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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Showing 361 to 370 of 371 (0.022 seconds)| 361 |
Storie en sprokie : 'n ondersoek na die sprokiesmotief in enkele populere Afrikaanse romansBrink, Malie Johanna 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / In die verhandeling word die vergestalting van die sprokiemotief
in die tekste, Griet skryf 'n sprokie deur Marita van der Vyver
(1992) en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie deur Eleanor Baker (1984)
nagegaan. Die doel is om vas te stel op watter wyse hierdie
"kindgerigte" genre op die literere vlak van die volwasse leser
omvorm word. Om hierdie doel te bereik word eerstens 'n
begripsverkenning van die sprokie as epiese genre gedoen. In die
verkenning van die genre val die soeklig nie net op die Westerse
sprokie nie, maar daar word ook gefokus op die inheemse SuidAfrikaanse
sprokie.
Tweedens word aan die hand van hierdie teoretiese raamwerk 'n
noukeurige analise gemaak van die vergestalting van die
sprokiemotief binne die twee primere tekste. Die sprokieselemente
in Griet skryf 'n sprokie en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie word
uitgelig en die hantering daarvan vergelykend ondersoek / In the dissertation the manifestation of the fairytale motif in
the texts, Griet skryf 'n sprokie by Marita van der Vyver (1992),
and Weerkaatsings 'n sprokie by Eleanor Baker (1984) is
investigated. The purpose is to ascertain the manner in which
this "child-centred" genre is transformed on the literary level
of the adult reader. To achieve this goal, a conceptualization
of the fairytale as an epic genre is firstly undertaken. In the
exploration of the genre, the search light does not only focus
on the Western but also on the indigenous South African
fairytale.
Secondly, by means of this theoretical framework, a detailed
analysis is made of the manifestation of the fairytale motif in
the two primary texts. The elements of the fairytale in Griet
skryf 'n sprokie and Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie are highlighted
and the handling thereof comparatively investigated / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)
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Law's hidden canvas: teasing out the threads of Coast Salish legal sensibilityBoisselle, Andrée 22 December 2017 (has links)
This dissertation seeks to illuminate key aspects of Coast Salish legal sensibility. It draws on collaborative fieldwork carried out between 2007 and 2010 with Stó:lō communities from the Fraser Valley in southern British Columbia, and on the rich ethnohistorical record produced on, with, and by members of the Stó:lō polity and of the wider Coast Salish social world to which they belong.
The preoccupation underlying this inquiry is to better understand how to approach an Indigenous legal tradition on its own terms, in a way respectful of its distinctiveness – especially in an ongoing colonial context, and from my position as an outsider to this tradition. As such, a main question drives the inquiry: What makes a legal tradition what it is?
Two series of legal insights emerge from this work. The first are theoretical and methodological. The character of a legal tradition, I suggest, owes more to implicit norms than to explicit ones. In order to gain the kind of understanding that allows for respectful interactions with the principles and processes that inform decision-making within a given legal order, one must learn to decipher the norms that are not so much talked about as tacitly modelled by its members. Paying attention to pragmatic forms of communication – the mode of conveying meaning interactively and contextually, typically by showing rather than telling – reveals the hidden normative canvas upon which explicit norms are grafted. This deeper layer of normativity inflects peoples’ subjectivity and sense of their own agency – the distinctive fabric of their socialization.
This lens on law – emerging from a reflection on the stories that Stó:lō friends shared with me, on the discussions had with them, and on the relational experience of Stó:lō / Coast Salish pedagogy, and further informed by scholarship on Indigenous and Western law, political philosophy and sociolinguistics – yields a second series of insights. Those are ethnographical, about Coast Salish legal sensibility itself. They attach to three central institutions of the Stó:lō legal order: the Transformer storycycle, longhouse governance practice and the figure of the witness, and ancestral names – corresponding to three sets of key relationships within the tradition: to the land, to the spirit, and to kin.
