Orientador: Humberto Tonhati / Coorientador: Renato Caparroz / Banca: Marcelo Cervini / Banca Leonardo de Oliveira Seno / Banca: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: José Maurí‰cio Barbanti Duarte / Resumo: A Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, campus de Jaboticabal desenvolve há v†ários anos pesquisas na á†rea de animais silvestres, contribuindo dessa forma na conservaçãˆo e produção‡ de espŠécies amea‡çadas de extin‡ção. Uma dessas espéŠcies estudadas para fins cientí‰ficos, a perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens), apresenta potencialidades para a produ‡ção comercial em cativeiro. Com o objetivo de determinar polimorfismos genéŠticos nessa espéŠcie e em outras espéŠcies de tinam‰ídeos, foram desenvolvidos 16 pares de primers de microssatéŠlite para a perdiz a partir de biblioteca gen“ômica enriquecida com microssatŠélites. A fim de se verificar a amplificação cruzada em perdiz e em outros tinam‰ídeos foram utilizados 10 pares de primers desenvolvidos para avestruzes (Struthio camelus) e outros 10 pares desenvolvidos para o inhambŒú-da-cabe‡ça-vermelha (Tinamus major). Dos 16 locos desenvolvidos para perdiz, 8 apresentaram sucesso na amplificação nessa espŠécie e apenas cinco amplificaram em outros tinamídeos. Foi realizada a genotipagem em 26 amostras de perdizes e obtidas estimativas relacionadas ao percentual de locos polimó‹rficos (50%), núŒmero mŠédio de alelos por loco (5,75), conteŒúdo polim‹órfico informativo mŠédio (0,62) e diversidade genéŠtica esperada (0,69). Quanto ao teste de transferabilidade, dos pares de primers desenvolvidos para T. major, somente um apresentou amplificação especí‰fica em perdizes, sendo observadas taxas de amplificação cruzada de 100 e 70% para macuco (Tinamus solitarius) e para a azulona (Tinamus tao), respectivamente. As amplificações nos demais tinamí‰deos ficaram restritas a cinco locos de microssatŠélites. Com o uso de programas computacionais e de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The São Paulo State University UNESP, Jaboticabal campus has for several years research with wild animals, contributing for the preservation and production of the species threatened by extinction. One of these species is the red-winged-tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens), that has potential for production in captivity. The aim of the study was to determine genetic microsatellite polymorphisms in this species and other tinamous species. Sixteen microsatellite primer pairs were developed for the red-winged-tinamou from a genomic library enriched with microsatellites. In order to verify the cross amplification for the tinamous species we used 10 pairs of primers designed for ostriches (Struthio camelus) and 10 pairs developed for Tinamus major. From the 16 loci developed for red-winged-tinamou, 8 amplified in this species and only five amplified in other Tinamous. Genotyping was performed on 26 samples and estimates related to the percentage of polymorphic loci (50%), average number of alleles per locus (5.75), polymorphic information content (average 0.62) and expected genetic diversity (0.69). In order to test the transferability of the primer pairs developed for T. major, only one had a specific amplification in partridges, with observed rates of crossamplification of 100 and 70% for macuco (Tinamus solitarius) and the azulona (Tinamus tao), respectively. The amplifications in other tinamous were restricted to five microsatellite loci. With the use of computer programs and statistical analysis, we estimated genetic and phenotypic parameters of morphometric characteristics in red-winged-tinamou, in order to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The Ornate Tinamou (Nothoprocta ornata), an ancient bird, has adapted to life at high altitude (>2.400 m.a.s.l) for a longer period than the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), which came to South America with the Spanish conquerors. Ornate tinamous have a smaller heart in relation to body size than domestic chickens. This study was made to evaluate heart morphometric measurements comparing Ornate Tinamou and domestic chicken using echocardiography measurements to determine wall thickness and chamber size and to evaluate whether it can retrieve measurements consistent with previous results on dissected hearts. I was also interested in evaluating potential adaptations of the Ornate Tinamou to life in hypoxic environments by exposing the heart to positive inotropic stimulation. The results were compared with those previously obtained on dissected hearts. The results showed that the chamber size of the domestic chicken was significantly larger than in Ornate Tinamou, both in conscious and anesthetized birds. Injection of 1µg/kg isoproterenol caused domestic chickens’ systolic chamber size to decrease significantly and fractional shortening to increase significantly. The same changes were seen in the Ornate Tinamou but they were not significant. In conclusion, this study confirms that echocardiography is a valid method for retrieving cardiac measurements without euthanizing animals, opening for the possibility of taking several measurements at different ages.