The purpose of this review is to evaluate the methodology of past and present research with female homosexuals and then to summarize the current state of knowledge in psychology and psychiatry. The data presented in this review have been derived predominantly from material abstracted in the Medicus Index (1900-1976) and Psychology Abstracts (1927-1976). This reviewer has established specific criteria by which all studies throughout this literature review will be examined. These are: sample size, sampling of experimental control groups, variable controlled (age, education, etc), how sexual orientation was determined, and tests and questionnaires employed, their reliability, validity, administration, and interpretation. It has been shown that both the clinical and nonclinical research populations are extremely biased. Historically and currently, the clinical researchers have utilized small and unspecified populations. This type of research is usually in the form of case studies and has been psychoanalytically oriented. Currently, clinical researchers have attempted to overcome the methodological problems by using control groups, standardized tests, statistical analysis of data, etc. However, adequate clinical studies have been few and their findings highly tentative. The most serious problem with the clinical research is sampling. Nonclinical research on the other hand, has used samples comprised of young, white, educated and middle class subjects. Researchers have attempted to find objective criteria that would discriminate between heterosexual and homosexual women, using projective techniques and self-report inventories, but their results are inconclusive. Data have shown, however, that there are significant differences between “butch” and “fem” lesbians and male homosexuals. Future research will need to determine the sex role "preference of both the homo sexual and heterosexual groups, otherwise differences between the two groups may be the result of a larger proportion of “butch” lesbians being compared to "fem" heterosexuals. The etiology of female homosexuality has been an enduring topic in psychology and psychiatry. To date, researchers have not found any genetic or hormonal characteristics associated with the phenomenon of homosexuality in women. Research focusing on the psychodynamic aspects of homosexuality have found that lesbians have poorer relationships with both parents, experience more interparent friction and less family security, feel less feminine, and are less accepting of the feminine role then heterosexual women. Although these are statistically significant differences between heterosexual and homosexual women it is unknown how, or even whether they affect the development of homosexuality. Female homosexuality has been considered by many mental health professionals as a disease, neurosis, or degenerative condition. The data have failed to show that female homosexuals are less well-adjusted then their heterosexual controls. The treatment of female homosexuality has almost been completely neglected. The majority of the literature has reported on the techniques and theories used on male homosexuals. The few studies that have used female homosexuals are methodologically inadequate. They did not use control groups, standardized instruments to measure the degree of change of sexual orientation, or, adequate follow-up studies. Extensive research needs to be completed to determine if the techniques and theories derived from the treatment of male homosexuals are applicable to lesbians. Considerable more research in the areas of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of female homosexuality needs to be completed before any tentative statements can be made.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the U.S., the transgender community disproportionately experiences a rate of unemployment three times that of the national average. These nearly 1.4 million individuals receive no explicit federal employment protections. Though judges have historically concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not offer such protections, the Sixth Circuit recently concluded that transgender discrimination is prohibited under Title VII. A study was conducted to discern what lead to the Sixth Circuit explicitly extending Title VII’s sex-based protections to transgender individuals. Analysis consisted of data from historical Title VII legal cases—citing sex-based discrimination— brought by, or on behalf of, transgender individuals in the Sixth Circuit. The sample included 20 court records from 11 legal cases identified through the Nexis Uni database. Both a thematic analysis and a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) were conducted. The thematic analysis illustrated four distinct steps taken by the Sixth Circuit—in addition to the two steps previously taken by other Circuits and the Supreme Court. Each stage revealed small deviations in statutory interpretation and application, which lead to a marked change in the legal discourse on Title VII’s sex-based discrimination prohibition. The CDA compared the Circuit’s starting discourse to its more recent discourse and found judges’ moved from a passive to an active role in constructing the legal discourse. Overall, the study illustrates the judicial branch of government’s influential impact on employment rights, and more broadly, social justice. Further, the study presents legal engagement as essential to the pursuit of social change. Given social work’s value of social justice, forensic participation is a suitable addition to the social work toolkit. / 2023-08-05

This study is an ideological criticism of the acclaimed Amazon digital television series Transparent. Transparent is a series that focuses heavily on LGBTQ+ issues, including a transgender protagonist and several LGBTQ+ characters. Recognizing the importance of LGBTQ+ representation in media, this study draws from a methodological framework in Kenneth Burke’s rhetorical concept of identification as well as Judith Butler and John Sloop’s theories pertaining to gender identity in order to assess how this series represents gender. Analyzing key scenes in Transparent’s first and second seasons, this thesis argues that Transparent offers several sympathetic portrayal of LGBTQ+ characters, depicts gender as culturally constructed, and queers heteronormativity with its focus on LGBTQ+ issues. However, Transparent frequently relies on underdeveloped and often stereotypical depictions of LGBTQ+ characters, does not display LGBTQ+ actors in major roles, and often reinforces dominant ideologies such as heteronormativity and hegemonic masculinity in its identification. As a result, this series ultimately is mixed in advancing LGBTQ+ representation on television.