Among those insights, a central one concerns the importance of interconnectedness as an organizing principle within Stó:lō / Coast Salish legal orders. Coast Salish people are not simply aware of the factual interdependence of people and things in the world, pay special attention to this, and happen to offer a description of the world as interconnected. There is a normative commitment at work here. Interconnectedness informs dominant interpretations of how the world should work. It is a source of explicit responsibilities and obligations – but more amorphously and pervasively yet, it structures legitimate discourse and appropriate behavior within contemporary Coast Salish societies. / Graduate / 2018-10-20
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Titres et statuts territoriaux au Moyen-Orient / Territorial titles and statuses in the Middle EastJoie, Thomas 02 July 2013 (has links)
Les titres et les statuts territoriaux occupent une place centrale en droit international en raison de la territorialité de cet ordre juridique. L’émergence des Etats du Moyen-Orient présente des spécificités historico-juridiques, qui sont en grande partie à l’origine des problèmes territoriaux actuels. En effet, dans la région étudiée, l’application des régimes de protectorat et de Mandat a eu une incidence considérable sur les titres territoriaux des Etats. Contrairement à la colonisation pure et simple, ces régimes territoriaux laissaient, en principe, subsister pour l’entité sous domination, une personnalité internationale distincte. Une telle situation intermédiaire a très souvent conduit à des interrogations sur les règles de droit international applicables. La présente étude envisage justement cette problématique : quels effets ont eu les régimes de protectorat et de Mandat sur l’établissement ou la modification des titres territoriaux ? L’objectif de l’étude est de contribuer à mettre en exerguel’origine des titres territoriaux au Moyen-Orient, pour mieux comprendre et analyser les problèmes territoriaux actuels dans la région. / Territorial titles and statuses occupy a central place in international law because of the territoriality of this legal order. The emergence of the Middle East States presents historical and legal specificities which are largely the sources of current territorial problems. Indeed, in the region under study, the application of Protectorate and Mandate regimes had a significant impact on the States territorial titles. Under these territorial regimes, unlike outright colonization, a separate international personality remained, in principle, for the entity under domination. Such an intermediate situation has often led to questions about the applicable rules of international law. The study considers precisely this issue: what effects have had the regimes of Protectorate and Mandate on the establishment or modification of territorial titles? The objective of thestudy is to contribute to highlight the origin of territorial titles in the Middle East, in order to better understand and analyze the current territorial problems in the region.
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Family affairs an historical anthropology of state practice and Aboriginal agency in a rural town, North Queensland /Babidge, Sally. January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.) - James Cook University, 2004. / Thesis submitted by Sally Marie Babidge, BA (Hons) UWA June 2004, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, James Cook University. Bibliography: leaves 283-303.
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Improving Retrieval Accuracy in Main Content Extraction from HTML Web DocumentsMohammadzadeh, Hadi 17 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
The rapid growth of text based information on the World Wide Web and various applications making use of this data motivates the need for efficient and effective methods to identify and separate the “main content” from the additional content items, such as navigation menus, advertisements, design elements or legal disclaimers.
Firstly, in this thesis, we study, develop, and evaluate R2L, DANA, DANAg, and AdDANAg, a family of novel algorithms for extracting the main content of web documents. The main concept behind R2L, which also provided the initial idea and motivation for the other three algorithms, is to use well particularities of Right-to-Left languages for obtaining the main content of web pages. As the English character set and the Right-to-Left character set are encoded in different intervals of the Unicode character set, we can efficiently distinguish the Right-to-Left characters from the English ones in an HTML file. This enables the R2L approach to recognize areas of the HTML file with a high density of Right-to-Left characters and a low density of characters from the English character set. Having recognized these areas, R2L can successfully separate only the Right-to-Left characters. The first extension of the R2L, DANA, improves effectiveness of the baseline algorithm by employing an HTML parser in a post processing phase of R2L for extracting the main content from areas with a high density of Right-to-Left characters. DANAg is the second extension of the R2L and generalizes the idea of R2L to render it language independent. AdDANAg, the third extension of R2L, integrates a new preprocessing step to normalize the hyperlink tags. The presented approaches are analyzed under the aspects of efficiency and effectiveness. We compare them to several established main content extraction algorithms and show that we extend the state-of-the-art in terms of both, efficiency and effectiveness.
