friction (<0.2) from 300-500 °C. Unlike Ag2Mo2O7, however, Ag2WO4 does not possess a layered atomic structure and produced coefficients of friction (>0.4) in all temperature ranges between room temperature and 500 °C. Applying the knowledge gained from prior studies of the intrinsic properties of double metal oxides of group 6, chameleon coatings consisting of group 5 transitional metal nitrides (vanadium nitride, niobium nitride, and tantalum nitride) with silver inclusions were created using unbalanced magnetron sputtering to investigate their potential application as adaptive, friction reducing coatings. The coatings were tribotested against a Si3N4 counterface in the 22 to 1000 °C temperature range. In-situ Raman Spectroscopy measurements were taken during heating and wear testing at 700 °C to identify the evolution of phases in the coatings' surfaces and in the wear track. The chemical and structural properties of the coatings were also characterized before and after wear testing using x-ray diffraction. At higher temperatures, oxygen, silver and the transition metals react on the surface to form potentially lubricious double oxide phases (silver vanadate, silver niobate and silver tantalate). All coatings performed similarly up to 750 °C. The VN/Ag coating, however, had a lower coefficient of friction at 750 °C comparatively to TaN/Ag and NbN/Ag, likely due to its reported lower melting temperature (450 °C) and its layered crystal structure.