À l’époque d’internet, de la littéracie en ligne, des relations faciles sur le plan documentaire et international, comment peut s’expliquer, en Occident, en Europe et particulièrement en France, l’existence et la survivance d’une pratique didactique aussi ancienne que le cours magistral ?On peut penser qu’au-delà de sa fonction première qui est de transmettre du savoir, il a d’autres fonctions et d’autres utilités, qui en justifient l’existence, à côté des autres formes sociales de transmission du savoir, souvent plus commodes et ouvertes. Quelles sont-elles ? Le CM serait finalement un grand inconnu, avec des dimensions explicites connues mais aussi implicites à découvrir, à savoir un canal de la transmission des savoir-penser, un réservoir des valeurs éthiques et morales et enfin une source de repères en vue d’établir un modèle de société.Reste, entre autres, une dernière question sur le plan didactique : Comment préparer ou aider les étudiants à accéder à cette part « sociale » du CM ? C’est à éclaircir ces questions que s’attache cette recherche, par l’étude détaillée de trois CM de disciplines diverses, à savoir la Psychologie de l’adolescence, la Macroéconomie et le Droit civil, enregistrés à l’UJM de St Etienne, transcrits et soumis à une macro puis micro-analyse du discours. / In this era of Internet, of online literacy, of easy linkage via documentation globally, how can we explain an interesting phenomenon in the West, in Europe continent and especially in France, the existence and the persistence of a didactic practice as old as the lecture? We propose that beyond its primary function, which is to transmit knowledge, it has other functions and other utilities. These functions and utilities justify its existence, alongside with other social forms of transmission of knowledge which are often more convenient and open. So what are those functions and utilities? Although the lectures (CM – cours magistral) as a whole would still be a great unknown, there are some known but implicit aspects waiting to be discovered, namely a channel of transmission of knowledge and way of thinking, a reservoir of ethical-moral values and finally a source of benchmarks for a model of society.Among other important questions, there is a particular interesting and useful question on the sociodidactic plan: how to prepare or to help students access this “social” aspect of the lectures?The objective of this research is to clarify the above issues, by the method of detailed study of three lectures from various disciplines, which are Psychology of adolescence, Macroeconomy and Civil Law, recorded at University of Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne. These lectures are then transcribed and subjected to macro-analysis and after that also micro-analysis of speech.

The purpose of this study is to examine the process of stabilization and/or change in university students' notions of content and transmission and acquisition of knowledge. The subjects, 25 students of engineering, economics, medicine, and psychology, were interviewed at the beginning and the end of their training period. The main result of the study is that the students of psychology, both at the beginning and the end of their training, manifest the greatest variation in notions of content and in the transmission and acquisition of knowledge. They express five qualitatively different notions at these two points of time. Furthermore, practically all students of psychology develop a repertory of notions in the course of their training. This means that the students simultaneously express more than one notion of the content of their education. Initially, the students of economics express three different notions of content and of the transmission and acquisition of knowledge. Towards the end of their training, they have developed a fourth notion. Slightly more than half of the students of economics acquire a repertory of notions of the content of economics in the course of their training. Initially, the students of medicine express three notions of medicine. Towards the end of their training they express only two different types of notions of the content of medicine. Few students of medicine develop an individual repertory of notions. Initially, the students of engineering express three different notions of engineering. Towards the end of their training they express four qualitatively different notions. Some students develop a repertory of notions of enginee­ring in the course of their training. From the point of view of content, the students' notions vary between social and individual explanations and definitions of their respective subjects. The changes in the students' notions are analysed on the basis of the curriculum code of each programme. The programmes of medicine and engineering are dominated by a collected code whereas the programmes of economics and psychology are dominated by an integrated code. / digitalisering@umu