Secondly, automatically extracting the headline of web articles has many applications. We develop and evaluate a content-based and language-independent approach, TitleFinder, for unsupervised extraction of the headline of web articles. The proposed method achieves high performance in terms of effectiveness and efficiency and outperforms approaches operating on structural and visual features. / Das rasante Wachstum von textbasierten Informationen im World Wide Web und die Vielfalt der Anwendungen, die diese Daten nutzen, macht es notwendig, effiziente und effektive Methoden zu entwickeln, die den Hauptinhalt identifizieren und von den zusätzlichen Inhaltsobjekten wie
z.B. Navigations-Menüs, Anzeigen, Design-Elementen oder Haftungsausschlüssen trennen.
Zunächst untersuchen, entwickeln und evaluieren wir in dieser Arbeit R2L, DANA, DANAg und AdDANAg, eine Familie von neuartigen Algorithmen zum Extrahieren des Inhalts von Web-Dokumenten. Das grundlegende Konzept hinter R2L, das auch zur Entwicklung der drei weiteren Algorithmen führte, nutzt die Besonderheiten der Rechts-nach-links-Sprachen aus, um den Hauptinhalt von Webseiten zu extrahieren.
Da der lateinische Zeichensatz und die Rechts-nach-links-Zeichensätze durch verschiedene Abschnitte des Unicode-Zeichensatzes kodiert werden, lassen sich die Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen leicht von den lateinischen Zeichen in einer HTML-Datei unterscheiden. Das erlaubt dem R2L-Ansatz, Bereiche mit einer hohen Dichte von Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen und wenigen lateinischen Zeichen aus einer HTML-Datei zu erkennen. Aus diesen Bereichen kann dann R2L die Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen extrahieren. Die erste Erweiterung, DANA, verbessert die Wirksamkeit des Baseline-Algorithmus durch die Verwendung eines HTML-Parsers in der Nachbearbeitungsphase des R2L-Algorithmus, um den Inhalt aus Bereichen mit einer hohen Dichte von Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen zu extrahieren. DANAg erweitert den Ansatz des R2L-Algorithmus, so dass eine Sprachunabhängigkeit erreicht wird. Die dritte Erweiterung, AdDANAg, integriert eine neue Vorverarbeitungsschritte, um u.a. die Weblinks zu normalisieren. Die vorgestellten Ansätze werden in Bezug auf Effizienz und Effektivität analysiert. Im Vergleich mit mehreren etablierten Hauptinhalt-Extraktions-Algorithmen zeigen wir, dass sie in diesen Punkten überlegen sind.
Darüber hinaus findet die Extraktion der Überschriften aus Web-Artikeln vielfältige Anwendungen. Hierzu entwickeln wir mit TitleFinder einen sich nur auf den Textinhalt beziehenden und sprachabhängigen Ansatz. Das vorgestellte Verfahren ist in Bezug auf Effektivität und Effizienz besser als bekannte Ansätze, die auf strukturellen und visuellen Eigenschaften der HTML-Datei beruhen.
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A Relationship Between the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 2.0 Mathematics Scores and Racial and Ethnic Concentrations when Considering Socio-Economic Status, ESOL Student PopulationGalindo, Marilys 08 November 2013 (has links)
From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful.
The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school’s racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year?
The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = .741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = .668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration.
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Improving Retrieval Accuracy in Main Content Extraction from HTML Web DocumentsMohammadzadeh, Hadi 27 November 2013 (has links)
The rapid growth of text based information on the World Wide Web and various applications making use of this data motivates the need for efficient and effective methods to identify and separate the “main content” from the additional content items, such as navigation menus, advertisements, design elements or legal disclaimers.
