abstract: This research presents potential and electric field calculations on medium voltage (MV) epoxy insulated outdoor current transformers (CTs) using a numeri-cal calculation approach. Two designs of MV dry-type epoxy insulated CTs were modeled using 3D field simulation software COULOMB® 9.0. Potential and elec-tric fields were calculated based on boundary element method. Different condi-tions such as dry exterior surface, wet exterior surface and internal voids were considered. The research demonstrates that the presence of internal conductors in CTs results in a less severe surface electric field distribution when compared to outdoor insulators of the same voltage range and type. The high electric field near the exited end triple-point of the CT reduces. This remained true even under wet conditions establishing better outdoor performance of CTs than outdoor insulators which have no internal conductors. The effect of internal conductors on voids within the insulation structure was also established. As a down side, internal voids in CTs experience higher electric field stress than in conductor-less insulators. The work recognizes that internal conducting parts in dry type CTs improves their outdoor performance when compared to electrical equipment without internal conductors. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

O presente trabalho enfoca o estudo de transdutores indutivos de deslocamento linear. Dentre os diversos dispositivos dessa natureza, procurou-se desenvolver um estudo mais aprofundado do transdutor indutivo diferencial com núcleo de esferas. O desenvolvimento experimental, com a construção de quatro protótipos, levou ao projeto de um transdutor com características adequadas ao uso industrial. / The present work focuses on the study of inductive transducers of linear displacement. Among the several devices of that nature, a more detailed study of the inductive differential transducer was attempted with core of spherical balls. The experimental development of four prototypes resulted in a transducer with characteristics adequate for industrial use to be designed.

