Under the Dobzhansky-Muller model, postzygotic isolation results from incompatibility between interacting genes. Evidence points to regulatory networks as a rich source of incompatibilities that impact hybrid fitness. Pleiotropy is a natural feature of regulatory networks because regulatory elements generally have multiple targets. Both pleiotropy and hybrid incompatibility arise due to genetic interactions; therefore we can expect an intimate association between them. In the following chapters, I investigate the relationship between pleiotropy and hybrid incompatibility in the context of regulatory networks. In chapter one, I extend a general network-based study of hybrid incompatibility by incorporating a sequence-based thermodynamic model of transcriptional regulation. In the absence of pleiotropy, hybrid misregulation of a positively selected trait evolves quickly as a consequence of non-recognition or spurious binding in regulatory interactions across species boundaries. In a conserved trait, hybrid incompatibility evolves much slower as a product of compensatory drift. In chapter two, I show that pleiotropy can promote or constrain the evolution of hybrid incompatibility in a regulatory network depending on its fitness landscape, which emerges from the thermodynamic properties of molecular binding. Pleiotropy may promote hybrid incompatibility in accordance with the "selection, pleiotropy, and compensation model" of evolution, in which compensation for the pleiotropic side-effects of adaptation accelerates incompatibility in conserved traits. Pleiotropy can limit the evolution of hybrid incompatibility by constraining change in trans-acting regulatory elements in favor of adaptation at less pleiotropic downstream cis-regulatory targets. Without change in both interactors, incompatibility does not occur under the Dobzhansky-Muller model. In chapter three, I evaluate the hypothesis that pleiotropy facilitates the onset of hybrid incompatibility under antagonistic coevolution, an ubiquitous and persistent source of natural selection. When infectivity and resistance in a host-parasite system are determined epistatically by network interactions, reciprocal selective pressure results in a genotypic chase. This causes pleiotropic mutations to accumulate and be compensated over time, producing intrinsic hybrid incompatibility in both species independent of local adaptation. Thus, cyclical antagonistic coevolution eventually overcomes constraint on pleiotropic loci, facilitating the evolution of regulatory incompatibilities commonly observed in hybrids.

Les études épidémiologiques rapportent qu’une consommation adéquate de produits laitiers pourrait diminuer l’incidence du diabète de type 2 (DT2), une maladie chronique qui devrait concerner 10,8 % des Canadiens d’ici 2020. Bien que les mécanismes à l’origine de cette association demeurent inconnus, il a été suggéré que les produits laitiers pourraient diminuer l’inflammation systémique chronique, un facteur de risque du DT2. Toutefois, les produits laitiers ont un effet variable sur les marqueurs inflammatoires dans les études cliniques. L’effet des produits laitiers peut être influencé par le statut inflammatoire des individus, mais aussi par la composition en nutriments des différents produits laitiers. Les produits laitiers contiennent des protéines, des acides aminés et des acides gras, notamment des acides gras trans naturels, dont l’effet sur l’inflammation est méconnu. De plus, il a été démontré que les nutriments laitiers pouvaient réguler l’expression des gènes inflammatoires. Néanmoins, une approche mécanistique est nécessaire afin d’élucider le rôle des produits laitiers sur l’inflammation dans le but de prévenir l’apparition du DT2. Dans ce contexte, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’effet des produits laitiers sur l’inflammation était influencé par le statut inflammatoire des individus et par la composition en macronutriments des produits laitiers. L’objectif général des travaux présentés dans cette thèse était donc d’évaluer la contribution de ces deux facteurs sur l’inflammation. Dans un premier temps, nous avons eu accès aux données alimentaires, anthropométriques et biochimiques de deux cohortes de participants recrutés dans la région de la ville de Québec. Les résultats nous montrent que la consommation de produits laitiers est inversement corrélée à la glycémie et à la tension artérielle chez les individus en santé. Cette consommation est également faiblement corrélée à la concentration de protéine C-réactive (CRP), mais ne corrèle pas avec les autres marqueurs inflammatoires (facteur de nécrose tumorale alpha (TNF-α) et interleukine 6 (IL-6)). De plus, les concentrations dans les phospholipides plasmatiques des acides gras trans retrouvés spécifiquement dans la matière grasse laitière sont associées à la consommation de produits laitiers riches en gras, ainsi qu’à un taux d’adiponectine et à une tension artérielle plus favorables. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons développé des modèles cellulaires avec ou sans induction de l’inflammation au TNF-α, afin d’identifier les nutriments laitiers bioactifs. Les cellules ont été incubées pendant 24 heures avec des acides gras trans laitiers, des protéines ou des acides aminés, seuls ou en combinaisons. Les acides gras trans et les composés protéiques influencent peu les gènes inflammatoires dans les cellules saines. En revanche, lorsque les cellules sont stimulées avec du TNF-α pour induire l’inflammation, les acides gras trans laitiers, les protéines du lactosérum et leurs acides aminés majoritaires (leucine, isoleucine et valine) diminuent l’expression des gènes inflammatoires dans les cellules endothéliales. Les acides gras trans laitiers diminuent également l'excrétion des prostaglandines, mais augmentent la quantité de F₂-isoprostanes dans les surnageants. De plus, les acides gras trans laitiers sont retrouvés dans de grandes proportions dans les membranes cellulaires, modifiant ainsi le profil en acides gras, ce qui pourrait affecter le bon fonctionnement des récepteurs localisés dans la membrane. Enfin, l’incubation d’acides gras trans laitiers avec des composés protéiques laitiers ne révèle aucun effet additif ou synergique sur l’expression des gènes inflammatoires et les quantités d’eicosanoïdes dans les cellules endothéliales. Les données générées vont en faveur d’un effet bénéfique des acides gras trans laitiers et des protéines du lactosérum sur l’inflammation. De plus, l’effet de ces macronutriments apparait uniquement dans les cellules en état inflammatoire, ce qui favorise l’hypothèse que l’effet des produits laitiers dépendrait du statut inflammatoire des individus. La composante cellulaire de ce projet a permis de mieux comprendre l’impact des différentes sources d’hétérogénéité sur la réponse inflammatoire. La mise en place d’études in vivo s’avère nécessaire afin de valider les sources majeures de la variabilité de la réponse inflammatoire aux produits laitiers. / Epidemiological data reported that an adequate dairy product consumption may lower the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a chronic disease which may concern 10.8 % of Canadians by 2020. Although the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear, it has been suggested that dairy product intake may improve low-grade systemic inflammation, a key etiologic factor in the development of T2D. However, dairy products have mixed effects on inflammatory markers in clinical studies. The effect of dairy products could be mediated by the inflammatory status of the participants, as well as the nutrient composition of dairy products. Dairy products contain proteins, amino acids and fatty acids, specifically natural trans fatty acids, for which the effect on inflammation remains unclear. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that dairy nutrients can regulate inflammatory gene expression. Nevertheless, a mechanistic approach is required to elucidate the role of dairy products on inflammation and the prevention of T2D. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that the effect of dairy products on inflammation was influenced by the inflammatory status of the individuals and the macronutrient composition of dairy products. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the contribution of those two factors on inflammation. Firstly, dietary, anthropometric and biochemical data from two cohorts of individuals recruited in Quebec City were assessed. Results show that dairy product consumption is inversely correlated with glycaemia and blood pressure in healthy individuals. Dairy intake is also slightly correlated with plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, without influencing other inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)). Moreover, concentrations of dairy trans fatty acids in plasma phospholipids are associated to high-fat dairy product consumption, as well as favorable adiponectin levels and blood pressure. Secondly, we developed cell models, with or without induction of inflammation with TNF-α, to identify bioactive dairy nutrients. Cells were incubated for 24 hours with individual or combinations of dairy trans fatty acids, proteins or amino acids. Dairy trans fatty acids and dairy protein compounds do not influence inflammatory gene expression in healthy cells. Oppositely, dairy trans fatty acids, whey proteins and their major amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) decrease inflammatory gene expression in TNFα-stimulated endothelial cells. Dairy trans fatty acids