Firstly, in this thesis, we study, develop, and evaluate R2L, DANA, DANAg, and AdDANAg, a family of novel algorithms for extracting the main content of web documents. The main concept behind R2L, which also provided the initial idea and motivation for the other three algorithms, is to use well particularities of Right-to-Left languages for obtaining the main content of web pages. As the English character set and the Right-to-Left character set are encoded in different intervals of the Unicode character set, we can efficiently distinguish the Right-to-Left characters from the English ones in an HTML file. This enables the R2L approach to recognize areas of the HTML file with a high density of Right-to-Left characters and a low density of characters from the English character set. Having recognized these areas, R2L can successfully separate only the Right-to-Left characters. The first extension of the R2L, DANA, improves effectiveness of the baseline algorithm by employing an HTML parser in a post processing phase of R2L for extracting the main content from areas with a high density of Right-to-Left characters. DANAg is the second extension of the R2L and generalizes the idea of R2L to render it language independent. AdDANAg, the third extension of R2L, integrates a new preprocessing step to normalize the hyperlink tags. The presented approaches are analyzed under the aspects of efficiency and effectiveness. We compare them to several established main content extraction algorithms and show that we extend the state-of-the-art in terms of both, efficiency and effectiveness.
Secondly, automatically extracting the headline of web articles has many applications. We develop and evaluate a content-based and language-independent approach, TitleFinder, for unsupervised extraction of the headline of web articles. The proposed method achieves high performance in terms of effectiveness and efficiency and outperforms approaches operating on structural and visual features. / Das rasante Wachstum von textbasierten Informationen im World Wide Web und die Vielfalt der Anwendungen, die diese Daten nutzen, macht es notwendig, effiziente und effektive Methoden zu entwickeln, die den Hauptinhalt identifizieren und von den zusätzlichen Inhaltsobjekten wie
z.B. Navigations-Menüs, Anzeigen, Design-Elementen oder Haftungsausschlüssen trennen.
Zunächst untersuchen, entwickeln und evaluieren wir in dieser Arbeit R2L, DANA, DANAg und AdDANAg, eine Familie von neuartigen Algorithmen zum Extrahieren des Inhalts von Web-Dokumenten. Das grundlegende Konzept hinter R2L, das auch zur Entwicklung der drei weiteren Algorithmen führte, nutzt die Besonderheiten der Rechts-nach-links-Sprachen aus, um den Hauptinhalt von Webseiten zu extrahieren.
Da der lateinische Zeichensatz und die Rechts-nach-links-Zeichensätze durch verschiedene Abschnitte des Unicode-Zeichensatzes kodiert werden, lassen sich die Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen leicht von den lateinischen Zeichen in einer HTML-Datei unterscheiden. Das erlaubt dem R2L-Ansatz, Bereiche mit einer hohen Dichte von Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen und wenigen lateinischen Zeichen aus einer HTML-Datei zu erkennen. Aus diesen Bereichen kann dann R2L die Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen extrahieren. Die erste Erweiterung, DANA, verbessert die Wirksamkeit des Baseline-Algorithmus durch die Verwendung eines HTML-Parsers in der Nachbearbeitungsphase des R2L-Algorithmus, um den Inhalt aus Bereichen mit einer hohen Dichte von Rechts-nach-links-Zeichen zu extrahieren. DANAg erweitert den Ansatz des R2L-Algorithmus, so dass eine Sprachunabhängigkeit erreicht wird. Die dritte Erweiterung, AdDANAg, integriert eine neue Vorverarbeitungsschritte, um u.a. die Weblinks zu normalisieren. Die vorgestellten Ansätze werden in Bezug auf Effizienz und Effektivität analysiert. Im Vergleich mit mehreren etablierten Hauptinhalt-Extraktions-Algorithmen zeigen wir, dass sie in diesen Punkten überlegen sind.
Darüber hinaus findet die Extraktion der Überschriften aus Web-Artikeln vielfältige Anwendungen. Hierzu entwickeln wir mit TitleFinder einen sich nur auf den Textinhalt beziehenden und sprachabhängigen Ansatz. Das vorgestellte Verfahren ist in Bezug auf Effektivität und Effizienz besser als bekannte Ansätze, die auf strukturellen und visuellen Eigenschaften der HTML-Datei beruhen.
