O objetivo dessa dissertação é discutir a jornada em direção à consciência de identidade empreendida pelas protagonistas dos romances Stone Butch Blues, de Leslie Feinberg, e Middlesex, de Jeffrey Eugenides. Na superfície, os dois romances muito compartilham do ponto de vista de estudos de gênero: ambos descrevem personagens denominadas mulheres ao nascer, cuja construção de identidade é narrada em primeira pessoa e que nos contam sobre seu (re)posicionamento no mundo e sua consciência de terem nascido diferentes, em uma emocionante busca do entendimento de seus próprios corpos, sexo e gênero. A minha intenção é testar essa aparente similaridade em face de teorias proeminentes sobre sexo e gênero, tentando tecer a minha leitura dos romances sob o olhar da teorias queer e transgender. / The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the journey towards identity awareness undertaken by the protagonists of the novels Stone Butch Blues, by Leslie Feinberg, and Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides. On the surface, these two novels share a great deal from the point of view of gender studies: both depict female-born fiction characters whose identity construction is narrated in the first person and who tell us about their (re)position in the world, their awareness of being born "different", and most compellingly, their search to understand their own bodies, sex and gender. My intention is to test this apparent similarity against the preeminent theories about sex and gender, trying to establish my reflection from the viewpoint of queer and transgender theories.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta é uma tese sobre cartazes, faixas, memes, cartilhas, palanques, microfones, panfletos, pessoas na rua, megafones, performances, vídeos, biografias, blogs, tweets e postagens no Facebook. Esta é uma tese sobre as interações sociais envolvidas na luta por reconhecimento empreendida por ativistas trans numa multiplicidade de palcos que vem sendo disponibilizados e construídos na arena política. Na última década, essa luta foi construída através da reivindicação por visibilidade. Assim, o dia específico de celebração ou de protesto de pessoas trans no Brasil, o dia 29 de janeiro, é chamado de Dia da Visibilidade Trans. A categoria visibilidade, cuja construção histórica pode ser percebida por diferentes meios, é polissêmica e contextual. É, portanto, o objetivo inicial desta tese explorar os diferentes sentidos atribuídos à visibilidade enquanto categoria chave da luta política no ativismo de pessoas trans no Brasil. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações etnográficas em diversos encontros de ativistas, tanto exclusivamente trans como LGBT em geral; em manifestações de rua; em seminários realizados em parcerias com órgãos governamentais; em uma campanha eleitoral e em espaços de sociabilidade e de ativismo online; além da análise de diversos materiais (cartazes, panfletos, memes, cartilhas, faixas, etc.) produzidos por ativistas; e duas entrevistas complementares ao trabalho etnográfico. A partir desse material de campo, busco tecer relações entre produções de regimes alternativos de visibilidade de pessoas trans e sua luta por reconhecimento, tendo como foco as interações sociais (online e offline), nas quais se fazem presentes processos comunicativos e negociações do estigma. / This is a thesis on posters, banners, memes, booklets, stages, microphones, flyers, people on the street, megaphones, performances, videos, biographies, blogs, tweets and Facebook posts. This is a thesis on the social interactions involved in the struggle for recognition undertaken by trans activists in a plurality of stages that has been made available and built in the political arena. In the last decade, this struggle was constructed under the demand for visibility. Thus, the specific day of celebration or protest of trans people in Brazil, January 29, is called Trans Visibility Day. The visibility, whose historical construction can be realized by different means, is polysemic and contextual. It is therefore the initial objective of this thesis to explore the different meanings attributed to the visibility as a key category of political struggle in the activism of trans people in Brazil. Therefore, ethnographic observations were conducted in various meetings of activists, both exclusively trans as LGBT in general; in street protests; at seminars held in partnership with government agencies; in an election campaign and in online spaces of sociability and activism; as well as the analysis of various materials (posters, flyers, memes, brochures, banners, etc.) produced by activists; and two additional interviews to complement the ethnographic work. From that field material, I try to weave relationships between alternative regimes of visibility of transgender people and their struggle for recognition, focusing on social interactions (online and offline), in which are present communicative processes and stigma negotiations.