also lower prostaglandin excretion; yet they increase F₂-isoprostane levels in cell supernatants. Moreover, dairy trans fatty acids are highly incorporated into cell membranes, which modifies fatty acid profiles and possibly impairs the function of membrane receptors. Finally, co-incubation of dairy trans fatty acids and dairy protein compounds have neither an additive nor a synergic effect on inflammatory gene expression and eicosanoid levels in endothelial cells. The present work suggests a beneficial impact of dairy trans fatty acids and whey proteins on inflammation. Further, the anti-inflammatory effect of these nutrients appears only in inflamed cells, which favors the hypothesis that dairy products may positively impact inflammation according to the inflammatory status of the individuals. The cellular approach is a useful tool to investigate the impact of the different sources of variability regarding inflammatory response to dairy products. Further investigations in vivo are required to validate the major sources of variability in animal models or in humans.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第21229号 / 総総博第1号 / 新制||総総||1(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)准教授 磯部 洋明, 教授 松下 佳代, 特定教授 泉 拓良, 惣脇 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DFAM

Ampullary lesions (ALs) can be treated by endoscopic (EA) or surgical ampullectomy (SA) or pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, EA carries significant risk of incomplete resection while surgical interventions can lead to substantial morbidity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for R0, adverse-events (AEs) and recurrence between EA, SA and PD. Electronic databases were searched from 1990 to 2018. Outcomes were calculated as pooled means using fixed and random-effects models and the Freeman-Tukey-Double-Arcsine-Proportion-model. We identified 59 independent studies. The pooled R0 rate was 76.6% (71.8–81.4%, I2 = 91.38%) for EA, 96.4% (93.6–99.2%, I2 = 37.8%) for SA and 98.9% (98.0–99.7%, I2 = 0%) for PD. AEs were 24.7% (19.8–29.6%, I2 = 86.4%), 28.3% (19.0–37.7%, I2 = 76.8%) and 44.7% (37.9–51.4%, I2 = 0%), respectively. Recurrences were registered in 13.0% (10.2–15.6%, I2 = 91.3%), 9.4% (4.8–14%, I2 = 57.3%) and 14.2% (9.5–18.9%, I2 = 0%). Differences between proportions were significant in R0 for EA compared to SA (p = 0.007) and PD (p = 0.022). AEs were statistically different only between EA and PD (p = 0.049) and recurrence showed no significance for EA/SA or EA/PD. Our data indicate an increased rate of complete resection in surgical interventions accompanied with a higher risk of complications. However, studies showed various sources of bias, limited quality of data and a significant heterogeneity, particularly in EA studies.

This thesis investigates possibilities for developing an archiving praxis to help Black trans people live. Inspired by recent Black trans thinking and creativity, the research here centres conversations with five Experts working in a range of academic, artistic, and activist archiving practices. The analysis of these conversations focuses on three areas which guide the investigative chapters, motivations for working with archives, encounters with archives and possibilities for developing a praxis to help us live. The need for this work is shaped by the specificity of blackness and transness in the racial capitalism of the West, the writing is framed by the specificity of producing work at and for Uppsala University whose archives house state records of eugenics and racial science.  Looking to how archives shape bodies and how bodies shape archives, the methodologies guiding this work give space for the writing of this thesis to become an archival experiment. Considering and attending to powers of affect and care shapes this thesis as an embodied exploration, a practice manifesting in the work to further inform the praxis that the thesis investigates. Voices from Black feminist thought, Black cultural theory, queer of colour critique and Black trans cultural production and/as knowledge guide this analysis and offer points of reflection for the conversations with the Experts and my own experiences unfolding in the archive.  The thesis evidences possibilities for developing an archiving praxis to help Black trans people live. The analysis also points to capacious and expansive temporalities for this archival praxis. The thesis concludes that there is a need for more time, more voices and more listening to develop this praxis and further explore possibilities that open up with questioning temporalities. Perhaps that work starts in the space where the conclusion of this thesis, this archive, arrives; starts with asking when does the archive happen.

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