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Kupní smlouva v soukromém právu / Contract of Sale in Private LawChvátalová, Daniela January 2015 (has links)
1 ABSTRACT CHVÁTALOVÁ, Daniela: Contract of Sale in Private Law. [Dissertation thesis]. Charles University. Faculty of Law; Department of Civil Law. Tutor: prof. JUDr. Jan Dvořák, CSc., Head of Department of Civil Law, Vice-Dean for the Doctoral Study Programme and Rigorosum Procedure. Level of professional qualification: Ph.D., Praha: PF UK, 2015. Key words: Civil Code No. 40/1964 Sb. Commercial Code No. 53/1991 Sb. Civil Code No. 89/2012 Sb. Principles of civil law. Purchase. Dual regulation. Precontracting negotiations. Offer and acceptance of the offer. Contract of sale. Purchase of personal property. Purchase of real property. Subject of the contract. Superficies solo cedit. Construction is a part of the land. Hardship clause. Purchase price and manner for determining the purchase price. Commercial terms and conditions. Decrease in a purchase price. Unreasonable decrease in the purchase price Laesio enormis. Price clause. Delivery of goods. Seller's delay in delivery of goods. Transfer of title. Rights in case of defective performance. Quality, quantity, type, and package. Rebus sic stantibus clause. Contractual penalty. Cancellation of a contract of sale. Sale of a plant. Advance payment and retainer. Supranational projects. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Principles of European Contract Law...
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Le rôle des juridictions supranationales de la CEMAC et de l'OHADA dans l'intégration des droits communautaires par les Etats membres / The role of supranational jurisdictions of CEMAC and OHADA in the integration of community Law by member StatesFipa Nguepjo, Jacques 04 July 2011 (has links)
La Cour de Justice Communautaire (CJC), la Cour des Comptes Communautaire (CCC) et la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) sont les trois juridictions supranationales créées respectivement par les traités de la CEMAC et de l’OHADA pour renforcer les nouveaux processus d’intégration économique et juridique des Etats membres. Dans la mesure où ces juridictions exercent un contrôle juridictionnel déterminant de la norme communautaire, le premier contrôle étant effectué par les juridictions nationales des Etats parties, la conception, l’organisation, le fonctionnement, les caractéristiques, les rôles ou compétences de ces juridictions nouvelles ainsi que la destinée des décisions qu’elles rendent dans leurs fonctions strictement judiciaires ou dans celles accessoires d’appui à la procédure arbitrale, présentent un intérêt digne d’une recherche doctorale. S’il est apparu que des jalons supplémentaires d’efficacité des nouveaux processus d’intégration ont été plantés par la création desdites juridictions, il a également été constaté que des pesanteurs d’ordre juridictionnel, structurel ou fonctionnel continuent d’en retarder la vitesse de croisière. Les solutions que nous avons proposées pour surmonter ces difficultés se regroupent en une réorganisation des juridictions communautaires, une répartition claire des compétences entre elles, un renforcement de la procédure de contrôle du droit communautaire, une vulgarisation permanente du droit de l’intégration, une revalorisation des titres exécutoires, une clarification des fonctions du juge d’exécution, une restriction du domaine de l’immunité d’exécution, un réaménagement des procédures de recouvrement, une formation continue des acteurs de la justice, une amélioration de leur condition de travail et de vie, une résurgence de l’éthique morale, une réelle indépendance de la justice… C’est dire que l’étude met un accent sur les obstacles qui entravent les nouveaux processus d’intégration et propose des solutions pour parfaire les textes législatifs et leurs interprétations jurisprudentielles, dans la perspective d’accélérer le développement économique des Etats concernés en particulier, pour une meilleure prospérité globale des économies mondiales. / The Communautary Court of Justice (CCJ), the Communautary Court of Account (CCA) and the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) are the three supranational jurisdictions respectively created by EMCAC and OHBLA treaties to reinforce the new processes of economical and judicial integration for their member States. In the measure where these jurisdictions are competent to exercise a juridictional control, by determining the communautary norms, the first control being carried out by the national juridictions, the conception, the organisation, the functioning, the