Företag och organisationer arbetar i dag i projekt. Att arbeta i projektform kan medföra både för- och nackdelar när det gäller kunskapsöverföring. Kunskapsöverföring är viktig eftersom den möjliggör för medarbetare att använda sig av gamla lösningar på nya problem. Syftet med uppsatsen är att titta på vilken kunskap som sprids och på vilket sätt det görs mellan ett mellankommunalt projekt Kompetensare 2.0 och dess föregångare Kompetensare. Kompetensare 2.0 är ett mellankommunalt projekt mellan 10 olika kommuner som ska implementera arbetssättet och arbetsmodellen från Kompetensare. Eftersom det saknas modeller för kunskapsöverföring i mellankommunala projekt användes här en befintlig modell för kunskapsöverföring inom företag för att se om den är applicerbar även i mellankommunala projekt. Vi har valt att använda Tells och Söderlunds modell om lärande organisationer (se teoridelen) och avser att undersöka ifall den går att använda för att analysera vilken typ av kunskap som har överförts, se Figur 3, och vilka konsekvenser det har. Vi genomför intervjuer med delprojektledare och huvudprojektledare och redovisar vårt resultat från dessa i form av analysscheman. Sedan går vi igenom de olika kunskapsöverföringsprocesserna som beskrivs av Tell och Söderlund och hittar även sådana som de inte tar upp. Tell och Söderlunds matris för kunskapsöverföring är applicerbar genom att den kan beskriva de kunskapsöverföringsprocesser som har skett inom Kompetensare 2.0. Den studerade kunskapsöverföringen visar att medveten kunskap blivit till institutionaliserad kunskap i större omfattning än objektifierad kunskap blivit till institutionell kunskap, detta skiljer sig från Tell och Söderlunds modell. En tänkbar förklaring är att mängden objektifierad kunskap varit relativt liten i jämförelse med mängden medveten kunskap. En annan förklaring är att Kompetensare 2.0 är ett relativt litet projekt där samtliga delprojektledare känner varandra och träffas regelbundet personligen. Tell och Söderlunds modell är inte en heltäckande modell men kan utgöra ett teoretiskt ramverk som gör kunskapsöverföringen mer effektiv mellan projekt. I Kompetensare 2.0 visar den tydligt brister men också möjliga förbättringar i kunskapsöverföringen, den visar även vilken typ av kunskapsöverföring som har fungerat bra i Kompetensare 2.0. Modellen är särskilt relevant eftersom det idag saknas teoretisk modell för kunskapsöverföringen mellan och till delprojekten i Kompetensare 2.0. / Companies and organizations use project as a way to organize work. Projects have both advantages and disadvantages in terms of knowledge transfer. Knowledge and skill are a large part of the assets of many of today's organizations. Knowledge transfer is important for the reason that it enables employees to make use of old solutions to new problems. The purpose of this paper is to look at the transfer of knowledge between municipal projects by studying the two projects Kompetensare and Kompetensare 2.0. Kompetensare 2.0 is an inter-municipal project from 10 different municipalities with the task to implement the model of Kompetensare. In the absence of models for knowledge transfer between municipal projects we use an existing model for knowledge transfer within enterprises and see if it is applicable even for municipal projects. We use Tell’s and Söderlund's model of learning organizations (see theoretical part) and intends to investigate whether Tell and Söderlund's model can be used to analyze the type of knowledge that has been transferred, see Figure 3, and the consequences. We conduct interviews with project managers and senior project manager and report our results from these in the form of analysis schedules and go through the different knowledge transfer processes described by Tell and Söderlunds and also knowledge transfer processes that they do not take up. Tell and Söderlunds matrix for knowledge is applicable in that it can describe the knowledge transfer processes that have occurred in Kompetensare 2.0. The studied knowledge transfer shows that the conscious knowledge that has become institutionalized knowledge than has been objectified knowledge of institutional knowledge and this differs from Tell and Söderlund's model. One possible explanation is that the amount of objectified knowledge was relatively small compared to the amount of conscious knowledge. Another explanation is that Kompetensare 2.0 is a relatively small project where all project managers know each other and meet regularly in person. Tell and Söderlund's model is not a comprehensive model but as a theoretical framework that can make more efficient knowledge transfer between projects. In Kompetensare 2.0 shows it clearly on both the shortcomings and possible improvements in the transfer of knowledge but also the type of knowledge that have worked well in Kompetensare 2.0. The model is particularly relevant since there is currently no theoretical model for knowledge transfer from and to the sub-projects in Kompetensare 2.0.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 965039 bytes, checksum: 51c0c81b78ae36cf3f73a7e1f5dc897d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The value of vegetal resources becomes dependent on demographic factors emphasizing the need for researching these issues in rural communities. The present study documents knowledge dynamics and patterns depending on age and gender in use of native plants in a rural community at semiarid region of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Socioeconomic factors and ethnobotanical data were registered from 123 household heads through semi-structured interviews. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate similar uses between species. Comparisons between men and women knowledge and between age groups about species richness, number of citations mentioned as well as species-plants use knowledge measures were made to determine inter-and intra-cultural variations. The findings will reveal what age and gender were important elements of knowledge. In general, elder individuals showed greater knowledge than those younger, in addition, differential knowledge between men and women in some categories confirms occurrence of intra-cultural variations associated with gender. These outcomes show that differentiation of botanical knowledge from a gender and age perspective reinforces the importance of recognizing specific activities and needs in men and women on the design and definition of sustainable management strategies, policies and economic interventions over vegetation legacy, also acting as a priority inclusion indicator of certain species in conservation processes as a contribution to the culture and biodiversity conservation. / A valorização dos recursos vegetais torna-se dependente dos elementos demográficos enfatizando a necessidade de pesquisas que abordem essas questões nas comunidades rurais. Este estudo documenta a dinâmica e os padrões de conhecimento em função da idade e o sexo referente ao uso de plantas nativas em uma comunidade rural da região semiárida da Paraíba, Nordeste, Brasil. Aspectos socioeconômicos e dados etnobotânicos foram registrados para 123 chefes domiciliares por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Análise de Componente Principal (PCA) foi utilizada para avaliar a similaridade de uso entre as espécies. Comparações entre os conhecimentos de homens e mulheres e entre grupos etários em relação à riqueza de espécies, ao número de citações mencionadas e às medidas de conhecimento de espécies e uso de plantas, foram feitas para determinar variações inter e intra culturais. Os resultados revelaram que a idade e o gênero foram elementos importantes para o conhecimento. De modo geral, indivíduos mais velhos demonstraram ter maior conhecimento que aqueles mais jovens, além disso, o conhecimento diferencial entre mulheres e homens para algumas categorias confirma a ocorrência de variações intraculturais associadas ao sexo. Estes resultados mostram que a diferenciação do conhecimento botânico na perspectiva de gênero e idade reforça a importância do reconhecimento das atividades e das necessidades específicas de homens e mulheres, no desenho e na definição de estratégias de gestão sustentável e nas intervenções políticas e econômicas sobre o patrimônio vegetal. Além disso, o conhecimento constitui-se como um indicador que permite priorizar a inclusão de determinadas espécies em processos de conservação como uma contribuição na manutenção da cultura e da biodiversidade.