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Bakgrund  Transperson är ett begrepp som innefattar ett flertal olika könsidentiteter, många transpersoner lider av könsdysfori. En person med könsdysfori har ofta en önskan om att korrigera sin kropp, men för att kunna göra det krävs en könsidentitetsutredning, vilket är en lång och påfrestande process. Denna väntan på behandling för att få känna sig hemma i sin egen kropp, att bryta mot normen, att inte längre ha möjligheten till biologiska barn och att ständigt behöva ställas inför situationer då det är nödvändigt att ”komma ut” kan påverka hälsan, såväl psykiskt som fysiskt. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva transpersoners upplevelse av hälsa.  Metod En litteraturöversikt har genomförts. Totalt inkluderades 16 artiklar publicerade mellan år 2012 och 2019 med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod. Resultat Fyra kategorier identifierades; Livskvalitet, Det allmänna hälsotillståndet, Suicid och suicidala handlingar samt Kontakt med vården. Både livskvaliteten och det allmänna hälsotillståndet är sämre hos transpersoner jämfört med övriga befolkningen. Transpersoner har även en högre suicidfrekvensen och utsätts ofta för både diskriminering och våld. Det sociala nätverket är bristande vilket har en negativ effekt på den upplevda hälsan. Kontakten med vården skjuts ofta upp på grund av bristande bemötande och okunskap bland vårdpersonalen.  Slutsats Transpersoner är en utsatt grupp nationellt såväl som internationellt och hälsan är sämre än övriga befolkningens. Kunskapen om trans är generellt låg bland vårdpersonal. Ett sätt att säkerställa kompetens och förbättrat bemötande vore att utbildning om trans och HBTQ inkluderas i läkar- och sjuksköterskeutbildningarna. Det finns även ett behov av att könsidentitetsutredningens utformning ses över. / Background Trans person is a term that encompasses multiple gender identities, many transgender people suffer from gender dysphoria. They often have a desire to undergo gender reassignment surgery, but in order to do so, a gender identity investigation is required, which is a long and stressful process. The wait for treatment to feel at home in one's own body, being deprived of the possibility of biological children, breaking the norm and constantly having to face situations when it is necessary to "come out" could affect health, both mentally and physically.  Aim The aim was to describe trans people´s experiences of health. Method A literature review has been conducted with a total of 16 included articles, using quantitative as well as qualitative method, published between the years 2012 and 2019. Results Four categories were identified; Quality of life, General health, Suicide and suicidal acts and Contact with health care. The quality of life and experienced health among transgender people is poorer than in the rest of the population. Suicide rates are higher and transgender people are often subjected to both discrimination and violence. Their social network is lacking which has a negative effect on the perceived health. Contact with health care is often postponed due to bad encounters and ignorance from the health care professionals. Conclusion Transgender people are a vulnerable group nationally as well as internationally, and the experienced health in this group is poorer than in the rest of the population. The knowledge about trans is low among healthcare professionals. One way to ensure competence of healthcare staff is to include education on trans and LGBTQ in the physician- and nurse educational programs. There is also a need for the gender identity investigation to be reviewed.