characteristics, the roles or competences of these new jurisdictions and also the destiny of the decisions they rend in their strictly judiciary functions or in their accessory functions of supporting the arbitral procedure, present an interest worthy of a doctorate research. If it appears that the supplementary Milestones of efficiency of the new processes of integration had been installed by the creation of the said jurisdictions, it had also been observed that the gravities of jurisdictional, structural or functional order continue to delay the speed of cruise. The solutions that we have proposed to overcome these difficulties involves the reorganization of communautary jurisdictions, the clearly distribution of competences between them, the reinforcement of the communautarian law control procedure, a permanent vulgarisation of integration law, a revalorisation of executary titles, a clarification of immunity of execution domain, a development of the recovery procedures, a continual training of judicial actors, and improvement of their working and living conditions, a resurgence of moral ethic, a real independence of the Justice… This means that the study put a stress on the obstacles which hold up the new processes of integration and propose solutions to perfect the legislative texts and their jurisprudential interpretations, in the perspective of accelerating the economic development of the concerned States, for the best global prosperity of the world’s economies.
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Constitutionnalisme et exclusion : critique du regard français sur le modèle canadien de pluralisme / Constitutionalism and ExclusionBlanc, Nicolas 08 December 2014 (has links)
La recherche vise à mettre en évidence les relations entre constitutionnalisme et exclusion dans le cadre d’unecritique du regard français sur le modèle canadien de pluralisme. La problématique de l’exclusion, être altériséen raison de l’identité du droit, naît des silences de la comparaison différentielle France – Canada. Une critiqueidentitaire permet de déplacer la triple dialectique de la comparaison : positivisme c. pluralisme, universalisme c.différentialisme et républicanisme c. libéralisme pluraliste. La problématique de l’orientation identitaire du droitest commune aux deux systèmes juridiques. Aussi, la recherche est relative à l’identité du constitutionnalisme.L’exclusion se définit comme le décalage entre l’orientation identitaire du constitutionnalisme et l’identité ducorps du sujet. La méthode d’analyse proposée, afin de traiter de l’exclusion en droit, et déplacer la comparaison,est tripartite : mettre en évidence l’orientation identitaire du constitutionnalisme, en identifier la structureidentitaire, pour, enfin, en déterminer les étrangers ou « Autres. » La recherche vise à déplacer la comparaison enproduisant une phénoménologie de l’exclusion constitutionnelle, ou « dehors constitutifs, » avec une typologiedes étrangers du droit. La démonstration sera faite dans le cadre des conflits de la religion et de l’orientationsexuelle démontrant l’orientation blanche, hétéropatriarcale et hétéronormative du droit constitutionnel. / This research intends on proving how constitutionalism and exclusion collide one against the other through acritique of the french gaze on a supposedly canadian model of pluralism. The negative comparison’s silencesbetween France and Canada gave birth to this question of how one is being excluded and othered based on theidentity of constitutional law. This critique, that focuses on identities, is shifting those three dialectics supportingthe aforementioned negative comparison : positivism v. pluralism, universalism v. differentialism, republicanismv. liberal pluralism. France and Canada share the issue of how legal reality is oriented toward specific identities.This research, then, is a critique of constitutionalism identities. Exclusion is defined as the gap between theorientation of law’s identities and the bodily reality of its subjects. The analytical tool developed here to tackleexclusion in law has three steps : shedding light on the orientations of constitutionalism, its identity structure,and its constitutional Others. This research purports on turning scholars’ critical gaze towards thisphenomenology of constitutional exclusion, its « constitutive outside, » by deciphering a typology ofconstitutional Others. This will be so through the collisions of freedom of religion and sexual orientation.Constitutionalism is per se oriented towards the ascendency of whiteness, patriarcalism and heteronormativity.
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