Denna studie har en fenomenologisk ingång och undersöker transpersoners förutsättningar, strategier och förhållningssätt för att uppnå sexuell hälsa, samt hur de använt dessa för att hantera könsinkongruens och könsdysfori, genom olika faser av social och medicinsk transition. Studien placerar sig inom aktionsforskning och undersöker handlingsstrategier i en grupp transpersoner som trivs med sin sexualitet. Studien bygger på 10 informanters deltagande, varav sju intervjuer och tre texter. Alla informanter upplevde ökad kroppsdysfori och social dysfori under varseblivandet av könsidentiteten och i väntan på utredning och behandling. I resultatet framkom det att acceptera den egna identiteten, att bli respekterad utifrån denna samt få önskad medicinsk behandling var avgörande för sexuell hälsa. Onani och fantasi hjälpte flera informanter att lära känna den nya kroppen och uppnå kroppsacceptans samt hantera könsdysfori och social dysfori. Onani hjälpte informanterna att hitta nya erogena zoner och integrera fler delar av kroppen i sin sexualitet. Att fantisera om kroppskongruens hade också en positiv effekt i relation till egen sexualitet och sexualitet med partner. Vidare så ger transidentitet anledning till verbal kommunikation om sexualitet, lust och gränser med partner, vilket gynnade njutning. Fler informanter uttryckte en frihetskänsla av att bryta normer och att de var mer sexuellt nöjda i deras nya identitet och sexuella praktiker. Slutligen diskuteras att cis-personer också anstränger sig för att passa in i kulturens genusnormer och sexuella normer, och att den största skillnaden mellan trans- och cis-personer, kan vara att transpersoner har en medvetenhet om denna möda. Således kan de handlingsstrategier som denna studie inringat vara värdefulla för transpersoner såväl som cis-personer för att uppnå sexuell hälsa. / This study has a phenomenological approach and examines transgender peoples’ prospects, strategies and approaches to handle gender incongruence and gender dysphoria, and their ability to experience sexual desire and sexual health in the process of social and medical transition. The study employs an action research methodology and aims to explore coping strategies in a sex positive sample. The work is based on teen self-reports, comprising seven interviews and three written texts. All participants reported significantly higher body dysphoria and social dysphoria both during the coming out process and while waiting for assessment and medical transitioning. It was found that acknowledging oneself and one’s transgender identity, as well as access to medical treatment, was vital for sexual health. To cope with gender dysphoria and social dysphoria the participants used masturbation and fantasy to get to know their new body, experience sexual desire and encourage body acceptance. Masturbation helped participants discover new erogenous zones, communicate bodily boundaries, and establish likes and dislikes with partners. Fantasizing about body congruence also had a positive effect in relation to one's own sexuality and sexuality with partners. Furthermore, the findings suggest that trans-identity gives rise to verbal communication about sexuality, desire and boundaries with partners, which encouraged an acceptance of sexuality. Several informants expressed a sense of freedom from breaking norms and that they were more sexually satisfied in their new identity and sexual practices. Lastly, the study revealed that cis-gender people also are struggling to find their place in the gender roles and cultural norms of sexuality, and that the main difference between this group and transgender people is that the former may be more aware of these roles and norms. Therefore, the findings of this study can provide valuable insights for both trans and cis-gender people to achieve sexual health.