Sendo as interrupções, os afundamentos de tensão e as sobretensões distúrbios de Qualidade de Energia Elétrica (QEE) com potencial de grande impacto econômico, estudos que procuram alternativas de mitigação de seus efeitos ou prevenção de sua ocorrência têm sido amplamente realizados nas últimas décadas. Uma das metodologias de avaliação de sua ocorrência é realizada pela predição, que geralmente se concentra em simulações de faltas em parcelas de sistemas elétricos de potência. Nos Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Sistema Elétrico Nacional (PRODIST), encontra-se a denominação geral de Variações de Tensão de Curta Duração (VTCD) para estes três tipos de distúrbios, os quais podem ser classificados tanto por sua magnitude quanto por sua duração. Nesse contexto, este trabalho avalia pela predição a influência exercida pela conexão e o aterramento do neutro de transformadores trifásicos nas quantidades de VTCD, especialmente de afundamentos de tensão, e no valor do índice Fator de Impacto (FI) do PRODIST, que são observados em um nó com conexão a um consumidor industrial Realizam-se estudos de caso sobre um sistema de potência simulado no software Alternative Transients Program (ATP), o qual possui dois transformadores em sua rede: um transformador da subestação e outro na entrada do nó do consumidor industrial. Consideram-se duas conexões possíveis para o transformador de entrada, e aplica-se uma resistência de aterramento para o neutro de ambos os transformadores em cada caso, alteram-se o seu valor. Verificam-se as tensões no nó do consumidor industrial de duas formas diferentes: tensões fase-terra e tensões fase-fase. Observa-se, assim, que há diferenças para estas quantidades e para o valor do FI devidas à forma de conexão do transformador de entrada, valor da resistência de aterramento de neutro de ambos os transformadores e formas de verificação das tensões. / Since interruptions, voltage sags and overvoltages are Power Quality (PQ) disturbances with great economic impact potential, studies that seek alternatives to mitigate its effects or to prevent its occurrence have been done widely in the last decades. One of the methodologies to assess its occurrence is performed by prediction, which usually focuses on power systems fault simulations. In the Brazilian norm of PQ, there is the general designation short duration voltage variation (VTCD) for these three types of disturbances, which are classified both in terms of magnitude and duration. In this context, this work assess by the prediction the influence of three-phase transformers winding connection and neutral grounding in the quantities of VTCD, especially voltage sags, and in the index value Impact Factor (FI) of the Brazilian regulation standard, which are observed in a node with connection to an industrial consumer. The case studies are performed on a simulated power system in the Alternative Transients Program (ATP), which has two transformers in its network: one substation transformer and another at entrance of the industrial consumer node. Two possible winding connections are considered for the entrance transformer, and a ground resistance is applied to the neutral of both transformers in each case, being changed their value. Voltages in the industrial consumer node are verified by two different ways: phase-to-ground voltages and phase-to-phase voltages. It is observed that there are differences for these quantities and for the value of the FI due to the winding connection of the entrance transformer, the value of the neutral ground resistance of both transformers and the ways of voltage verification.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-05-30T13:23:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4122631 bytes, checksum: 3dbd65166aa3a3cad90e903290833e6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T13:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4122631 bytes, checksum: 3dbd65166aa3a3cad90e903290833e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The consumption of electricity in our social environment such as in houses, apartments, business, industries, hospitals, it’s achieved thanks to an equipment that makes the levels of tension and electric current acceptable as demanded by the standards, so we can benefit from electricity in a safe and efficient way, these equipment are the power transformers. Due your relevance, techniques that retard or avoid the failures in these equipment, aiming a better availability and a smaller number of maintenance stops, are the theme of several researchers and studies centers. A very common failure in medium and large transformers that are used in transmission and distribution of power, is the degradation of the insulating function of transformer's core that it is caused mainly by the adverse gradient of temperature that circulates in the core through the insulating oil. The present work analyzes the efficiency of a transformer's cooling auxiliary system, that aims dissipate the heat absorbed by the oil in a quick and efficient way, decreasing the degradation of the insulating function and increasing its lifespan. The system consist of water spray nozzles, that it will be installed in the transformer’s radiator, in front of the fans, in the same direction of the air flow. The water spraying in the air flow, will cause a temperature decrease and a humidity increase, due to a phenomenon known as evaporative cooling, where heat from the air makes the small drops of water evaporate quickly. It will be analyzed the water flow rate in the spraying, the amount and placement of the water spray nozzles through the radiator and the air flow of the fans. So the system has thermal and energetic efficiency. Will be used a control system that includes a variable-frequency drive (VFD), temperature sensors and a data acquisition board (DAQ), all monitored through LabVIEW. / O consumo de energia elétrica no nosso convívio social como, casas, apartamentos, comércio, indústria, hospitais, é conseguido graças a um equipamento que torna os níveis de tensão e corrente elétrica em valores aceitáveis exigidos por norma, para que possamos usufruir da energia elétrica de maneira segura e eficiente, esses equipamentos são os transformadores de força ou de potência. Visto sua importância, técnicas que retardam ou evitem falhas nesse equipamento, visando a maior disponibilidade e com isso menos paradas para manutenção, são tema de estudo de diversos pesquisadores e centros de ensino. Uma falha bastante comum em transformadores de médio a grande porte que são utilizados na transmissão e distribuição de energia, é a degradação do papel isolante do núcleo do transformador, que é causada principalmente pelo gradiente adverso de temperatura que circula no núcleo através do óleo isolante. Logo o presente trabalho analisa a eficiência de um sistema auxiliar de arrefecimento do transformador, que visa dissipar o calor absorvido pelo óleo de maneira rápida e eficiente, diminuindo a degradação do papel isolante e aumentando sua vida útil. O sistema será composto por bicos pulverizadores de água, que serão instalados nos radiadores do transformador, em frente aos ventiladores, no mesmo sentido do fluxo de ar. A pulverização de água nesse fluxo de ar, irá causar uma diminuição da temperatura e um aumento de umidade, isso devido a um fenômeno conhecido como resfriamento evaporativo, onde as pequenas gotas de água recebem o calor do ar e se evaporam rapidamente. Será analisado a vazão de água na pulverização, a quantidade e o posicionamento dos bicos ao longo do radiador e o fluxo de ar dos ventiladores, para que o sistema tenha eficiência térmica e energética. Será utilizado um sistema de controle composto por inversores de frequência, sensores de temperatura e placa de aquisição de dados, que serão monitorados pelo LabView.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-24T17:01:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THAÍS LUANA VIDAL DE NEGREIROS DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEE) 2016.pdf: 1884666 bytes, checksum: afeda21236f3e2ea365c427c256b6865 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T17:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THAÍS LUANA VIDAL DE NEGREIROS DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEE) 2016.pdf: 1884666 bytes, checksum: afeda21236f3e2ea365c427c256b6865 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-17 / Capes / Neste trabalho são apresentados estudos analíticos e simulações computacionais sobre transformadores de corrente (TC) com núcleo toroidal de material magneticamente mole como recuperadores de energia eletromagnética. A fundamentação teórica parte das leis fundamentais do eletromagnetismo derivadas das equações de Maxwell. Na obtenção dos circuitos magnéticos equivalentes foram levados em conta as forças magnetomotrizes, relutâncias e os fluxos magnéticos. Como estudo de caso, foi utilizada uma simulação computacional baseada no método dos elementos finitos para a obtenção da distribuição de indução magnética dentro do núcleo toroidal. Tal como previsto pelas expressões analíticas, verificou-se que a indução magnética distribui-se de maneira não uniforme na direção radial do núcleo. Partindo dos circuitos magnéticos, circuitos elétricos equivalentes foram deduzidos, nos quais foram representadas as resistências e as reatâncias. Simulou-se o comportamento do TC como recuperador de energia e verificou-se que o rendimento do sistema de recuperação depende do material do núcleo, da carga acoplada ao secundário do TC, do coeficiente de acoplamento entre primário e secundário e da existência ou não de entreferro no núcleo magnético. / In this work an analytic and computational analysis of current transformers (CT) with soft magnetic material toroidal core used as energy harvester is presented. The theoretical approach is based on the fundamental laws of electromagnetism presented in Maxwell's equations. Magnetomotive forces, reluctance and magnetic flux were taken into account in order to obtain equivalent magnetic circuits. Using a 2D simulation tool based on finite element method, computational simulations were performed in order obtain the distribution of magnetic induction in radial direction of the toroidal core. As predicted by the analytical expressions, the magnetic induction is distributed nonuniformly in the radial direction of the core. Based on the magnetic circuits, equivalent electrical circuits were deducted, in which the resistance and reactance were represented. Based on computational simulations, it was possible to conclude that the efficiency of the TC as energy harvester varies according to the core material, to the load at its secondary terminal, to the coupling coefficient between primary and secondary and to the existence of air gap in the magnetic core.

