The aim of this study is to analyse the security implications of refugee flows to South Africa. The country is reputed to host the largest number of refugees and asylum seekers in the world and is also the foremost refugee destination of choice on the African continent. It therefore becomes pertinent that a consideration of the security implications is necessary in this age of global migration. The dissertation is based on three main assumptions to be investigated and tested, namely: > The main causes of refugee flows to South Africa reside in a number of push-factors in the sending countries, but also in a number of pull-factors in South Africa. > The security implications of refugee flows to South Africa are exacerbated by a number of political, socio-economic and administrative issues in South Africa. > Although concern over some of the security issues relating to refugee flows to South Africa have been officially expressed, policy responses have been ambiguous. The study is undertaken against the background of the concept of national security, specifically in developing countries. It is within these parameters that the security implications of refugees in South Arica are analysed, especially from the perspective of political, economic, social and environmental dimensions. The study mainly focuses on the period 1994 to 2010, as it is within this period that major developments regarding refugee issues in South Africa occurred. / Dissertation (MSecurity Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Political Sciences / Unrestricted

Social workers tend to find themselves in threatening situations associated with their clients. Threat and violence against social workers is not a new phenomenon but can instead be described as “a part of the work”. When clients turn to social services for help, they are automatically at a disadvantage and in order to receive help they need to submit themselves to a lot of demands. This can lead to a feeling of power impotence and not having power over your own life. If a person has a feeling of not being in power over his or her own life it can contribute to clients apprehending the social system as unfair and the frustration that comes with this feeling can lead to violent acts in hope of regaining the power. Studies also show that violence against social workers is something that is increasing and to deal with this organisations have developed certain guidelines for social workers to follow. The aim of this study is to examine these different guidelines in the organisations and to see how they affect the social worker, the client and their relationship. This study reviews different articles that discuss the issue and the study also reviews the guidelines for tackling this issue in seven different organisations. The result of the study shows that the guidelines contains tools for both organisation and the socialworker to manage threat and violence.The result also shows that the social worker is victimized but at the same time both power and advantage lies in the hands of the social worker.

The aim of this thesis is to contribute to theoretically sound concept of Peace Journalism, which combines theoretical foundations from two spheres: conflict and peace studies and media studies. Influence of journalists as intervening force and explaining factor with regard to (violent) conflict is neglected. However, Peace Journalism is not theoretically strong and builds upon dualistic definition vis-á-vis so-called War Journalism. The concept of Peace Journalism has to overcome this delamination in order to reflect theoretical underpinnings of conflict transformation theory and conflict analysis. Moreover, Peace Journalism has to differentiate media according to an involvement of given societies in a conflict. This offers an opportunity to specifically and accurately analyse news coverage of conflicts. Case studies analysing Czech coverage of Cyprus and Nagorno-Karabakh conflicts illustrates this approach. The coverage is essentially flat, distorts a reality of the conflict, pays attention to visual and physical aspects of the conflict and closes the conflicts in arbitrary time boundaries.

The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively impacted upon society and limited opportunities for social interaction due to government regulations. University students have been required to adapt to a transition from classroom to online based learning, with a subsequent loss of resources and study-specific venues for social interaction. In general, university students are identified as being at increased risk of experiencing mental health issues; social isolation and loneliness incurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic can further contribute to students’ vulnerability. The present study explores student attitudes concerning the transition to online studies using the theoretical foundation of Challenge and Threat states, and examines the utility of Written Emotional Disclosure to improve student coping. The study was undertaken with 45 students (23 women, 22 men; aged between 18-35 years) attending Umeå University. Data were collected during the completion of an online based expressive writing intervention. Participants were instructed to write about their experience of the transition to online studies, and reflect upon how they could develop strategies to cope with possible academic difficulties. Participants also reported levels of general anxiety, positive and negative affect, emotional and social loneliness, challenge, threat, worry, and confidence. Data analysis revealed that students’ reporting heightened levels of general anxiety as well as emotional loneliness were more likely to experience the transition as threatening and were more prone to excessive worry. No statistically significant intervention effects were found. Limitations of the present study are discussed and future research is proposed. / COVID-19-pandemin har påverkat samhället i stor utsträckning och de införda restriktionerna har begränsat möjligheterna till social interaktion. Universitetsstudenter har varit tvungna att ställa om till onlinestudier, med förlust av resurser och studiespecifika sociala sammanhang som följd. Universitetsstudenter är en riskgrupp när det kommer till mental ohälsa; social isolering och ensamhet till följd av COVID-19-pandemin kan ytterligare bidra till elevernas sårbarhet. Denna studie har undersökt studenters attityder gentemot övergången till onlinestudier utifrån teorin om Challenge- and Threat states och om Written Emotional Disclosure kan förbättra studenternas coping. Undersökningen genomfördes med 45 studenter (23 kvinnor, 22 män, i åldern 18-35 år) som studerade vid Umeå universitet. Data samlades in genom en onlinebaserad skrivövning. Deltagarna instruerades att skriva om sina erfarenheter av övergången till onlinestudier och reflektera över hur de kunde utveckla strategier för att hantera eventuella svårigheter. Deltagarna rapporterade också nivåer av positiva och negativa affekter, emotionell och social ensamhet, challenge, threat, oro och självförtroende. Analyser visade på att studenter med högre nivåer av ångest och emotionell ensamhet var mer benägna att uppleva övergången till onlinestudier som mer hotfull och oroade sig i högre utsträckning kring densamma. Inga statistiskt signifikanta interventionseffekter hittades. Denna studies begränsningar diskuteras och fokus för framtida forskningsområden föreslås