BACKGROUND: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually-transmitted infection in the U.S. and is associated with a number of cancers. A vaccine that can prevent 90% of HPV-associated cancers has been available since 2006, yet millions of young adults remain unvaccinated. Low vaccination uptake has been observed in cisgender sexual minority communities and less is known about HPV vaccination among transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) people. The aims of this dissertation were: (a) to identify facilitators for and barriers to HPV vaccination among gender minority people; (b) to compare HPV vaccination rates, HPV risk and situational factors like barriers to care, access to care, preventive care, HPV knowledge and Internet use in a sample of TGNB people and cisgender sexual minority people; and (c) to explore the association of online health information and HPV vaccination receipt among TGNB people compared to cisgender sexual minority people and determine if eHealth Literacy or general health literacy moderate this relationship. METHODS: The dissertation comprised three studies. First, an integrative review of the literature included searches of three electronic databases to identify and appraise studies that explore patient-, provider- and system-level HPV vaccination barriers among gender minority people. Second, guided by the Integrative Model of eHealth Use, a cross-sectional secondary analysis of The Population Research in Identities and Disparities for Equality (PRIDE) Study Annual Questionnaire 2018-19, compared the rate of HPV vaccination among TGNB and cisgender sexual minority people and described situation factors (e.g., barriers to care, access to care, preventive care), Internet use, HPV knowledge, HPV risk, and HPV vaccination among these communities. Third, a novel cross-sectional online survey of TGNB and cisgender sexual minority participants recruited from The PRIDE Study, also guided by the Integrative Model of eHealth Use, explored the association between online health information seeking and receipt of HPV vaccine, and whether eHealth literacy and/or general health literacy moderate this relationship. Statistical methods for the cross-sectional studies included prevalence ratios (PR) using robust Poisson statistics and multivariable logistic regression with post hoc Bonferroni-Holm correction. RESULTS: The integrative review identified six cross-sectional studies and one qualitative study that explored HPV vaccine barriers and facilitators among gender minority people. The majority of the studies included <10% gender minority participants. Key barriers to vaccination identified were misperceptions of risk at patient-level, bias towards vaccinating female assigned individuals at the provider-level and population effects of recommendations for girls-only at the policy-level. The cross-sectional secondary analysis of The PRIDE Study 2018-19 Annual Questionnaire and included N = 5,500 responses and found that: (a) the prevalence of ever receiving HPV vaccine was 1.2 times greater among TGNB participants than cisgender participants (PR 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3); (b) the prevalence of ever receiving HPV vaccine was 2.4 times greater among transgender men who were assigned female at birth compared to transgender women who were assigned male at birth (PR 2.4; 95% CI, 2.0-2.8); and (c) no differences in vaccination initiation and vaccination completion based on gender identity, sex assigned at birth, sex organs born with, or current sex organs. The cross-sectional novel online survey of PRIDE participants yielded N = 3,258 responses (response rate 19.6%). After controlling for covariates including age, race/ethnicity and educational attainment, we found that TGNB as compared to cisgender participants had increased odds (aOR=1.5=; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2) of reporting receipt of HPV vaccine ever and decreased odds (aOR=0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9) of ever receiving of HPV vaccine when they looked for info on vaccines in the past year. Conversely, TGNB participants had over twice the odds (aOR=2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6) of ever receiving HPV vaccine if they visited a social networking site like Facebook or Instagram in the past year. There were no moderating effects observed from eHealth or general health literacy. CONCLUSIONS: TGNB communities are understudied in terms of HPV vaccination and the existing literature shows misperceptions about the need of HPV vaccination among TGNB communities at both the patient and provider level. TGNB participants were more likely to have ever received HPV vaccine compared to cisgender sexual minority participants in the cross-sectional secondary analysis of The PRIDE Study 2018-19 Annual Questionnaire which may be attributed to high primary engagement in the cohort. Finally, online health information seeking about vaccines was associated with decreased receipt of HPV vaccine (ever) whereas social media use increased HPV vaccine receipt (ever) among TGNB participants compared to cisgender sexual minority participants. These conflicting findings suggest that the quality of online health information relating HPV vaccines, how, when and why TGNB people search for health information online may affect health behaviors like HPV vaccination. More research is warranted to explore how online health information seeking may influence personal health decision-making among TGNB communities.

abstract: Teachers represent important agents of gender socialization in schools and play a critical role in the lived experiences of transgender students. What remains less clear, however, is whether the gender of the teacher impacts their response to transgender bullying and specifically how threats to gender identity might influence men who teach to respond negatively. The current study used a 2 (gender) x 3 (gender identity threat, no gender identity threat, and control) experimental design to assess whether the masculine overcompensation theory helps explain how men who teach respond to transgender victimization experiences. It was hypothesized that men in the gender identity threat condition would endorse more anti-trans attitudes (e.g., higher transphobic attitudes, lower allophilia [feelings of liking] toward transgender individuals, more traditional gender roles, less supportive responses to a vignette about transgender bullying, less support for school practices that support transgender students, and less likelihood of signing a petition supporting transgender youth rights) compared to the other conditions. It was also expected that they would endorse more negative affect but higher feelings of self-assurance. Women in the study served as a comparison group as no overcompensation effect is expected for them. Participants (N = 301) were nationally recruited through word of mouth, social media, and personal networks. Results from the current study did not support the theory of masculine overcompensation as there was no effect of threatening feedback. There were a number of significant gender differences. Men reported lower transgender allophilia, higher transphobia, more traditional gender role beliefs, less likelihood of signing the petition supporting transgender youth rights, and more self-assurance than women. No gender effect was found for negative affect or support for school practices supporting transgender students. There were also no observable differences in participant responses to the vignette by gender or condition. The implications and limitations of the current study were discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2020

Transgender people still face various types of discrimination, threat and violence on a global level. Even though the work against this societal problem proceeds in Sweden, studies have shown that transgender people often feel disrespected and discriminated within the health care context. This study aims to find a deeper understanding of discrimination against transgender people within the Swedish health care system, by analyzing and interpreting the stories of nursing students on the treatment of transgender people. In addition to this, the study aims to understand which social norms and values that are taught to the students in relation to discrimination against transgender people, and how the students relate and present themselves in relation to the social norms and values.  In order to analyze the results of the study various theories and concepts are being used, such as queer theory, new institutionalism, stigma and Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with eight nursing students, studying semester three to six at various universities in Sweden. The outcome of the study shows that three main norms and values seem to be of importance to the maintenance of institutional discrimination against transgender people within the Swedish health care system. These are the societal heteronorm, knowledge gap about transgender people, and stigmatization. The nursing students carry varying degrees of knowledge about trans gender people, but all participants seem to be open and receptive to the thought of meeting and caring for a transgender person in their future worklife.