Compared to current single-standard radio solutions, multi-standard radio transceivers enable higher integration, backward compatibility and save power, area and cost. The primary bottleneck in their realization is the development of high-performance frequency-reconfigurable RF circuits. To that end, this research introduces several CMOS-integrated, transformer-based reconfigurable circuit techniques whose effectiveness is validated through measurements of designed transceiver front-end low-noise (LNA) and power amplifier (PA) prototypes. In the first part, the use of high figure-of-merit phase-change (PC) based RF switches in the reconfiguration of CMOS LNAs in the receiver front-end is proposed. The first reported demonstration of an integrated, PC-switch based, dual-band (3/5 GHz) reconfigurable CMOS LNA with transformer source degeneration and designed in a 0.13 μm process is presented. In the second part, a frequency-reconfigurable CMOS transformer combiner is introduced that can be reconfigured to have similar efficiencies at widely separated frequency bands. A 65-nm CMOS triple-band (2.5/3/3.5 GHz) PA employing the reconfigurable combiner was designed. In the final part of this work, the use of transformer coupled-resonators in mm-wave LNA designs for 28 GHz bands was investigated. To cover contiguous and/or widely-separated narrowband channels of the emerging 5G standards, a 65-nm CMOS 24.9-32.7 GHz wideband multi-mode LNA using one-port transformer coupled-resonators was designed. Finally, a 25.1-27.6 GHz tunable-narrowband digitally-calibrated merged LNA-vector modulator design employing transformer coupled-resonators is presented that proposes a compact, differential quadrature generation scheme for phased-array architectures.

Sendo as interrupções, os afundamentos de tensão e as sobretensões distúrbios de Qualidade de Energia Elétrica (QEE) com potencial de grande impacto econômico, estudos que procuram alternativas de mitigação de seus efeitos ou prevenção de sua ocorrência têm sido amplamente realizados nas últimas décadas. Uma das metodologias de avaliação de sua ocorrência é realizada pela predição, que geralmente se concentra em simulações de faltas em parcelas de sistemas elétricos de potência. Nos Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Sistema Elétrico Nacional (PRODIST), encontra-se a denominação geral de Variações de Tensão de Curta Duração (VTCD) para estes três tipos de distúrbios, os quais podem ser classificados tanto por sua magnitude quanto por sua duração. Nesse contexto, este trabalho avalia pela predição a influência exercida pela conexão e o aterramento do neutro de transformadores trifásicos nas quantidades de VTCD, especialmente de afundamentos de tensão, e no valor do índice Fator de Impacto (FI) do PRODIST, que são observados em um nó com conexão a um consumidor industrial Realizam-se estudos de caso sobre um sistema de potência simulado no software Alternative Transients Program (ATP), o qual possui dois transformadores em sua rede: um transformador da subestação e outro na entrada do nó do consumidor industrial. Consideram-se duas conexões possíveis para o transformador de entrada, e aplica-se uma resistência de aterramento para o neutro de ambos os transformadores em cada caso, alteram-se o seu valor. Verificam-se as tensões no nó do consumidor industrial de duas formas diferentes: tensões fase-terra e tensões fase-fase. Observa-se, assim, que há diferenças para estas quantidades e para o valor do FI devidas à forma de conexão do transformador de entrada, valor da resistência de aterramento de neutro de ambos os transformadores e formas de verificação das tensões. / Since interruptions, voltage sags and overvoltages are Power Quality (PQ) disturbances with great economic impact potential, studies that seek alternatives to mitigate its effects or to prevent its occurrence have been done widely in the last decades. One of the methodologies to assess its occurrence is performed by prediction, which usually focuses on power systems fault simulations. In the Brazilian norm of PQ, there is the general designation short duration voltage variation (VTCD) for these three types of disturbances, which are classified both in terms of magnitude and duration. In this context, this work assess by the prediction the influence of three-phase transformers winding connection and neutral grounding in the quantities of VTCD, especially voltage sags, and in the index value Impact Factor (FI) of the Brazilian regulation standard, which are observed in a node with connection to an industrial consumer. The case studies are performed on a simulated power system in the Alternative Transients Program (ATP), which has two transformers in its network: one substation transformer and another at entrance of the industrial consumer node. Two possible winding connections are considered for the entrance transformer, and a ground resistance is applied to the neutral of both transformers in each case, being changed their value. Voltages in the industrial consumer node are verified by two different ways: phase-to-ground voltages and phase-to-phase voltages. It is observed that there are differences for these quantities and for the value of the FI due to the winding connection of the entrance transformer, the value of the neutral ground resistance of both transformers and the ways of voltage verification.