abstract: There is currently a proliferation of images of transgender youth in popular discourse, many of which reflect the threat to capitalist heteronormativity that transgender young people pose to contemporary U.S. society. This veritable explosion in media visibility of transgender youth must be critically examined. This dissertation explores media economies of transgender youth visibility by examining media and self-represented narratives by and about transgender young people in contemporary U.S. popular discourse to uncover where, and how, certain young transgender bodies become endowed with value in the service of the neoliberal multicultural U.S. nation-state. As normative transgender youth become increasingly visible as signifiers of the progress of the tolerant U.S. nation, transgender youth who are positioned further from the intelligible field of U.S. citizenship are erased. Utilizing frameworks from critical transgender studies, youth studies, and media studies, this project illustrates how value is distributed, and at the expense of whom this process of assigning value occurs, in media economies of transgender youth visibility. Discursive analyses of online self-representations, as well as of online representations of media narratives, facilitate this investigation into how transgender youth negotiate the terms of those narratives circulating about them in U.S. contemporary media. This project demonstrates that increases in visibility do not always translate into political power; at best, they distract from the need for political interventions for marginalized groups, and at worst, they erase those stories already far from view in popular discourse: of non-normative transgender youth who are already positioned outside the realm of intelligibility to a national body structured by a heteronormative binary gender system. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Gender Studies 2016

abstract: This exploratory quantitative study examined the risks and needs expressed by gender/sexual minority emerging adults in Phoenix, Arizona. Differences in experiences and perceived service needs between gender minorities and cisgender sexual minority emerging adults were also identified. Respondents (N=102) completed a 78-item questionnaire in March and April of 2015. Individuals reported high rates of risk factors and physical needs, with those individuals who were both gender and ethnic minorities more likely to report having a perceived service need than their cisgender white counterparts. In addition, the study found significant positive correlations between housing factors (i.e., having experienced homelessness, ever/currently being in foster care, not having a safe/stable living situation) and other risk factors and needs. Risk factors were also correlated with wishing for a different gender identity or sexual orientation. With the majority of the respondents reporting a service need, implications include the need for culturally competent and accessible services, as well as services that continue to build on the protective factors of having an accepting family, friend group, and a sense of belonging to a community. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Work 2016

abstract: This phenomenological study explores the question: What are the lived experiences of Arizonans who identify their gender identities as ‘non-binary’? (‘non-binary’ defined here as anyone who identifies their gender as something other than ‘always and exclusively male or always and exclusively female’). The study explores the lived realities of four non-binary identified transgender people living in Arizona. Each participant took a short survey and conducted a 45-minute in-person interview, conducted through phenomenological questioning to evoke deep descriptions of experience. After analyzing the results through feminist hermeneutic phenomenology, this study suggests that the experience of non-binary gender identity presents an essential pattern of cultivating self-realization. The essential themes of internal recognition, external presentation, and movement toward wellness fell into this pattern. The United States has conceptualized transgender identity in many ways, from pathologizing to politicizing, to medically affirming views. Although the literature on this topic is quite small, there is no doubt that non-binary transgender people exist in U.S. public life. Ultimately, if non-binary people are to find affirming paths toward self-realization, they must be heard from their own experiences in their own voices. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social and Cultural Pedagogy 2017

