Syfte och frågeställningar: Uppsatsens syfte är att lyfta fram motståndsartikulationer i låttexter skrivna av aktiva all-trans/female-punkband. Frågeställningarna behandlar låttexternas teman, deras referenspunkter, bandens val av mottståndsstrategi och vart detta motstånd riktas. Teori: Huvudsakligen har motståndsforskarna Mona Lilja och Stellan Vinthagens bok Motstånd (2009) använts för att beskriva hur motstånd verkar i förhållande till makt. Judith Butlers Genustrubbel (2007) har använts för att exemplifiera makt- och motståndsverkan kopplat till kön. Metod: Låttexterna har analyserats kvalitativt och tolkats i relation till det omgivande samhällets maktstrukturer. På så sätt har tema och referenspunkter utlästs. Hur motståndet artikuleras i låttexterna har sedan beskrivits med hjälp av uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Resultat: Det har funnits ett stort omfång av motståndsartikulationer i alla nio låttexter. Motståndet har främst riktats mot patriarkala maktstrukturer. De tre bandens motståndsartikulationer går att särskilja genom de olika motståndsstrategier de använder sig av för att adressera patriarkatet. Matriarkatet använder sig av humor, Korp av symboliskt våldsamma artikulationer och Flocken av både det symbolisk våldsamma och artikulationer som kritiserar begränsande normer och ideal.

NMR spectroscopy with in situ laser irradiation has been used to investigate the photo- and thermal isomerisation of eight azobenzene derivatives; diphenyldiazene (azobenzene), p-phenylazoaniline (p-aminoazobenzene), 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (Methyl Yellow), 4-dimethylamino-2-methylazobenzene (o-Methyl-Methyl Yellow), p-nitroazobenzene, 4-nitro-4’-dimethylaminoazobeneze (Dimethyl-nitroazobenzene), 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)aniline (Disperse Orange 3) and N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-nitrophenylazo) (Disperse Red 1). The rate constants and activation parameters of the thermal cis-to-trans isomerisation have been measured experimentally and correlated to the mechanism of isomerisation in two solvents. The experimental data show that the values of the activation energy (related to the enthalpy of activation) and the entropy of activation (related to the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor) vary significantly from molecule to molecule and thus both of these parameters influence the inter-molecule variation of the rate constant. Similarly, both of these parameters influence the solvent-dependence of the rate constant. Complementary computational studies have been carried out in the gas phase and in solution using density functional theory (DFT) to predict the structures of the cis and trans isomers and the transition state, and to explore the reaction coordinate. The theoretically predicted activation parameters are compared with those determined experimentally, and the utility of DFT calculations in predicting the effects of molecular structure and solvation on the kinetics of cis-to-trans isomerisation assessed. The DFT-predicted values of the activation energy and Gibbs free energy of activation in DMSO are in good agreement with the experimental values, while the values in benzene tend to be in less good agreement. The DFT calculations are unsuccessful at predicting the entropy of activation, where in all cases there is a large discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values. The DFT- calculated energy differences between the activation energies of the two inversion pathways for the asymmetric azobenzenes suggests the favourable phenyl ring for inversion. The formation of a linear transition state from a dihedral rotation potential energy curve is explained in terms of the lower activation barrier of the more favourable inversion route (α-inversion) than that of the dihedral rotation pathway, and suggests the inversion through the α-phenyl ring to be the favoured pathway for substituted azobenzene. DFT calculations are able to obtain a transition state corresponding to pure rotation pathway for two azobenzene derivatives. The higher activation barrier for the formation of the transition state corresponding to this pathway compared to that of the formation of the α-transition state confirmed the previous conclusion. DFT predictions of the effect of protonation on the thermal rates of isomerisation of azobenzenes substituted with electron-donating group were in good agreement with the experimental results; both conclude faster isomerisation and lower activation barriers on protonation. However, DFT calculations could not confirm the postulation of rotational transition state for the isomerisation of the protonated molecule, as a result of weakening of the N=N bond by protonation.

I denna uppsats görs en undersökning av tidskriften lambda nordica (1989-2016) och det diskursiva utrymme för icke-binära subjekt som skapas i denna. lambda nordica är en vetenskaplig tidskrift som har haft inriktning först mot homosexualitetsstudier och senare mot queerteori och HLBTQ-studier. Undersökningen inleds med en kvantitativ innehållsanalys för att kunna se de stora dragen över tid i talet om trans* i allmänhet. Som ett andra steg görs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att tematiskt karaktärisera olika förhållningsätt till icke-binära subjekt som finns i materialet när trans* berörs. Tre huvudkategorier av förhållningssätt identifieras: explicit namngivning, implicita öppningar och uteslutning, och det går att se en ökning av de två första förhållningssätten under tidsintervallet 2008-2016. Slutligen analyseras dessa förhållningssätt utifrån de diskursteoretiska begreppen objektivitet, det politiska, hegemoniska interventioner och dekonstruktion. Baserat på denna analys dras slutsatsen att en subjektsposition för icke-binära etableras, implicit eller explicit, i ett fåtal texter, och analysen informeras av denna etablering i en liten delmängd av dessa. Trots att synligheten för icke-binära subjekt i viss mån ökat, så är den huvudsakliga slutsatsen att dessa subjekt till största del är uteslutna i materialet som helhet och att förekomsten av faktisk analys av icke-binära subjekt är mycket begränsad.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This dissertation argues that the strong relationship that historians see between the South and West in the early 19th century, which allowed them to form what scholars have termed the Old South, had its origins in the twenty-year period after the American Revolution when a group of far-sighted southerners worked to form a political bond between the two regions. They did so by tirelessly defending the West and westerners against political and economic attacks, often from northerners but sometimes from people within their own region. Within the ongoing debate over the emergence of a southern consciousness, historians have overlooked one important factor in its development-the West. Although it would be incorrect to argue that southern consciousness began in the 1780s or 1790s, it would not be remiss to argue that southerners began to look at the trans-Appalachian West during this period as something more than just virgin territory. A few southerners, particularly James Madison, saw the South's political future entwined with the West's advancement and worked to ensure that a strong political relationship developed between the two regions. For people like Madison, this political merger of the two sections is what they meant when they talked about a "southern and western interest." Historians should be careful not to take the close relationship present in the nineteenth century between the South and the trans-Appalachian West for granted. Although the two regions shared many interests, family and slavery being just two, the close relationship that developed happened because of the hard work and dedication of a handful of forward-looking southerners in the late eighteenth century. The history of these two regions during this twenty-year period is far more complicated than historians have imagined and described.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