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ambulanspersonal upplever sin utsatthet för brott vid utryckning. Den undersökningsmetod som användes var halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Huvudresultat i studien var att de som intervjuades uppgav att de blivit utsatta för brott i form av hot om våld samt fysiskt våld, men att de inte upplever eller pratar om sig själva som offer, men de uppfyller delvis kraven för att kunna ses som ett idealiskt offer samt att de normaliserar sin utsatthet. Ett annat resultat visar att ambulanspersonalen anser att personuppgiftslagen hämmar dem i deras arbete när det kommer till säkerhet. Under intervjuerna framkom det att personuppgiftslagen påverkar deras känsla av trygghet på ett negativt sätt då de inte har all viktig information om personen de åker till. Det framkommer också att ambulanspersonalen värdesätter samarbetet med polis och att de behöver mer resurser. Studiens viktigaste slutsats är att ambulanspersonalen blir utsatta för hot och våld och att det är ett problem, men att de normaliserar sina upplevelser och inte pratar om sig som offer. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how paramedics experience their exposure to crimes during work, but also their thoughts about victim. The method of investigation used was semi structured interviews. The main result of the study was that the paramedics was subjected to crimes in forms of threats of violence and physical harm, but they do not see themselves as victims and they also normalize their vulnerability. Another result is that the personal data act prevents the paramedics in their work regarding their safety. During the interviews, it emerged that it effects their sense of security in a negative way since they do not have all the information about the person that they are about to assist. They also value the cooperation that they have with the police. The main findings of the study were that paramedics gets exposed to threats and violence and that this is a problem, although they normalize their experience and do not talk about themselves in terms of victims.

Journalism is an ever-changing profession that is right now getting increasingly impacted by advancements in technology. These advancements make it easier, faster, and possibly safer to conduct journalism. At the same time, journalists are subjected to threats, and while some level of safety comes with digital advancements, they might also provide opportunities for reaching and threatening journalists that were not possible just a few years ago. This requires journalists to stay up to date on technological advancements in order to mitigate threats.  This thesis is based on interviews with five journalists whose work put them in or near danger and utilizes an inductive approach to iteratively study the data and analyze it using existing frameworks to categorize tactics used by journalists. This study identifies three larger categories of threats that journalists are subjected to, and the measures taken to defend against these threats with a special focus on the digital technologies at their disposal. It finds that the tactics vary depending on the source of the threats and range from being non-violent, to legitimate threats on journalists’ lives. In response, journalists use tactics to remain under the radar of danger, or to find safety using low-tech tools and to even use digital tools as an opportunity to conduct journalism that would otherwise be out of their reach. The study concludes that rather than categorizing journalists, it is better to categorize their actions in order to see them as changeable and possible to be used as reactions to threats.