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-07-31T14:47:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7759005 bytes, checksum: b5b3906259efa479ba1851b2cf196462 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T14:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7759005 bytes, checksum: b5b3906259efa479ba1851b2cf196462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis discusses the emerging of new types of transvestites subjectivities and new ways of existence called transvestility. With views to that, we have analyzed a series of statements composed of the strip cartoons from the narrative ‘Muriel Total’ by the renowned transgender cartoonist Laerte Coutinho, in which it is possible to observe the transformation of the character Hugo into Muriel. These discourse analysis seek to demonstrate how heteronormativity makes it possible the transvestilities by not allowing their existence, taking into consideration that the same law segregates and produces them. Therefore, according to Butler (2012; 2013) we propose that the abject bodies – the ones which are not allowed by heteronormativity – are discursively produced following desires that can be formed discursively by the norm, deviating from it while they rearrange themselves, resisting to it by not repressing themselves, thus, making transgender ontologies possible. For that purpose, it was also sought to design a panorama, an archaeology of contemporary transvestites, seeking to distinguish them from their predecessors, the hermaphrodite and the transvested individuals – whether considering what was clinically defined as fetishistic transvestitism or by the association with the image of an effeminate man from final 19th century and part of the 20th century. It was also observed on Foucault’s studies of sexuality (2007a; 2007b; 2007c), that the confession – being a tactic used by the Church and by science, especially the psi ones – having being the means to construct sexuality, figures as a trace of a statement of themselves made by transvestites when they start considering themselves as an object of ethical importance. However, due to the main scope of the study, it is criticized the heteronormatizing model of Freudian psychoanalysis that is Oedipus Complex, as long as it is obeserved the productive characteristic of the transgender schizo. Therefore, the research is developed through the analysis of the cartoon stripes, based on the concepts introduced by the French Discourse Analysis, such as, discourse, enouncement, discursive formation, cultural formation and discursive memory, as well as dialoguing with Gender Studies and Anthropology via authors such as Geertz (2008) and Wagner (2012), when discussing about culture, and to philosophy following Foucault’s (2003; 2007a; 2010a), Deleuze and Guattari’s (2010) criticism to psychoanalysis’s modus operandi concerning to the question of power in the relation of desire with the subject and among subjects, implying on a criticism to the (hetero)normative model which, through Oedipus Complex, leads the individual to conceive itself as a heterosexual. Thus, the transvestites’s existence is possible exactly because they do not submit their desire to the obligation of mattering their bodies according to a binary perspective, in which, each gender would be dialectically conceived (masculine/feminine) and performed by the attribution of its respective birth sex, also having their desire oriented to the opposite sex, making the subjects compulsorily heterosexuals. Meanwhile, it is by non-subjecting to the norm, from a force (Thûmos) discursively converted into desire, that transvestites matter their bodies in their abjection, inventing themselves and their culture, new desires, inventing ways of life on the ethical relation with themselves and with others. Thus, leading us to believe that their very existences are etopoietic, for being thumopoietic – thence thumopolitic – whose complexity is bigger than the on powerful relation of desire with the regular individual, once it is by abjection that the transvestites claim their ontological status, their existence becoming different transgender beings. / Esta pesquisa discute a emergência de novas formas de subjetividade da travesti e de modos de existência denominados de travestilidades. Para tanto, analisamos uma série enunciativa composta pelas tirinhas da narrativa Muriel Total, da renomada cartunista transgênera Laerte Coutinho, na qual se observa a transformação da personagem Hugo em Muriel. Tais análises discursivas buscam demonstrar como a não permisão da existência de travestilidades, pela heteronormatividade, as torna possíveis, visto que a lei que as segrega é a mesma que as produz. Ou seja, com isso, propomos, segundo (BUTLER, 2012; 2013) como os corpos abjetos – aqueles que não são permitidos pela heteronormatividade –, são produzidos discursivamente segundo desejos os quais, ainda que possam ser dados discursivamente pela norma, em seu rearranjo se desviam da mesma, resistindo-lhe por meio do não recalcamento, tornando possíveis, assim, ontologias transgêneras. Para tanto, buscou-se ainda, traçar uma cartografia, uma arqueogenealogia da travesti contemporânea, buscando distinguí-la de seus predecessores, a saber, o indivíduo hermafrodita