The mechanical model usually adopted in the design of transmission lines (TL) latticed steel towers is very simple, using spatial truss and frame elements, and solved by a linear static or non-linear geometric analysis. In the event of rupture of a conductor cable or a shield wire the loading is considered through static equivalent loads , and foundations are usually modeled how undeformable supports. This work evaluated the response of two TL latticed steel towers subjected to the cable rupture, considering the influence of foundation flexibility in the model and type of analysis, i. e., with a dynamic analysis in time domain and a static analysis with the static equivalent loads , usually adopted in design practice. In dynamic analysis, direct explicit numerical integration of the equations of motion in the time domain was adopted, using the central finite differences scheme, and the model included all components of a TL: the towers, the conductor cables, the shield wires, the insulator strings and the foundation elements, in order to evaluate the influence of boundary conditions on the results. Finally, the results of dynamic analysis of towers, in terms of displacements at the top, support reactions and maximum loads in some selected bars are compared with the results of static analysis. / O modelo mecânico usualmente adotado no projeto de torres metálicas treliçadas é bastante simples, utilizando elementos de treliça e/ou pórtico espacial, e resolvido através de uma análise estática e linear ou não linear geométrica. Nas hipóteses de carga de ruptura de um cabo condutor ou um cabo pára-raios o carregamento é considerado através de uma carga estática equivalente , e as fundações geralmente são modeladas com apoios indeslocáveis. Neste trabalho é avaliada a resposta de duas torres metálicas treliçadas de linhas de transmissão (LT) submetidas à hipótese de carga de ruptura de um cabo condutor, considerando a influência da flexibilidade da fundação no modelo e do tipo de análise, isto é, com uma análise dinâmica no domínio do tempo e uma análise estática com as cargas estáticas equivalentes usualmente adotadas na prática de projeto. Na análise dinâmica, o modelo deve contemplar todos os elementos de uma LT, ou seja, as torres, os cabos condutores, os cabos pára-raios e as cadeias de isoladores, a fim de se availar a influência das condições de contorno nos resultados. Por fim, os resultados da análise dinâmica das torres, em termos de deslocamentos no topo e esforços máximos em algumas barras, devem ser comparados com os resultados da análise estática, para que possam ser elaboradas sugestões nos procedimentos de projeto deste tipo de estrutura.

The master’s thesis deals with the topic new isolation lines of 110 kV. The aim is to propose new insulator hangers. The first, theoretical part focuses on the development of insulators, cutting and possibilities of application. They are the different materials that are used for the production of insulators HV, advantages and disadvantages long rod and cap and pin insulators. There are also described insulator hangers. The theoretical work is to describe thefittings for overhead transmission lines, which are, used to construct a insulator hanger. The last part of the theoretical work is intended distribution towers for overhead lines HV. The practical part deals with the design of new insulator suspensions for specific lines of 110 kV. The results are drawings newly designed hangers and a list of materials (fittings) for individual towers and the total amount of material. The practical part is calculating the differences in the conductor sag using old and new insulators hangers.

The diploma thesis deals with measuring height new stage of the church network in Brno Zabrdovice. Measuring by using method of precise leveling be going on with previous stage began in 2002, in order to detect vertical displacement. Processing include calculation and adjust of the heights, compare with fundamental and previous stage, interpretation and graphical form of vertical displacement. The thesis includes measuring and processing angular deflection of church towers.

El presente trabajo de tesis busca evaluar las respuestas estructurales de 3 tipos de torres de acero en el proyecto “Línea de Transmisión 220 kV Machupicchu - Quencoro - Onocora - Tintaya. Estas estructuras a evaluar se determinaron de acuerdo a su incidencia en el proyecto. En este proyecto de investigación, nuestros intereses son evaluar las respuestas estructurales en el diseño de las estructuras de soporte para la línea de transmisión, centrando nuestro desarrollo en las solicitaciones reales debido a la distribución y replanteo topográfico de las estructuras en campo. Luego de ello continuaremos con la evaluación de las reacciones a nivel de fundación a fin de poder evaluar las reacciones de tracción y compresión con lo cual se procederá a diseñar las nuevas fundaciones de concreto. / This thesis seeks to evaluate the structural responses of 3 types of steel towers in the project "Transmission Line 220 kV Machupicchu - Quencoro - Onocora - Tintaya. These structures to be evaluated were determined according to their impact on the project. In this research project, our interests are to evaluate the structural responses in the design of the support structures for the transmission line, focusing our development on the real benefits due to the distribution and topographical reframing of the structures in the field. After that, we will continue with the evaluation of the reactions at the foundation level in order to evaluate the traction and compression reactions, which will proceed to design the new concrete foundations. / Tesis