This volume deals with the exchange of spatial knowledge that accompanied the nineteenth-century European exploration of what are today eastern Senegambia and southwestern Mali. The travelogues of Raffenel and Gallieni are analysed with regard to how spatial information was negotiated, under what conditions it was transmitted and what problems arose. The dependence of the two Frenchmen on African informants is demonstrated, and in some cases it can be shown that they incorporated African spatial knowledge into their monographs and maps.

The present research consists of an interdisciplinary approach which combines mainly sub-disciplines from the anthropological and psychological perspectives as theoretical background. Regarding the latter, from the cognitive anthropology perspective the research highlights Bradd Shore’s (1996) view on cognitive models, together with the theories put forward by the sociocultural approach in psychology based on Vygotsky’s school of thought. The main objective of the study is to achieve a broad view on the use of traditional korero paki and korero o nehera (Maori folktales/legends and myths) as pedagogical tools and as cognitive models. The latter includes a bibliographical review which covers the analysis of narratives and their usage from different areas, such as Maori epistemology and education, cultural psychology and cognitive anthropology. Being a research stemmed from an anthropological concern –how do people from different sociocultural backgrounds construct and transmit knowledge- it considered as a fundamental element an empirical or “fieldwork” approach to the matter. Therefore, the research analyses –based on semi-structured interviews- the perspectives and understanding of the usage of traditional Maori narratives as educational tools of scholars in the Maori studies/education field and of a sample of Maori teachers, most of them connected to a Kura Kaupapa Maori school, constituting a “study case” for this qualitative study. A period of complementary participant observation was also carried out, focusing on the pedagogical practises and styles of the participant teachers. Through this, the research aims to contextualise the bibliographical and theoretical findings, considering the contemporary applications, limitations and understandings encountered through concrete experience.

The present research consists of an interdisciplinary approach which combines mainly sub-disciplines from the anthropological and psychological perspectives as theoretical background. Regarding the latter, from the cognitive anthropology perspective the research highlights Bradd Shore’s (1996) view on cognitive models, together with the theories put forward by the sociocultural approach in psychology based on Vygotsky’s school of thought. The main objective of the study is to achieve a broad view on the use of traditional korero paki and korero o nehera (Maori folktales/legends and myths) as pedagogical tools and as cognitive models. The latter includes a bibliographical review which covers the analysis of narratives and their usage from different areas, such as Maori epistemology and education, cultural psychology and cognitive anthropology. Being a research stemmed from an anthropological concern –how do people from different sociocultural backgrounds construct and transmit knowledge- it considered as a fundamental element an empirical or “fieldwork” approach to the matter. Therefore, the research analyses –based on semi-structured interviews- the perspectives and understanding of the usage of traditional Maori narratives as educational tools of scholars in the Maori studies/education field and of a sample of Maori teachers, most of them connected to a Kura Kaupapa Maori school, constituting a “study case” for this qualitative study. A period of complementary participant observation was also carried out, focusing on the pedagogical practises and styles of the participant teachers. Through this, the research aims to contextualise the bibliographical and theoretical findings, considering the contemporary applications, limitations and understandings encountered through concrete experience.