e o indivíduo travestido – quer pelo que se denominou clinicamente por travestismo fetichista, quer pela associação com a imagem do afeminado de fins do século XIX e boa parte do XX. Observou-se ainda, conforme a História da sexualidade de Foucault (2007a; 2007b; 2007c), como a confissão – sendo tática usada pela igreja, depois pela ciência, especialmente as ciências psi –, tendo sido aquilo pelo qual a sexualidade foi erigida, é um traço na enunciação de si que fazem as travestis quando tomam a si como objeto de importância ética. Contudo, e diante do principal objetivo da pesquisa, critica-se o modelo normativo heterossexualizador da Psicanálise freudiana que é o Complexo de Édipo à medida em que se observa o caráter produtivo da esquize transgênera. Nesse sentido, todo o trabalho se realiza pelas análises das tirinhas, pautando-se segundo categorias do campo teórico da Análise do Discurso francesa, tais como discurso, enunciado, formação discursiva, formação cultural e memória discursiva, bem como seu diálogo com os Estudos de Gênero, a Antropologia, via autores como Geertz (2008) e Wagner (2012), no referência à cultura, e à Filosofia, pelas críticas feitas por Foucault (2003; 2007a; 2010a), Deleuze e Guattari (2010) ao modus operandi da Psicanálise quanto à questão do poder na relação do desejo com o sujeito e entre sujeitos, implicando uma crítica ao modelo (hetero)normativo o qual, por meio do Complexo de Édipo, interpela o indivíduo a ser sujeito heterossexual. Assim, a existência da travesti se possibilita exatamente pela não submissão do desejo à obrigação de materializar seus corpos segundo uma ótica binária pela qual cada gênero seria concebido dialeticamente (masculino/feminino) e performatizado na atribuição do mesmo ao respectivo sexo de nascimento, tendo, igualmente o seu desejo orientado para o sexo oposto, fazendo dos indivíduos, sujeitos compulsoriamente heterossexuais. Nesse ínterim, é pelo não assujeitamento à norma, que as travestis, a partir de uma força (Thumós) discursivizada em desejo, materializam o seu corpo em sua abjeção, inventam a si, a sua cultura, novos desejos, inventando modos de vida na relação ética consigo – e com os outros –, o que nos faz considerar, portanto, que as existências das travestis são etopoiéticas, porque thumopoiéticas – e, por isso, thumopolíticas – cuja complexidade é maior do que na relação poderosa do desejo com o sujeito normal, visto que é na abjeção que as travestis reivindicam o seu status ontológico, devindo em sujeitos transgêneros.

Bakgrund: Transpersoner är en utsatt grupp med större risk för psykisk ohälsa, diskriminering, hot och våld än resterande befolkning, och har visats undvika och fördröja att söka vård trots behov. Stigmatisering och diskriminering från samhället i stort har även setts leda till att transpersoner fruktar att bli illa bemötta av vårdpersonal. Syfte: Att belysa transpersoners upplevelser av bemötande inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: En litteraturöversikt av elva vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ och kvantitativ design samt mixad metod. Artiklarna analyserades efter transpersoners upplevelser av bemötande inom hälso- och sjukvården. Resultat: Resultatet bestod av tre huvudteman: Att bli sedd och respekterad, Diskriminering på grund av sin könsidentitet och Kunskapsbrist om transpersoner och deras erfarenheter. Diskussion: Diskussionen belyser hur transpersoner upplever bemötande av vårdpersonal och hur detta kan förstås utifrån Travelbees teori om mellanmänskliga relationer. Vidare diskuteras kunskapsbrist och dess påverkan på bemötandet kopplat till tidigare forskning samt en diskussion kring diskriminering och positiva vårdupplevelser. / Background: Transgender people are a vulnerable group with a higher risk of mental health issues, discrimination and a lower usage of healthcare services. Stigmatisation and discrimination from society at large have also been observed to lead to transgender people fearing to be treated badly by healthcare service personnel. Aim: To illustrate transgender persons’ experiences of meeting with healthcare professionals. Method: A literature review of eleven articles of qualitative, quantitative and mixed method design that dealt with transgender persons’ experiences in healthcare settings. Results: The results are divided into three main themes; To be seen and respected,   Discriminations on the grounds of gender identity and A lack of knowledge about transgender persons and their experiences. Discussion:The discussion illustrates how transgender persons experience meeting with healthcare professionals and how this can be understood from the view of Travelbees theory of human-to-human relationship. Further discussed is the lack of knowledge and it’s effects on the meeting in relation to past research as well as a discussion of discrimination and positive experiences of healthcare.