<p>Over the last two decades, an increasing number of highway construction and maintenance projects in the United States have been completed at night to avoid or mitigate traffic congestion delays. Working at night entails several advantages, including lower traffic volumes at night, reduced impact on local businesses, more freedom for lane closures, longer possible work hours, lower pollution, cooler temperatures for equipment and material, and fewer overall crashes due to lower traffic volumes at night. Although nighttime roadway operations may minimize traffic disruptions, there are several safety concerns for motorists passing by and for workers in the nighttime work zone. For instance, just in 2019, there were 842 work zone fatalities reported in the United States, with 48% of these being associated with fatalities on night shifts. Additionally, 70% of these fatalities involved drivers/occupants under the age of 50. Moreover, improper lighting arrangements or excessive lighting levels produced by temporary lighting systems installed at the job site could cause harmful levels of glare for the traveling public and workers leading to an increase level of hazards and crashes in the vicinity of the work zone. </p> <p>To address the issue of glare, very few studies have been conducted to evaluate and quantify glare at work zones. Most of these studies were limited to the determination of disability glare levels of lighting systems (balloon lights and light towers) with a metal-halide type light source by using the veiling luminance ratio (<em>VL ratio</em>) as a criterion for limiting disability glare. However, deeper evaluation of the effects of driver’s age on the veiling luminance ratio, and the use of energy-efficient lighting systems which employ light-emitting diode (LED) type light sources were not performed.</p> <p>This thesis focuses on determining and evaluating disability glare on nighttime work zones as a step towards developing appropriate lighting strategies for improving the safety of workers and motorists during nighttime highway construction and maintenance projects. Disability glare is the glare that impairs our vision of objects without necessarily causing discomfort and it can be evaluated using the veiling luminance ratio (<em>VL ratio</em>). In this study, disability glare values were determined by using lighting data (vertical illuminance and pavement luminance measurements) from testing 49 lighting arrangements. Two LED balloon lights, a metal-halide light tower, and an LED light tower were utilized for the field lighting experiments. The disability glare level evaluation examines the effects of mounting height, power output, rotation angle, and aiming angle of luminaires on the veiling luminance ratio values (which is a criterion for limiting disability glare). </p> <p>The analysis of the disability glare values revealed four major findings regarding the roles played by the mounting height, power output, lighting system orientation, aiming angles of luminaries, and driver’s age on disability glare levels as follows: (i) an increase in mounting heights of both balloon lights and light towers resulted in lower veiling luminance ratio values (or disability glare); (ii) compared to the "perpendicular" and "away" orientations, orienting the light towers in a "towards" direction (45 degrees) significantly increases the disability glare levels of the lighting arrangement; (iii) increasing the tilt angles of luminaires of the portable light towers resulted in an increase in veiling luminance ratio values; (iv) for balloon lights, at observers ages over 50, <em>VL ratio</em> values were found to be greater than the maximum recommended; (v) for LED light towers oriented towards the traffic, at driver’s ages over 40, <em>VL ratio</em> values exceed the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recommended value; and (vi) for metal-halide light towers oriented towards the traffic, at driver’s ages over 50, <em>VL ratio</em> values exceed the IES recommended value. The results from this research study can provide State Transportation Agencies (STAs) and roadway contractors with a means to improve glare control strategies for nighttime work.</p>