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_do_dr_jabo.pdf: 436428 bytes, checksum: 0d19e37f42c0f40666cb60140257c676 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia / A Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, campus de Jaboticabal desenvolve há v ários anos pesquisas na á rea de animais silvestres, contribuindo dessa forma na conservaçã o e produção de esp écies amea çadas de extin ção. Uma dessas espé cies estudadas para fins cientí ficos, a perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens), apresenta potencialidades para a produ ção comercial em cativeiro. Com o objetivo de determinar polimorfismos gené ticos nessa espé cie e em outras espé cies de tinam ídeos, foram desenvolvidos 16 pares de primers de microssaté lite para a perdiz a partir de biblioteca gen ômica enriquecida com microssat élites. A fim de se verificar a amplificação cruzada em perdiz e em outros tinam ídeos foram utilizados 10 pares de primers desenvolvidos para avestruzes (Struthio camelus) e outros 10 pares desenvolvidos para o inhamb ú-da-cabe ça-vermelha (Tinamus major). Dos 16 locos desenvolvidos para perdiz, 8 apresentaram sucesso na amplificação nessa esp écie e apenas cinco amplificaram em outros tinamídeos. Foi realizada a genotipagem em 26 amostras de perdizes e obtidas estimativas relacionadas ao percentual de locos polimó rficos (50%), nú mero m édio de alelos por loco (5,75), conte údo polim órfico informativo m édio (0,62) e diversidade gené tica esperada (0,69). Quanto ao teste de transferabilidade, dos pares de primers desenvolvidos para T. major, somente um apresentou amplificação especí fica em perdizes, sendo observadas taxas de amplificação cruzada de 100 e 70% para macuco (Tinamus solitarius) e para a azulona (Tinamus tao), respectivamente. As amplificações nos demais tinamí deos ficaram restritas a cinco locos de microssat élites. Com o uso de programas computacionais e de... / The São Paulo State University UNESP, Jaboticabal campus has for several years research with wild animals, contributing for the preservation and production of the species threatened by extinction. One of these species is the red-winged-tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens), that has potential for production in captivity. The aim of the study was to determine genetic microsatellite polymorphisms in this species and other tinamous species. Sixteen microsatellite primer pairs were developed for the red-winged-tinamou from a genomic library enriched with microsatellites. In order to verify the cross amplification for the tinamous species we used 10 pairs of primers designed for ostriches (Struthio camelus) and 10 pairs developed for Tinamus major. From the 16 loci developed for red-winged-tinamou, 8 amplified in this species and only five amplified in other Tinamous. Genotyping was performed on 26 samples and estimates related to the percentage of polymorphic loci (50%), average number of alleles per locus (5.75), polymorphic information content (average 0.62) and expected genetic diversity (0.69). In order to test the transferability of the primer pairs developed for T. major, only one had a specific amplification in partridges, with observed rates of crossamplification of 100 and 70% for macuco (Tinamus solitarius) and the azulona (Tinamus tao), respectively. The amplifications in other tinamous were restricted to five microsatellite loci. With the use of computer programs and statistical analysis, we estimated genetic and phenotypic parameters of morphometric characteristics in red-winged-tinamou, in order to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The Bolivian Ornate Tinamou, Nothoprocta ornata, lives higher than 3300 m above sea level and must constantly deal with a restricted availability of atmospheric oxygen, i.e., chronic hypoxia. Interestingly enough, the Ornate Tinamou has a small heart to body ratio, which implies a reduced ability in transporting oxygenated blood to the tissues. In order to increase knowledge about the cardiorespiratory response of the Ornate Tinamou, heart rate (HR) and ventilation frequency (VR) were monitored during resting at 25 °C. The values were compared with those obtained in conditions known to elevate metabolism, i.e., lowered temperature and graded exercise. This was later compared with domestic chickens, Gallus gallus. Results showed a significant increase in HR at 4 °C, 305 ±42 bpm in the Ornate Tinamou when compared with HR at 25°C, 241± 48 bpm (330 ±42bpm and 239 ±32bpm in chicken). A significant increase in VR was only observed in chicken. As expected, with a progressive increase in running speed, a significant increase in HR in both species was observed. At 1,5 km h-1, HR in the Ornate Tinamou was 327 ±5,6 bpm and 342 ±8,5 in chicken. At 3,0 km h -1 HR was 383 ±15 bpm and 404 ±7,9, respectively. However, HR was not significantly higher in the Ornate Tinamou than in chicken, indicating that there must be other physiological adaptations involved in the sufficient oxygen delivery to tissues, e.g. a high blood oxygen affinity or a preference for anaerobic metabolism due to living in a chronic hypoxic environment.