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta é uma tese sobre cartazes, faixas, memes, cartilhas, palanques, microfones, panfletos, pessoas na rua, megafones, performances, vídeos, biografias, blogs, tweets e postagens no Facebook. Esta é uma tese sobre as interações sociais envolvidas na luta por reconhecimento empreendida por ativistas trans numa multiplicidade de palcos que vem sendo disponibilizados e construídos na arena política. Na última década, essa luta foi construída através da reivindicação por visibilidade. Assim, o dia específico de celebração ou de protesto de pessoas trans no Brasil, o dia 29 de janeiro, é chamado de Dia da Visibilidade Trans. A categoria visibilidade, cuja construção histórica pode ser percebida por diferentes meios, é polissêmica e contextual. É, portanto, o objetivo inicial desta tese explorar os diferentes sentidos atribuídos à visibilidade enquanto categoria chave da luta política no ativismo de pessoas trans no Brasil. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações etnográficas em diversos encontros de ativistas, tanto exclusivamente trans como LGBT em geral; em manifestações de rua; em seminários realizados em parcerias com órgãos governamentais; em uma campanha eleitoral e em espaços de sociabilidade e de ativismo online; além da análise de diversos materiais (cartazes, panfletos, memes, cartilhas, faixas, etc.) produzidos por ativistas; e duas entrevistas complementares ao trabalho etnográfico. A partir desse material de campo, busco tecer relações entre produções de regimes alternativos de visibilidade de pessoas trans e sua luta por reconhecimento, tendo como foco as interações sociais (online e offline), nas quais se fazem presentes processos comunicativos e negociações do estigma. / This is a thesis on posters, banners, memes, booklets, stages, microphones, flyers, people on the street, megaphones, performances, videos, biographies, blogs, tweets and Facebook posts. This is a thesis on the social interactions involved in the struggle for recognition undertaken by trans activists in a plurality of stages that has been made available and built in the political arena. In the last decade, this struggle was constructed under the demand for visibility. Thus, the specific day of celebration or protest of trans people in Brazil, January 29, is called Trans Visibility Day. The visibility, whose historical construction can be realized by different means, is polysemic and contextual. It is therefore the initial objective of this thesis to explore the different meanings attributed to the visibility as a key category of political struggle in the activism of trans people in Brazil. Therefore, ethnographic observations were conducted in various meetings of activists, both exclusively trans as LGBT in general; in street protests; at seminars held in partnership with government agencies; in an election campaign and in online spaces of sociability and activism; as well as the analysis of various materials (posters, flyers, memes, brochures, banners, etc.) produced by activists; and two additional interviews to complement the ethnographic work. From that field material, I try to weave relationships between alternative regimes of visibility of transgender people and their struggle for recognition, focusing on social interactions (online and offline), in which are present communicative processes and stigma negotiations.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é discutir a jornada em direção à consciência de identidade empreendida pelas protagonistas dos romances Stone Butch Blues, de Leslie Feinberg, e Middlesex, de Jeffrey Eugenides. Na superfície, os dois romances muito compartilham do ponto de vista de estudos de gênero: ambos descrevem personagens denominadas mulheres ao nascer, cuja construção de identidade é narrada em primeira pessoa e que nos contam sobre seu (re)posicionamento no mundo e sua consciência de terem nascido diferentes, em uma emocionante busca do entendimento de seus próprios corpos, sexo e gênero. A minha intenção é testar essa aparente similaridade em face de teorias proeminentes sobre sexo e gênero, tentando tecer a minha leitura dos romances sob o olhar da teorias queer e transgender. / The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the journey towards identity awareness undertaken by the protagonists of the novels Stone Butch Blues, by Leslie Feinberg, and Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides. On the surface, these two novels share a great deal from the point of view of gender studies: both depict female-born fiction characters whose identity construction is narrated in the first person and who tell us about their (re)position in the world, their awareness of being born "different", and most compellingly, their search to understand their own bodies, sex and gender. My intention is to test this apparent similarity against the preeminent theories about sex and gender, trying to establish my reflection from the viewpoint of queer and transgender theories.