El diseño de cimentaciones para torres de alta tensión en el Perú actualmente no tiene una regulación o normativa específica que indique las distintas consideraciones técnicas a tener en cuenta en el diseño (en nuestro país basadas en el Código Nacional de Electricidad y la NORMA E.030), por lo que usualmente este es realizado usando métodos convencionales poco óptimos. La primera parte de esta investigación realiza el estudio geotécnico para un punto de referencia específico en la formación “La Herradura” del distrito de Chorrillos, Lima, Perú. De este estudio se obtienen las características y parámetros del lugar como la Resistencia a la Compresión Simple de las Rocas, Peso Específico de la roca y estado en el que se encuentra el macizo rocoso a través de métodos prácticos que permiten estudiar cualquier tipo de terreno. La segunda parte se enfoca en el diseño geotécnico de una cimentación para torres de alta tensión usando pernos de anclaje, para lo que se toma en cuenta la Especificación CFE JA100-64 (México), la IEEE (Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation Design and Testing) y Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones (Perú). La tercera parte desarrolla un análisis paramétrico (proceso que evalúa la variabilidad de ciertos parámetros con respecto a valores “naturalmente” constantes definidos a través de diversos análisis de laboratorio e investigaciones científicas obtenidas de fuentes bibliográficas) en función del procedimiento que se ha establecido para el diseño de cimentaciones de torres de alta tensión usando pernos de anclaje. La finalidad de este análisis es determinar correlaciones que puedan ser significativas o no, a la par de identificar tendencias de comportamientos de acuerdo con la variabilidad de parámetros especificados previo a cada proceso iterativo y así poder proponer un método de diseño optimizado. La cuarta parte de la investigación desarrolla la propuesta de una metodología de diseño teniendo en cuenta el diseño geotécnico que se realizó y el análisis paramétrico con el fin de optimizar el diseño, cuantificando las ventajas y desventajas de asumir valores mayores o menores a los expuestos en la parte del diseño geotécnico. A la vez, se describe el aporte de la técnica y algunos motivos por los cuales sería conveniente usarla. Finalmente, se desarrollan las distintas conclusiones que generaron los cálculos y pruebas realizadas, de acuerdo con el alcance y objetivos del tema de investigación y se brindan recomendaciones que futuros investigadores deberían tomar en cuenta cuando se busque ampliar el estudio de la técnica y así establecer una normativa más orientada a las condiciones naturales y/o típicas de nuestro país. / The design of foundations for high voltage towers in Peru does not currently have a specific regulation or regulation that indicates the different technical considerations to take into account in the design, so this is usually done using unconventional conventional methods. The first part of this investigation carries out the geotechnical study for a specific reference point in the “La Herradura” formation of the Chorrillos district, Lima, Peru. From this study the characteristics and parameters of the place are obtained such as the Resistance to the Simple Compression of the Rocks, Specific Weight of the rock and state in which the rock mass is located. The second part focuses on the geotechnical design of a foundation for high voltage towers using anchor bolts, for which the Especificación CFE JA100-64 (Mexico), the IEEE (Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation Design and Testing) and Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones (Peru) ) are taken into account. The third part develops a parametric analysis based on the procedure that has been established for the design of foundations of high-voltage towers using anchor bolts. The purpose of this analysis is to determine correlations that may be significant or not, while identifying behavioral trends according to the variability of parameters specified prior to each iterative process. This part provides practical expressions that can be used to have a previous design perspective and choose to make certain improvements. The fourth part of the research develops the proposal of a design methodology taking into account the geotechnical design that was carried out and the parametric analysis in order to optimize the design, quantifying the advantages and disadvantages of assuming values greater or less than those exposed in the part of geotechnical design. Finally, the different conclusions that generated the calculations and tests performed are developed, according to the scope and objectives of the research topic and recommendations that future researchers should take into account when seeking to expand the study of the technique. / Tesis

This thesis aims to analyse six different churches around Gotland and to answer whether they were built by private farms or by the collective effort from near-situated farms. By exploringthis, further conclusions can be made regarding the placement of the churches and the involvement of larger farms. The source material consists of churches from six Gotlandic parishes and farms from every chosen parish and other building of interest, like the medieval defence towers.The thesis timeframe is primarily from the early 12th century to the middle of the 14th. But later periods are also the focus since the placement of churches and farms are all based on maps depicting the parishes during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.Since this is a spatial analysis much of the methods are based on the usage of GIS (Geographich information system), but a big focus is also on analysing the churches themselves and things as inscriptions. As this subject has been discussed by many researchers, the theory is very much based on earlier studies made by people like Anders Andrén, Tryggve Siltberg and Sven-Olof Lindquist.The churches in Bunge, Sundre and Stenkyrka was determined to be private built by possible larger farms and had many similarities with other areas in Scandinavia. Anga, Stånga and Eskelhem was more likely to be a collaborative effort made by all of the parish’sfarms. / Syftet är att analysera sex medeltida kyrkor runt Gotland och svara på frågan om de var privat eller kollektivt byggda av socknens gårdar. Genom att utforska frågan om byggansvariga kan vidare slutsatser dras över deras placering i landskapet samt storgårdars involvering i kyrkobygget Källmaterialet utgörs av sex gotländska kyrkor samt gårdar och andra byggnader av intresse som de medeltida kastalerna. Uppsatsens tidsperiod utgörs främst av perioden från tidigt 1100-tal och fram till mitten av 1300-talet. Men senare perioder har delvis också ett fokus då kyrkorna och gårdarnas placeringar grundar sig i kartor som föreställer socknarna under sent 1700- och tidigt 1800-tal. Då det här mycket är en rumslig analys grundar sig många av metoderna på användandet av GIS (Geografiskt informationssystem). Men ett stort fokus ligger även på att analysera själva kyrkorna och tillhörande delar som väginskrifter. Då det här är ämne som diskuterats av många forskare grundar sig teorin mycket på tidigare forskning gjord av forskare som Anders Andrén, Tryggve Siltberg och Sven-Olof Lindquist. Kyrkorna I Bunge, Sundre och Stenkyrka bedömdes vara privatbyggda, möjligen av storgårda och de delade flera likheter med kyrkobygge i andra områden av Skandinavien. Anga, Stånga och Eskelhem ansågs istället vara kollektivt byggda av samtliga gårdar i socknarna.