Animals can show different responses to fear for example by playing dead when there is no possibility to escape. This response is called tonic immobility (TI) and is a well-established test of fear to evaluate fearfulness. Long durations of TI are generally considered as high levels of fearfulness. Physiological changes observed during tonic immobility suggest that there are changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) strongly involved in this process. The main objective for this study was to analyse duration of tonic immobility and heart and ventilation rate during tonic immobility in three different species; domesticated High Andean chickens (Gallus gallus), wild-caught Ornate Tinamous (Nothoprocta ornata) and Chilean Tinamous born in captivity (Nothoprocta perdicaria). In this study needle electrodes were used to measure heart and ventilation rate. The time following induction of tonic immobility (i.e. after holding the bird on its back for 15 s) was characterized by a large increase in heart and ventilation rate. During tonic immobility a progressive decrease in heart and ventilation rate was observed in all species, significant in all cases except for heart rate between start and end of TI in chickens. The duration of TI was significantly longer in Ornate Tinamou compared to Chilean Tinamou and chickens. The same was observed in latency to first head movement. TI is probably controlled by the autonomic nervous system, but a heart rate variability analysis has to be done in order to determine the different relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in these species.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prando_l_me_jabo.pdf: 407609 bytes, checksum: 947cac68a18e2787e6a5c7039ce51656 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As características comportamentais de uma espécie em processo de domesticação são muito importantes, pois a criação requer animais dóceis e sociáveis. Assim, torna-se necessário conhecer essas características, pois têm consequências relevantes no bem estar e desempenho das aves em cativeiro. O comportamento de reintegração social (CRS) pode ser avaliado em um labirinto de campo aberto observando-se sua aproximação ou não do animal da mesma espécie, no período de cinco minutos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o CRS em perdizes determinando-se as fontes de variação e os parâmetros genéticos para essa característica em animais criados em cativeiro. Foi realizada estatística multivariada, utilizando-se análise de fatores que revelou a existência de dois grupos distintos dentro da amostra analisada. Os componentes de (co) variância foram obtidos por inferência bayesiana usando máxima verossimilhança para as características do CRS, para dados não transformados e transformados. As características estudadas, sendo que as duas primeiras representam o grupo dos evitadores e as duas últimas, o grupo dos locomotores, foram parado no quadrante 1 (Pq1), parado no quadrante 4 (Pq4), andando no quadrante 1 (Aq1) e andando no quadrante intermediário (Aqi). As herdabilidades estimadas para as características Pq1, Pq4, Aq1 e Aqi foram respectivamente, 0,28; 0,43; 0,19 e 0,27 para os dados transformados. Assim, concluise que a seleção pode ser eficiente para alterar as médias destas características / Behavioral traits of a species in the process of domestication are very important, because raising the animal in captivity requires docility and sociability. Therefore, it is necessary to know these traits, because they have relevant consequences for the well-being and the performance of captive birds. The behavior of social reinstatement (CRS) can be evaluated in an open field maze by observing if the bird approachs or not to a conspecific, during five minutes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the CRS of red-winged Tinamou in order to determine the sources of variation and the genetic parameters of this trait in animals raised in captivity. We performed multivariate analysis, using factor analysis and it was revealed the existence of two distinct groups within the sample the movers and