O transexualismo é caracterizado pelo desejo irreversível de viver e ser aceito como pertencente ao sexo oposto ao seu sexo biológico. Os transexuais masculinos (feminino para masculino) utilizam cronicamente hormônios androgênicos para promover alterações nas características sexuais secundárias compatíveis com o sexo de identidade, correspondendo à terapia hormonal cruzada.A testosterona é o principal hormônio usado na terapia hormonal cruzada desta população. Embora seja considerada segura, quando utilizada em doses adequadas, poucos estudos estão disponíveis na literatura a respeito dos efeitos da testosterona nessa população específica, além de incluir tamanhos amostrais pequenos. Assim, os objetivos desta dissertação foram os de revisar de forma sistemática a literatura a respeito dos efeitos do tratamento comtestosterona sobre o perfil clínico, metabólico, hematológico, lipídico e hepático de indivíduos transexuais masculinos.Nesta revisão sistemática e meta-análise, buscaram-se estudos publicados até maio de 2016 nas bases de dados Medline (PUBMED) and EMBASE. Foram incluídos estudos que relatassem intervenções com qualquer dose de testosterona e que apresentassem dados comparando variáveis clínicase metabólicas antes e depois do tratamento Para a meta-análise, somente artigos que tivessem analisado os efeitos do tratamento com undecanoato de testosterona por 12 meses foram incluídos. Desta forma, o tamanho do efeito foi calculado como alteração em 12 meses em relação ao valor médio basal. A busca resultou em 391 artigos potencialmente elegíveis. Destes, 13 alcançaram os critérios de eligibilidade e foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Três foram elegíveis para a meta-análise. A qualidade destes estudos de acordo com a escala de Newcastle-Ottawa Scale foi boa. O tratamento com undecanoato de testosterona promoveu um significativo aumento nos níveis séricos de testosterona (tamanho do efeito 6.18, IC 95%: 4.59 à 7.76), hematócrito(4.80, IC95%: 4.06 à 5.54), hemoglobina(1.54, IC95%: 1.10 à 1.98), e pressão sistólica (4.74, IC 95%: 2.15 à7.33). Em conclusão, os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que o tratamento comundecanoato de testosteronaé efetivo e embora aumente significativamente hematócrito, hemoglobina e pressão sistólica no primeiroano de tratamento de homens transgêneros, estes achados são clinicamente aceitáveis evidenciando segurança deste tratamento. / Transsexualism is characterized by the irreversible desire to live and be accepted as belonging to the opposite sex to its biological sex. Male transsexuals (female to male) chronically use androgenic hormones to promote changes in secondary sexual characteristics compatible with gender identity, corresponding to cross-sex hormone therapy. Testosterone is the main hormone used in cross-hormone therapy in this population. Although it is considered safe, when used in adequate doses, few studies are available in the literature regarding the effects of testosterone in this specific population, in addition to including small sample sizes. Thus, the objectives of this dissertation were to systematically review the literature regarding the effects of testosterone treatment on the clinical, metabolic, hematological, lipid and hepatic profile of male transsexual individuals. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, studies were published until May 2016 in the Medline (PUBMED) and EMBASE databases. We included studies that reported interventions with any dose of testosterone and that presented data comparing clinical and metabolic variables before and after treatment For the meta-analysis, only articles that had analyzed the effects of treatment with testosterone undecanoate for 12 months were included. In this way, the effect size was calculated as change in 12 months in relation to the baseline mean value. Search resulted in 391 potentially eligible articles. Of these, 13 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Three were eligible for the meta-analysis. The quality of these studies according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale scale was good. Treatment with testosterone undecanoate promoted a significant increase in serum testosterone levels (effect size 6.18, 95% CI: 4.59 to 7.76), hematocrit (4.80, 95% CI: 4.06 to 5.54), hemoglobin (1.54, 95%: 1.10 to 1.98), and systolic pressure (4.74, 95% CI: 2.15 to 7.33). In conclusion, the results of this work suggest that testosterone undecanoate treatment is effective and although it significantly increases hematocrit, hemoglobin and systolic pressure in the first year of treatment of transgender men, these findings are clinically acceptable, evidencing the safety of this treatment.