Bakgrund: Det arbetsrelaterade våldet på akutmottagningar har ökat och sjuksköterskor riskerar i större utsträckning jämfört med andra professioner inom vården att utsättas för detta. Samtidigt förväntas sjuksköterskan arbeta utifrån vetenskaplig kunskap, beprövad erfarenhet och tyst kunskap samt ha ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt i interaktionen med patienter.Syfte: Litteraturstudien syftade till att sammanställa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av hot och våld på akutmottagningar.Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på kvalitativa studier. Databassökningar utfördes i CINAHL och PubMed och kvalitetsgranskningen följde SBU:s kvalitetsgranskningsmall för kvalitativa studier. Innehållsanalys tillämpades som analysmetod.Resultat: Tolv vetenskapliga studier låg till grund för resultatet. Resultatet bestod av tre huvudteman och sex subteman. Huvudtemana var följande; Konsekvenser av våldet, Adaption till våldet: En del av arbetet och Upplevelser av brist på stöd i våldssituationer.Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor som utsätts för hot och våld på arbetet och upplever detta på flera olika vis. Konsekvenser av våldet påverkar sjuksköterskor psykiskt och fysisk. Dessutom upplevdes våldet som en del av arbetet och brist på stöd kunde bidra till att våldsituationerna uppkom. / Background: There has been a rise in the workplace violence in emergency departments. Nurses are more likely to be exposed to violence compared to other professions in the health sector. Simultaneously, the nurse is expected to work out of proven experiences, based in science, and have intangible knowledge moreover to do this with a person-centered perspective in the interaction with patients.Aim: The aim of the literature review was to compile the nurses’ experiences of workplace violence at emergency departments.Method: Literature review with a qualitative approach. The article search was performed in the two databases CINAHL and PubMed and the articles quality was reviewed using SBU:s template for qualitative studies. Content analysis was chosen as method for the review.Results: Twelve articles formed the basis for the result. Three main themes and six sub themes were found as part of the result. The main themes were the following: Consequences of the violence, Adapting to the violence: part of the job and Experiencing lack of support in situations of violence.Conclusion: Nurses experiencing workplace violence and do this this in many ways. Consequences of the violence is both physical and psychological. The violence was experienced as part of the job and a lack of knowledge and deficiencies in the organization was apparent, which worsened the feeling of support and aggravated the circumstances in the emergency department making creating further opportunities for workplace violence to arise.

With the fast growing popularity of IoT devices, a new entry point for cyber attacks is emerging. As IoT devices such as security cameras become more widely used in settings where security and privacy can be considered a key concern, more research about these devices must be done to ensure that the security requirements are met. In this thesis the home security camera Reolink E1 Zoom has been evaluated. The security of the device was evaluated with a 7 step method which consisted of pre-engagement, information gathering, threat modeling, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, post exploitation, and reporting. The threat modeling and penetration testing was conducted on the IoT device with a focus on the web application. The result of the penetration testing was that one vulnerability was discovered, an XSS attack, with many other security issues not directly leading to an exploit also being discovered. The vulnerability discovered was reported to the manufacturer as detailed in the thesis. The conclusion is that the security of the IoT device was lacking in certain areas. / IoT har med en snabbt växande popularitet öppnat för nya potentiella problem med cyberattacker. Då IoT-enheter som säkerhetskameror börjar användas i en större utsträckning i sammanhang där säkerhet och integritet har högsta prioritet, måste mer forskning kring säkerheten av dessa enheter utföras. Detta för att kunna säkerställa att säkerhetskraven är uppnådda. I denna avhandlingen har säkerheten av IoT-enheten Reolink E1 Zoom analyserats. Säkerheten av enheten hara analyserats med hjälp av en 7-stegsmetod som bestod av förberedning, informationssökning, hotmodellering, säkerhetsanalys, efter-exploatering, samt rapportering. hotmodelleringen samt penetrationstestningen som genomfördes på enheten fokuserade på webbapplikationen. Resultatet av penetrationstestningen var att en sårbarhet hittades, en XSS-attack, ett flertal andra säkerhetsproblem som inte direkt ledde till en sårbarhet identifierades också. Sårbarheten som identifierades blev rapporterad till företaget enligt beskrivelsen i rapporten. Slutsaten är att säkerheten av IoT-enheten har brister inom vissa områden.

- EN The aim of this thesis is to answer the research question of "Why did the US not conduct a military strike on Iranian nuclear facilities during the Trump presidency despite the sharp criticism of Iran's nuclear program?" The thesis presents several hypotheses that deal with the conditions for a military strike against nuclear facilities of a potential nuclear proliferator to be conducted. One such hypothesis is chosen to be confirmed or refuted in the case of US- Iran relations during Trump's presidency. The hypothesis states that Iran was able to deter the US by the threat of conventional retaliation. Methods of single case study and discourse analysis are used. The empirical part of the thesis firstly assesses whether all three steps of securitization as described by the Copenhagen school were completed. This work claims that Iranian nuclear program was indeed successfully securitized in the US during Trump's presidency. Secondly, an analysis of the components of Iranian conventional deterrence is provided. It is ascertained that Iran commanded strong enough conventional forces to be able to mount effective attacks on targets valuable to the US. All three conditions of the deterrent's credibility were also met, and Iran sufficiently communicated the threat to the US. Therefore, this thesis...

Criminology and Security Science