The future substation depends on finding a way to mitigate the effects of the drawbacks of the conventional legacy by employing the efficiency of the solid state switches in light of changing the loading features by time such as Electrical Vehicles (EV) and Photo-voltaic (PV) cells. In distribution transformers the ratio between the primary voltage and the secondary voltage cannot be changed, and the use of the on-load taps changers are limited. Poor voltage regulation and reactive power transmission is a direct reason for losses and shortening the life of several devices. This research discusses the considerations of applying Power Electronics (PE) approaches and designs that provide additional functions in regulating the voltage and controlling the reactive power that is injected in the distribution network, using embedded fractional rated converters attached partially with the windings of the LV transformer. These approaches studies the possible considerations that have the potentials to enhance the unit with more flexibility in controlling the voltage and reactive power at the last mile of the network, in order to decrease the losses and meet the future expectations for low voltage networks modifications, and that by using a Power Electronic (PE) approach has less losses and more functionality depending on the reliability of transformer and intelligence of PE solutions. The approach of a hybrid distribution transformer is introduced and its functionality in regulating the voltage and injecting reactive power is illustrated. A back-to-back converter is controlled according to the immediate need for voltage control and reactive power in Low Voltage (LV) networks, and for the purpose of controlling three unbalanced phases using two control strategies; resonant controller and vector control. The overall controller adds or decreases voltage (10%-20%) to/from the total output voltage in order to control the whole output voltage of the transformer. In addition, some loads need high amount of reactive power at last mile of the network, therefore the consideration of using switched capacitors technique is introduced to serve at the end user side whereby its ability to provide automatic variable reactive power compensation in a closed loop system is illustrated. The considerations results indicate significant potentials for deploying PE in the last mile of the network by using innovative designs and suitable control functions with less losses and costs.

O presente trabalho enfoca o estudo de transdutores indutivos de deslocamento linear. Dentre os diversos dispositivos dessa natureza, procurou-se desenvolver um estudo mais aprofundado do transdutor indutivo diferencial com núcleo de esferas. O desenvolvimento experimental, com a construção de quatro protótipos, levou ao projeto de um transdutor com características adequadas ao uso industrial. / The present work focuses on the study of inductive transducers of linear displacement. Among the several devices of that nature, a more detailed study of the inductive differential transducer was attempted with core of spherical balls. The experimental development of four prototypes resulted in a transducer with characteristics adequate for industrial use to be designed.

abstract: Recent trends in the electric power industry have led to more attention to optimal operation of power transformers. In a deregulated environment, optimal operation means minimizing the maintenance and extending the life of this critical and costly equipment for the purpose of maximizing profits. Optimal utilization of a transformer can be achieved through the use of dynamic loading. A benefit of dynamic loading is that it allows better utilization of the transformer capacity, thus increasing the flexibility and reliability of the power system. This document presents the progress on a software application which can estimate the maximum time-varying loading capability of transformers. This information can be used to load devices closer to their limits without exceeding the manufacturer specified operating limits. The maximally efficient dynamic loading of transformers requires a model that can accurately predict both top-oil temperatures (TOTs) and hottest-spot temperatures (HSTs). In the previous work, two kinds of thermal TOT and HST models have been studied and used in the application: the IEEE TOT/HST models and the ASU TOT/HST models. And, several metrics have been applied to evaluate the model acceptability and determine the most appropriate models for using in the dynamic loading calculations. In this work, an investigation to improve the existing transformer thermal models performance is presented. Some factors that may affect the model performance such as improper fan status and the error caused by the poor performance of IEEE models are discussed. Additional methods to determine the reliability of transformer thermal models using metrics such as time constant and the model parameters are also provided. A new production grade application for real-time dynamic loading operating purpose is introduced. This application is developed by using an existing planning application, TTeMP, as a start point, which is designed for the dispatchers and load specialists. To overcome the limitations of TTeMP, the new application can perform dynamic loading under emergency conditions, such as loss-of transformer loading. It also has the capability to determine the emergency rating of the transformers for a real-time estimation. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013