the avoiders. The (co) variances estimates were obtained by bayesian inference using the maximum likelihood, for transformed and non-transformed data. The studies traits were standing in quadrant 1 (Pq1), standing in quadrant 4 (Pq4), displacement behavior the quadrant 1 (Aq1) and displacement behavior in the intermediate quadrant (Aqi), where the first two represent the group of avoiders and the last two, the group of movers. The heritability means estimates for the traits Pq1, Pq4, Aq1 and Aqi were respectively 0.28, 0.43, 0.19 and 0.27 for the transformed data. Thus, we concluded that selection could be effective to change the means of these traits

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bruneli_fat_dr_jabo.pdf: 373268 bytes, checksum: 1d57a2a24feefaf22e6117902f05bc40 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Sob condições de estresse, as aves apresentam, como resposta corporal, uma série de alterações metabólicas e hormonais a fim de se adaptar às agressões do meio. Para estabelecer a associação das concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona e prolactina com a característica indicativa de estresse, foram avaliados 21 machos e 22 fêmeas de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) alojados em um galpão avícola convencional. De cada ave, foram efetuadas três medições matinais do tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica, a intervalos de sete dias. Adicionalmente, foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de aproximadamente 2,0 mL, através da punção da veia braquial, com seringa descartável heparinizada de 3 mL e agulhas 25x7 mm, 15 dias antes da primeira medição do tempo em imobilidade tônica (final de junho), e 3 dias após a última medição (final de julho). As informações prévias sobre produção de ovos pelas fêmeas e fecundação de ovos pelos machos de perdizes, obtidas durante a estação reprodutiva 2002-2003, foram utilizadas para classificação das aves conforme o desempenho produtivo em cativeiro. Nenhum dos efeitos testados para corticosterona foi significativo, em cada um dos sexos. No curto período de 30 dias, houve significativa redução da prolactina circulante no sangue, sendo que os machos variaram de 5,77 a 3,95 ng/mL, enquanto as fêmeas reduziram de 6,03 para 4,44 ng/mL. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre quaisquer das características avaliadas no presente trabalho, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas. O tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica não foi indicativo do estado de estresse em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. / In many stress conditions, birds presents an organic response with a series of metabolic and hormonal alterations, to become accustomed to environmental agressions. The objective of this study was to associate corticosterone and prolactin plasmatic concentrations with a indicative stress characteristic, evaluating 21 post-breeding partridge males and 22 post-breeding partridge females (Rhynchotus rufescens) carried out in a conventional avian barn. One time per week, during three consecutives weeks, mensurations of tonic immobility response were made in the morning. In addition, blood samples about 2.0 mL were collected via brachial vein punction, using anticoagulating sirynge and 25x7 mm needles, 15 days before first tonic immobility mensuration (end of june-2003), and again three days after last mensuration (end of july-2003). Previous informations about female egg production e male egg fertilization, during 2002-2003 breeding season were used to bird classification by productive performance in captivity. None of effects tested to corticosterone secretion was significative in any sex. Although in a short time period, 30 days approximately, prolactin concentration significative reduced in blood circulation, where males declined from 5.77 to 3.95 ng/mL, and females declined from 6.03 to 4.44 ng/mL. No correlation was find significative (P>0.05) among any evaluated characteristics, for both sexes. Tonic immoblility response was not a stress determination to partridges raised in captivity.

Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Banca: Patrícia Tholon / Resumo: As características comportamentais de uma espécie em processo de domesticação são muito importantes, pois a criação requer animais dóceis e sociáveis. Assim, torna-se necessário conhecer essas características, pois têm consequências relevantes no bem estar e desempenho das aves em cativeiro. O comportamento de reintegração social (CRS) pode ser avaliado em um labirinto de campo aberto observando-se sua aproximação ou não do animal da mesma espécie, no período de cinco minutos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o CRS em perdizes determinando-se as fontes de variação e os parâmetros genéticos para essa característica em animais criados em cativeiro. Foi realizada estatística multivariada, utilizando-se análise de fatores que revelou a existência de dois grupos distintos dentro da amostra analisada. Os componentes de (co) variância foram obtidos por inferência bayesiana usando máxima verossimilhança para as características do CRS, para dados não transformados e transformados. As características estudadas, sendo que as duas primeiras representam o grupo dos evitadores e as duas últimas, o grupo dos locomotores, foram parado no quadrante 1 (Pq1), parado no quadrante 4 (Pq4), andando no quadrante 1 (Aq1) e andando no quadrante intermediário (Aqi). As herdabilidades estimadas para as características Pq1, Pq4, Aq1 e Aqi foram respectivamente, 0,28; 0,43; 0,19 e 0,27 para os dados transformados. Assim, concluise que a seleção pode ser eficiente para alterar as médias destas características / Abstract: Behavioral traits of a species in the process of domestication are very important, because raising the animal in captivity requires docility and sociability. Therefore, it is necessary to know these traits, because they have relevant consequences for the well-being and the performance of captive birds. The behavior of social reinstatement (CRS) can be evaluated in an open field maze by observing if the bird approachs or not to a conspecific, during five minutes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the CRS of red-winged Tinamou in order to determine the sources of variation and the genetic parameters of this trait in animals raised in captivity. We performed multivariate analysis, using factor analysis and it was revealed the existence of two distinct groups within the sample the movers and the avoiders. The (co) variances estimates were obtained by bayesian inference using the maximum likelihood, for transformed and non-transformed data. The studies traits were standing in quadrant 1 (Pq1), standing in quadrant 4 (Pq4), displacement behavior the quadrant 1 (Aq1) and displacement behavior in the intermediate quadrant (Aqi), where the first two represent the group of avoiders and the last two, the group of movers. The heritability means estimates for the traits Pq1, Pq4, Aq1 and Aqi were respectively 0.28, 0.43, 0.19 and 0.27 for the transformed data. Thus, we concluded that selection could be effective to change the means of these traits / Mestre

Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: Ramon Diniz Malheiros / Banca: Nilva Aparecida Nicolao Fonseca / Banca: Maria Estela Gaglianone Moro / Resumo: Sob condições de estresse, as aves apresentam, como resposta corporal, uma série de alterações metabólicas e hormonais a fim de se adaptar às agressões do meio. Para estabelecer a associação das concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona e prolactina com a característica indicativa de estresse, foram avaliados 21 machos e 22 fêmeas de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) alojados em um galpão avícola convencional. De cada ave, foram efetuadas três medições matinais do tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica, a intervalos de sete dias. Adicionalmente, foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de aproximadamente 2,0 mL, através da punção da veia braquial, com seringa descartável heparinizada de 3 mL e agulhas 25x7 mm, 15 dias antes da primeira medição do tempo em imobilidade tônica (final de junho), e 3 dias após a última medição (final de julho). As informações prévias sobre produção de ovos pelas fêmeas e fecundação de ovos pelos machos de perdizes, obtidas durante a estação reprodutiva 2002-2003, foram utilizadas para classificação das aves conforme o desempenho produtivo em cativeiro. Nenhum dos efeitos testados para corticosterona foi significativo, em cada um dos sexos. No curto período de 30 dias, houve significativa redução da prolactina circulante no sangue, sendo que os machos variaram de 5,77 a 3,95 ng/mL, enquanto as fêmeas reduziram de 6,03 para 4,44 ng/mL. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre quaisquer das características avaliadas no presente trabalho, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas. O tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica não foi indicativo do estado de estresse em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. / Abstract: In many stress conditions, birds presents an organic response with a series of metabolic and hormonal alterations, to become accustomed to environmental agressions. The objective of this study was to associate corticosterone and prolactin plasmatic concentrations with a indicative stress characteristic, evaluating 21 post-breeding partridge males and 22 post-breeding partridge females (Rhynchotus rufescens) carried out in a conventional avian barn. One time per week, during three consecutives weeks, mensurations of tonic immobility response were made in the morning. In addition, blood samples about 2.0 mL were collected via brachial vein punction, using anticoagulating sirynge and 25x7 mm needles, 15 days before first tonic immobility mensuration (end of june-2003), and again three days after last mensuration (end of july-2003). Previous informations about female egg production e male egg fertilization, during 2002-2003 breeding season were used to bird classification by productive performance in captivity. None of effects tested to corticosterone secretion was significative in any sex. Although in a short time period, 30 days approximately, prolactin concentration significative reduced in blood circulation, where males declined from 5.77 to 3.95 ng/mL, and females declined from 6.03 to 4.44 ng/mL. No correlation was find significative (P>0.05) among any evaluated characteristics, for both sexes. Tonic immoblility response was not a stress determination to partridges raised in captivity. / Doutor