In between the Oceans and the Earth (The cities by Oceans) Projects in between the oceans and the earth For studies of towns on the seashores in magister studies under leadership of Ing. Arch Jan Mlecka I was impacted by two basic factors: firstly by my three years of studies and internships in Lisbon – a metropolis on the shore of Atlantic ocean, which became written into Lisbon’s DNA, into its light, tempo, priorities, historz, courage, strength, eternity, simplicity, sailing boats and elegance. And secondly I was influenced by a workshop organized by AA of London in February 2011 in Dubrovnik with lectures of Vedran Mimica and John Palmesino about towns, growth, quality of town life, policies and by studies of Southern Croatian coast under leadership of Krunoslav Ivanišin, where a floating platform was proposed to simultaneously solve several problems of this region. The more I become involved with oceans, the more I am fascinated by shorelines. This rare, dangerous, fractal line is the theatre of the biggest changes and dramas, but it also presents the greatest possibilities. (This is why I call my work not Towns by Oceans but In Between The Oceans and The Earth). When I was mapping shorelines, I have come across several findings: 1. The principles of constructions on shorelines are similar all over the world. 2. There are similar evolutionary stages in usage of shoreline – it is both physical and functional stages. 3. In many cases the potential of ocean is impaired by human interventions. Taking into account these facts, I was searching for further evolutionary stages of shorelines. In Lisbon I visited Ocean Energy Systems where 30 young engineers work on im-provements of machines designed to extract energy from oceans. In order to be effi-cient, these machines have to have giant dimensions. Immediately after seeing a generator on the island of Pico, I realized that such machines should not be put behind fences, creating an obstacle on the rare shoreline in between the sea and the land, but that they must be adopted by architecture – so that we will be able to live with them in symbiosis on the shoreline.

This article deals with the analysis and evaluation of the structural behavior of segmented tower constructions in large-scale experimental investigations. For this purpose, a tower model with dry horizontal joints on a scale of approximately 1:10 is constructed and loaded. The objective of these large-scale investigations is to determine the load-bearing behavior of concrete segment towers subjected to normal force (external prestressing), bending, shear force and torsion and to derive more efficient and realistic design models. The transfer of shear stresses between individual segments is ensured by frictional resistance in the horizontal joints due to prestressing. The current design models are based on plane flange surfaces at the top and bottom of the segments as well as their ideal circular ring shape. This assumes a constant normal stress distribution for the compression connection. Within the large-scale experimental tests, findings for uneven force distribution in the horizontal joints due to prestressing and shear bending were obtained, that have a significant impact on the design models. However, for the evaluation of the results and the projection onto the real construction components, the scale effects must be urgently taken into account.

An approach to hybrid cooling technique is proposed using air jets which impinge on a triangular grooved surface with dry grooves and grooves containing water. One major application is for condensers of thermoelectric power plants. The heat and mass transfer analogy were successfully used to evaluate the simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Results showed that hybrid jet impingement produced high heat flux levels at low jet velocities and flow rates. Experimental results were used to characterize the resulting heat transfer under different conditions such as flow open area percentage, array orifices diameter and array to surface stand-off distance. The results have shown that jet impingement is capable of delivering high transfer rates with lower cooling cost rates compared to current industry conventional techniques. Water is efficiently used in hybrid jet impingement because evaporative energy is absorbed directly from the surface instead of cooling air to near wet-bulb temperature. / Master of Science / Array jet impingement cooling experiments were conducted on a triangular grooved surface with the surface at a constant temperature. Results showed that jet impingement can provide high transfer rates with lower rates of cooling cost in comparison to contemporary conventional techniques in the industry. Experiments on the triangular grooved surfaces were performed at dry and wet surface conditions. Under the dry conditions, the objective is to characterize the resulting heat transfer under varying operational conditions such as jet speed, array orifice diameter, array to surface stand-off distance, and flow open area percentage. Results from the triangular surface when dry showed less improvement in heat transfer than the rectangular grooved surface. A hybrid cooling technique approach was proposed and developed by using air jets impinging on a triangular grooved surface with the grooves containing water. The approach is being suggested and experimentally tested for its viability as an alternative to thermoelectric power plant cooling towers. Convection heat and mass transfer coefficients were experimentally measured for different wet coverage of the surface. Results showed that the hybrid jet impingement produced high heat flux levels at low jet velocities and flow rates. The highest heat transfer was consistently found with a 50% coverage of the surface. Hybrid jet impingement showed an improvement up to 500% in heat transfer as compared to jet impingement on a dry grooved surface.