Most research on employment gender inequality focuses on differences between men and women, reinforcing a binary conception of gender. This study uses the National Transgender Discrimination Survey to evaluate the employment outcomes of nonbinary transgender people (those who identify as a gender other than man or woman). The results of this study suggest that being out as a nonbinary transgender person negatively affects nonbinary transgender people's employment outcomes. Though all transgender people have higher unemployment rates than the general population, outness has different effects on nonbinary transgender people based on sex assigned at birth, with those assigned male at birth tending to be discriminated against in hiring but those assigned female at birth more likely to experience differential treatment once hired. Race also contributes to differential treatment in the workplace. In an additional comparison between all transgender groups, I find that transgender women tend to have worse employment experiences than nonbinary transgender people and transgender men, the latter two tending to have similar outcomes.

The diploma thesis examines the construction of masculinity and femininity of young transsexual individuals who have not undergone surgical gender reassignment. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part builds on the theory of gender stereotype and the research of Gagné and Tewksbury, according to which transsexual individuals try to suppress their feminine or masculine selves as expected, while maintaining relationships. Furthermore, the work is based on Mandal's and Jakubowski's study, which confirms the theory that transsexual women live more in a gender stereotype than transsexual men who live in accordance with their original and new gender roles. In the practical part, a qualitative survey is carried out using the method of grounded theory, and six transsexual respondents were interviewed using semi- structured interviews: three transsexual men and three transsexual women. The sample is selected from transgender individuals who have not undergone operative gender reassignment and have decided to share their story on social networks. The aim of the research part is to find out how transsexual people without operative gender reassignment construct their masculinity and femininity. The main finding was that transsexual individuals who chose not to undergo sex...

The purpose of this exploratory case study was to explore and describe how two gay male parents transitioned to parenthood. The Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) theoretical model was used as the theoretical framework for understanding the experiences of the two participants in the study. The study also used an interpretivist paradigm and explorative case study design. The participants were purposely selected, and the data were generated by means of a semi-structured interview. The findings indicate that the participants experienced similar resistance from their families of origin after ‘coming out’ to them. The ability of one of the participants to become a parent was questioned. The participants in the study, like most couples, considered various factors such as their financial situation and their medical aid benefits before they decided to become parents. They also had to consider their pathway to parenthood, which in their case was adoption. The participants faced many challenges during the adoption process such as finding a country that allowed gay men to adopt, having limited adoption options due to changes in the law, and trying to get paternity leave. They reported that as parents they felt marginalised by the school system and also by having to deal with insensitive and uncomfortable questions from members of society about their family identity. Their children also experienced bullying at school. They were, however, able to establish a strong family and felt fulfilled in their role as parents. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

Due to multiple worldviews, gender biases, and more, Transgender and Gender-expansive (TGE) individuals often face many obstacles in their career development. As ASCA calls for school counselors to address the career needs of all students, this presentation highlights the challenges of the TGE community and offers resources and practical applications for school counselors to assist TGE students with their post-secondary and career transitions.

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Bakgrund: Transperson är ett paraplybegrepp för personer som upplever att det kön de fötts med inte överensstämmer med deras identitet. Många upplever lidande till följd av transidentiteten och kan få hjälp med könskorrigerande vård. Gruppen är även i risk för fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Många transpersoner upplever positiva möten med vården, men de flesta har även erfarit möten som varit det motsatta. Detta leder till att många undviker att söka vård. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors och sjuksköterskestudenters upplevelse av att vårda transpersoner. Metod: En litteraturbaserad metod användes, där systematisk sökning gjordes i två databaser. Nio kvalitativa artiklar analyserades och sammanställdes till ett nytt resultat. Resultat: Ur analysen identifierades fyra teman: blandade känslor, bristande kunskap, svårigheter vid bemötandet samt en vilja att lära mer. Dessa utgjordes av 14 underteman. Konklusion: Mer kunskap och erfarenhet behövs för att kunna erbjuda en god och jämlik vård till transpersoner. Detta skulle även bidra till sjuksköterskans känsla av säkerhet i yrkesrollen. / Background: Transgender is an umbrella term describing people experiencing that their gender assigned at birth differs from their identity. Many experience suffering because of their transidentity and can receive help with gender-affirming care. The community is at risk of physical and mental illness. Many trans people experience positivee ncounters with health care, but most have also experienced encounters that have been the opposite. This results in many people avoiding seeking care. Aim: To describe nurses and nursing students experiences in caring for transgender people. Method: A literature-based method was used, and systematic searches were conducted using two databases. Nine qualitative articles were analyzed and compiled into new findings. Findings: From the analysis, four themes were identified: mixed emotions, lack of knowledge, difficulties in the approach anda desire to learnmore. These consisted of 14 sub-themes Conclusion: More knowledge and experience is needed to be able to offer a good and equal care to transgender people. This would also contribute to the nurse’s sense of security in the professional role.