trans-2,5-Disubstituted tetrahydrofurans (THFs) are a common structural motif in a multitude of biologically active natural products. This thesis explores new synthetic routes for their synthesis and subsequent application towards the C_31-40 fragment of pectenotoxin-4. <b>Chapter 1: Introduction</b> This chapter reviews methods for the synthesis of trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans with a special emphasis on those that have been applied towards the synthesis of natural products. <b>Chapter 2: Results and Discussion</b> The Acyloin Coupling Reaction towards trans-THFs A brief overview of the acyloin coupling reaction is followed by description of the aim for this part of the project, using this process as a key step towards trans-THFs. Work directed towards the stereoselective protonation of the bis-enolate intermediate formed during the acyloin coupling is discussed. The exploitation of A^1,3 strain was the most effective strategy found to control the diastereoselectivity in the protonation of the bis-enolate intermediate. Desymmetrisation Using Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation towards trans-THFs Strategy developed towards the synthesis of a 2,5-disubstituted 3-hydroxy trans-THF is studied. The optimisation of the synthesis of meso-hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-diol was examined and subsequent desymmetrisation using the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation was explored. Approaches towards the FG Fragment of Pectenotoxin-4 The previous synthesis of the FG fragment was reviewed. Details of the retrosynthesis to be employed for the preparation of the southern hemisphere of pectenotoxin-4 are discussed. The desymmetrisation strategy previously explored was applied towards forming the F ring of pectenotoxin-4. The C_31-40 carbon skeleton was successfully formed in 12 steps using a convergent synthesis. The elucidation of an X-ray crystal structure requires further exploration to confirm the relative and absolute configuration of the THF formed. <b>Chapter 3: Experimental</b> Full experimental procedures and characterisation of compounds are reported.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Faculty of Science; School of Chemistry; PhD Thesis / ortho-Ethoxy-trans-cinnamic acid (OETCA) has been known to form three polymorphs - the α , β and γ polymorphs which crystallize in P1 (Z=2), R3 (Z=18) and C2/c (Z=8), respectively. These polymorphs have long been of interest from polymorphism and solid-state photoreactivity perspectives but have, until now, never been fully characterized. In this thesis the complete structures of these polymorphs and their photodimerization products are presented. In addition, a new polymorph, the α' polymorph [P1 (Z=6)], which is only obtainable from the α polymorph via a reversible solid-state phase transformation at 60 °C, has been discovered and characterised. In all the polymorphs of OETCA, the smallest building component is the hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid R22(8) dimers. These dimers further aggregate via CH...O interactions to form a ribbon motif in the α , α' and γ polymorph structures. Structural and solid-state reactivity differences in these three polymorphs are therefore due to differences in the arrangement of these ribbons. With few exceptions, solid state [2+2] photodimerization reactions have been found to obey the topochemical principle. Such reactions occur with minimal structural movement in which the contact distance between reacting double bonds is between 3.5 and 4.2 Å. In this respect the solid-state reactivity of both the α and α' polymorphs is especially interesting and unusual, and indicate that significant movement - both molecular and structural - is possible and necessary for reactions to occur in these polymorphs. Both polymorphs yield the centrosymmetric dimer product 2,2' diethoxy-α-truxillic acid. Photodimerization in the layered structure of the α polymorph, where the double bond contact distance is at 4.54 Å beyond reasonable photodimerization distance, is probably initially enabled by crystal defects. While the α' polymorph is structurally very similar to the α polymorph it is instead composed of two reaction sites with double bond contact distances of 3.72 and 4.99 Å, respectively. This polymorph's solid-state reactivity has as a consequence been found to be temperature dependent, with only 66.7% conversion being achieved at 293 K and 100% conversion occurring at 343 K; reaction at 343 K involves both a significant conformation change in a reaction product as well as a heat and reaction driven phase change. In the γ polymorph the closest distance between the double bonds is 5.26 Å, which together with the structural rigidity imposed by its herring bone structure ensures that no photodimerization occurs. The β polymorph is really a solvate containing either benzene or thiophene within channels in the structure. The interactions between the solvent and OETCA molecules play an important role in maintaining the symmetry and integrity of the structure. The thiophene and benzene forms of the β polymorph are isomorphous and yield a mirror product (2,2'-diethoxy-β-truxinic acid) upon photodimerization - the molecules involved being related by a 4.0 Å translation along the unit cell c axis.