The present research consists of an interdisciplinary approach which combines mainly sub-disciplines from the anthropological and psychological perspectives as theoretical background. Regarding the latter, from the cognitive anthropology perspective the research highlights Bradd Shore’s (1996) view on cognitive models, together with the theories put forward by the sociocultural approach in psychology based on Vygotsky’s school of thought. The main objective of the study is to achieve a broad view on the use of traditional korero paki and korero o nehera (Maori folktales/legends and myths) as pedagogical tools and as cognitive models. The latter includes a bibliographical review which covers the analysis of narratives and their usage from different areas, such as Maori epistemology and education, cultural psychology and cognitive anthropology. Being a research stemmed from an anthropological concern –how do people from different sociocultural backgrounds construct and transmit knowledge- it considered as a fundamental element an empirical or “fieldwork” approach to the matter. Therefore, the research analyses –based on semi-structured interviews- the perspectives and understanding of the usage of traditional Maori narratives as educational tools of scholars in the Maori studies/education field and of a sample of Maori teachers, most of them connected to a Kura Kaupapa Maori school, constituting a “study case” for this qualitative study. A period of complementary participant observation was also carried out, focusing on the pedagogical practises and styles of the participant teachers. Through this, the research aims to contextualise the bibliographical and theoretical findings, considering the contemporary applications, limitations and understandings encountered through concrete experience.

The present research consists of an interdisciplinary approach which combines mainly sub-disciplines from the anthropological and psychological perspectives as theoretical background. Regarding the latter, from the cognitive anthropology perspective the research highlights Bradd Shore’s (1996) view on cognitive models, together with the theories put forward by the sociocultural approach in psychology based on Vygotsky’s school of thought. The main objective of the study is to achieve a broad view on the use of traditional korero paki and korero o nehera (Maori folktales/legends and myths) as pedagogical tools and as cognitive models. The latter includes a bibliographical review which covers the analysis of narratives and their usage from different areas, such as Maori epistemology and education, cultural psychology and cognitive anthropology. Being a research stemmed from an anthropological concern –how do people from different sociocultural backgrounds construct and transmit knowledge- it considered as a fundamental element an empirical or “fieldwork” approach to the matter. Therefore, the research analyses –based on semi-structured interviews- the perspectives and understanding of the usage of traditional Maori narratives as educational tools of scholars in the Maori studies/education field and of a sample of Maori teachers, most of them connected to a Kura Kaupapa Maori school, constituting a “study case” for this qualitative study. A period of complementary participant observation was also carried out, focusing on the pedagogical practises and styles of the participant teachers. Through this, the research aims to contextualise the bibliographical and theoretical findings, considering the contemporary applications, limitations and understandings encountered through concrete experience.

The present research consists of an interdisciplinary approach which combines mainly sub-disciplines from the anthropological and psychological perspectives as theoretical background. Regarding the latter, from the cognitive anthropology perspective the research highlights Bradd Shore’s (1996) view on cognitive models, together with the theories put forward by the sociocultural approach in psychology based on Vygotsky’s school of thought. The main objective of the study is to achieve a broad view on the use of traditional korero paki and korero o nehera (Maori folktales/legends and myths) as pedagogical tools and as cognitive models. The latter includes a bibliographical review which covers the analysis of narratives and their usage from different areas, such as Maori epistemology and education, cultural psychology and cognitive anthropology. Being a research stemmed from an anthropological concern –how do people from different sociocultural backgrounds construct and transmit knowledge- it considered as a fundamental element an empirical or “fieldwork” approach to the matter. Therefore, the research analyses –based on semi-structured interviews- the perspectives and understanding of the usage of traditional Maori narratives as educational tools of scholars in the Maori studies/education field and of a sample of Maori teachers, most of them connected to a Kura Kaupapa Maori school, constituting a “study case” for this qualitative study. A period of complementary participant observation was also carried out, focusing on the pedagogical practises and styles of the participant teachers. Through this, the research aims to contextualise the bibliographical and theoretical findings, considering the contemporary applications, limitations and understandings encountered through concrete experience.