Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1984. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-128). Also available online.

Known for their high metabolism, shrews possess an incessant need to eat high quality foods. This drives much of the biology of shrews and has caused great difficulties when attempting to study shrews using mark-recapture methods. I reviewed the literature and identified potential causes of varied trappability in small mammals. Weather related factors were important in determining activity levels and thus trappability. Social relationships (both inter- and intraspecific) were found to contribute to trappability, in some cases with dominant individuals completely excluding subordinates from traps. Trap type was the easiest factor for a researcher to vary, and thus received most of the attention in the published literature. Sherman, pitfall, and Longworth traps were commonly used, and although pitfall traps are commonly used as removal traps, there is the potential for their use as live traps. The pitfall and Longworth traps seemed the most appropriate for capture of particularly small mammals, especially shrews; however comparisons between these three trap types were confounded by differing methods used for each trap type, and small sample sizes. I tested the relative efficiencies of pitfall and Longworth traps for livetrapping vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans), and found the Longworth trap to be much more efficient, capturing up to five times as many individual shrews as pitfall traps. I also tested the utility of addition of mealworms as food for shrews, and the effect of increased trap check frequency on the trap mortality rates of vagrant shrews. The addition of mealworms significantly reduced mortality rates, and the addition of one midday trap check, so that traps were not left open for more than 8 h, reduced overall trap mortality rates in mealworm baited traps from nearly 60% (in non mealworm baited traps, checked at 12 h intervals) to less than 10%. Finally, I tested the effect of drift-fences on capture rates of shrews in pitfall and Longworth live traps on riparian and upland traplines. I found no significant differences between the trap types, or between traps equipped with drift-fences, and those without. However, any effect would have been masked by overall low trap success during this experiment.

No description available.

Known for their high metabolism, shrews possess an incessant need to eat high quality foods. This drives much of the biology of shrews and has caused great difficulties when attempting to study shrews using mark-recapture methods. I reviewed the literature and identified potential causes of varied trappability in small mammals. Weather related factors were important in determining activity levels and thus trappability. Social relationships (both inter- and intraspecific) were found to contribute to trappability, in some cases with dominant individuals completely excluding subordinates from traps. Trap type was the easiest factor for a researcher to vary, and thus received most of the attention in the published literature. Sherman, pitfall, and Longworth traps were commonly used, and although pitfall traps are commonly used as removal traps, there is the potential for their use as live traps. The pitfall and Longworth traps seemed the most appropriate for capture of particularly small mammals, especially shrews; however comparisons between these three trap types were confounded by differing methods used for each trap type, and small sample sizes. I tested the relative efficiencies of pitfall and Longworth traps for livetrapping vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans), and found the Longworth trap to be much more efficient, capturing up to five times as many individual shrews as pitfall traps. I also tested the utility of addition of mealworms as food for shrews, and the effect of increased trap check frequency on the trap mortality rates of vagrant shrews. The addition of mealworms significantly reduced mortality rates, and the addition of one midday trap check, so that traps were not left open for more than 8 h, reduced overall trap mortality rates in mealworm baited traps from nearly 60% (in non mealworm baited traps, checked at 12 h intervals) to less than 10%. Finally, I tested the effect of drift-fences on capture rates of shrews in pitfall and Longworth live traps on riparian and upland traplines. I found no significant differences between the trap types, or between traps equipped with drift-fences, and those without. However, any effect would have been masked by overall low trap success during this experiment.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (ℓ. 24-34)

Known for their high metabolism, shrews possess an incessant need to eat high quality foods. This drives much of the biology of shrews and has caused great difficulties when attempting to study shrews using mark-recapture methods. I reviewed the literature and identified potential causes of varied trappability in small mammals. Weather related factors were important in determining activity levels and thus trappability. Social relationships (both inter- and intraspecific) were found to contribute to trappability, in some cases with dominant individuals completely excluding subordinates from traps. Trap type was the easiest factor for a researcher to vary, and thus received most of the attention in the published literature. Sherman, pitfall, and Longworth traps were commonly used, and although pitfall traps are commonly used as removal traps, there is the potential for their use as live traps. The pitfall and Longworth traps seemed the most appropriate for capture of particularly small mammals, especially shrews; however comparisons between these three trap types were confounded by differing methods used for each trap type, and small sample sizes. I tested the relative efficiencies of pitfall and Longworth traps for livetrapping vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans), and found the Longworth trap to be much more efficient, capturing up to five times as many individual shrews as pitfall traps. I also tested the utility of addition of mealworms as food for shrews, and the effect of increased trap check frequency on the trap mortality rates of vagrant shrews. The addition of mealworms significantly reduced mortality rates, and the addition of one midday trap check, so that traps were not left open for more than 8 h, reduced overall trap mortality rates in mealworm baited traps from nearly 60% (in non mealworm baited traps, checked at 12 h intervals) to less than 10%. Finally, I tested the effect of drift-fences on capture rates of shrews in pitfall and Longworth live traps on riparian and upland traplines. I found no significant differences between the trap types, or between traps equipped with drift-fences, and those without. However, any effect would have been masked by overall low trap success during this experiment. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This dissertation presents novel techniques applied to double nanohole (DNH) optical tweezer with the idea of characterizing and developing capabilities of nanoaperture trap, for single molecule and nanoparticle analysis. In addition, an alternative approach for fabrication of double nanoholes using template stripping is presented. The strength of the DNH tweezer was characterized quantitatively in terms of trap stiffness using two techniques: autocorrelation of Brownian-induced intensity fluctuations and trapping transient. These experimental techniques have, for the first time, been applied to an aperture based trap used for trapping Rayleigh particles in the range of few nanometres. These techniques can be used for calibration and comparison of the aperture based traps among themselves and with other nano-optical tweezers. A statistical technique based on the parameters, time-to-trap and the transient jump due to optical trapping was used for sensing the concentration, size and refractive index of the nanoparticles. The time-to-trap showed a linear dependence with particle size and a -2/3 power dependence with particle concentration, which is in agreement with the diffusion theory based on simple microfluidic considerations. The transient jump in the trapping signal at the trapping instant scales empirically as the Clausius–Mossotti factor for different refractive index particles. The ability of the DNH tweezer to hold small Rayleigh particles with high efficiency and also the increased sensitivity of the transmission signal to the trapped particle during detection makes it favourable for studying the dynamics and interactions of biomolecules. In this direction, the unzipping of the hairpin DNA and its interaction with the tumour suppressor p53 transcription protein, which suppresses the unzipping, were detected using double nanohole optical tweezer. The energy associated with the suppression of unzipping was found to be close to the binding energy of p53-DNA complex. The mutant p53 inability to supress the unzipping of the DNA was also confirmed, showing the ability of the DNH tweezer to distinguish between the mutant p53 and the wild-type. An extraordinary acoustic Raman (EAR) technique was used to study the vibrational modes of ssDNA molecule. The resonant vibrational modes were found to be in the sub 100 GHz range and could be tuned based on the base sequence and length of the DNA strand. The vibrational modes were verified using 1-D lattice vibration theory. Finally, an alternative approach of template stripping for fast and cheaper fabrication of DNH is presented. The template strip process can be used reliably for mass production of gold slide containing DNH’s and also results in cost reduction by 70 % for a single gold slide. Also, we have successfully used this approach to transfer DNH structure to the tip of the cleaved fiber, which would make the DNH tweezer module more compact and scalable. This would open up opportunities for many other applications for single molecule and nanoparticle analysis such as transfer of molecules in-situ to other biomolecular solution for studying their interactions and many others. / Graduate

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No description available.