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Dans la forêt boréale, les températures augmentent et les régimes de précipitations changent, ce qui entraîne une augmentation de l'intensité et de la fréquence des conditions de sécheresse. Ces changements devraient se poursuivre et avoir des effets complexes et variables sur la végétation de la forêt boréale, notamment la modification de la composition due à la sécheresse, la mortalité des arbres et la disparition des forêts. L'objectif de cette thèse était de fournir une meilleure compréhension fonctionnelle des relations arbre-eau pour deux espèces d'arbres boréales communes et co-occurrentes (l’épinette noire; Picea mariana et le mélèze laricin; Larix laricina) à travers la forêt boréale de l'ouest du Canada. Pour ce faire, j’ai étudié comment les différents éléments de l'hydraulique des arbres, y compris la transpiration, et le déficit hydrique, étaient affectés par les conditions locales (structure du peuplement, conditions édaphiques et type de couverture terrestre), les stratégies fonctionnelles des arbres (caractéristiques structurelles et foliaires) et/ou les conditions climatiques (déficit de pression de vapeur, rayonnement, température de l'air, pluie et évapotranspiration). J'ai déterminé que l'utilisation acquisitive des ressources se traduisait par une productivité plus élevée chez le mélèze laricin, lorsque la disponibilité en eau était élevée, que les nutriments n'étaient pas limités et que la concurrence pour la lumière était favorable. L'épinette noire, en revanche, avait une acquisition lente des ressources, privilégiant la conservation de l'eau par rapport à la croissance radiale. J'ai déterminé que la transpiration de l'épinette noire et du mélèze laricin était influencée par l'hétérogénéité du site dans un complexe de tourbières boréales boisées, entraînant une variabilité de la contribution de la transpiration à l’échelle de l’évapotranspiration de l'écosystème. J’ai associé des variables environnementales au déficit hydrique des arbres au niveau de l'espèce afin de déterminer les facteurs de stress hydrique chez l'épinette noire et le mélèze laricin sur cinq sites de la limite sud à la limite nord de la forêt boréale. J'ai determiné que le déficit hydrique quotidien des arbres était contrôlé par la transpiration, tandis que les périodes plus longues (jours à semaines) de stress dû à la sécheresse étaient contrôlées par le rayonnement solaire et la disponibilité de l'eau, et étaient coordonnées avec les flux d'évapotranspiration à l’échelle du peuplement. Il est important de comprendre les relations hydriques des espèces d'arbres dans le biome boréal occidental du Canada, car la disponibilité en eau devrait devenir de plus en plus limitée dans cette région. Malgré des stratégies différentes selon les espèces pour faire face aux conditions actuelles de la forêt boréale, il existe des incertitudes quant à la résilience des arbres face aux changements environnementaux prévus. La poursuite des travaux visant à quantifier les réponses des espèces d'arbres communes et répandues à des conditions progressivement limitées en eau aidera à comprendre la résilience des forêts boréales face aux changements environnementaux rapides et à maintenir leurs services écosystémiques liés à la régulation du climat, à la séquestration du carbone, à l'habitat de la faune et de la flore, à la culture et à l'économie. / In the boreal forest, air temperatures are increasing, and precipitation regimes are changing, leading to amplified intensity and frequency of drought conditions. Changes are projected to continue, resulting in complex and variable effects on boreal forest vegetation including drought-induced forest compositional changes, tree mortality and, in some places, forest loss. The objective l of this work was to provide an improved functional understanding of tree-water relationships for two common and co-occurring boreal tree species (black spruce; Picea mariana and tamarack; Larix laricina) across Canada’s western boreal forest. To achieve this objective, I explored how different elements of tree-water relations, including transpiration, and tree water deficit were affected by local conditions (stand structure, edaphic conditions, and land cover type), tree functional strategies (structural and foliar traits), and/or meteorological conditions (vapor pressure deficit, radiation, air temperature, rain, and evapotranspiration). In Chapter 2, I explored the coordination between resource-use strategies of tamarack and black spruce, and found that acquisitive resource-use resulted in higher productivity in tamarack, when water availability was high, nutrients were not limited and competition for light was favourable. Black spruce, by contrast, had slow resource acquisition, prioritizing water conservation over radial growth. Next, in Chapter 3, I determined that transpiration of black spruce and tamarack were influenced by site heterogeneity across a forested boreal peatland complex, leading to variability in the contribution of stand-level transpiration to ecosystem evapotranspiration. Finally, in Chapter 4, I paired environmental variables with species-level tree water deficit to determine the drivers of water-stress in black spruce and tamarack across five sites spanning the extent of the boreal biome in western North America from the southern to northern boreal tree-line. I determined that daily tree water deficit was controlled by transpiration, while longer periods (days to weeks) of drought stress were controlled by solar radiation and water availability. Both short and long periods of tree water deficit caused greater stand-level fluxes of evapotranspiration. Understanding water relations of tree species in Canada’s western boreal biome is of utmost importance as water availability is projected to become increasingly limited in this region. Although tree species have different strategies to cope with current conditions in the boreal forest, there is uncertainty regarding the resilience of black spruce and tamarack to projected environmental changes. Continued work to quantify the responses of common and widespread tree species to progressively water-limited conditions will help to understand the resilience of boreal forests in the face of rapid environmental change, and to maintain their ecosystem services related to climate regulation, carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, culture and economy.

[Truncated abstract. Please see the pdf format for the complete text. Also, formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version for an accurate reproduction.] This thesis examines the water use, ecophysiology and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing on bauxite mine rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia. The principal objective was to characterise the key environment and plant-based influences on tree water use, and to better understand the dynamics of water use over a range of spatial and temporal scales in this drought-prone ecosystem. A novel sap flow measurement system (based on the use of the heat pulse method) was developed so that a large number of trees could be monitored concurrently in the field. A validation experiment using potted jarrah saplings showed that rates of sap flow (transpiration) obtained using this system agreed with those obtained gravimetrically. Notably, diurnal patterns of transpiration were measured accurately and with precision using the newly developed heat ratio method. Field studies showed that water stress and water use by jarrah saplings on rehabilitation sites were strongly seasonal: being greatest in summer when it was warm and dry, and least in winter when it was cool and wet. At different times, water use was influenced by soil water availability, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and plant hydraulic conductance. In some areas, there was evidence of a rapid decline in transpiration in response to dry soil conditions. At the end of summer, most saplings on rehabilitation sites were not water stressed, whereas water status in the forest was poor for small saplings but improved with increasing size. It has been recognised that mature jarrah trees avoid drought by having deep root systems, however, it appears that saplings on rehabilitation sites may have not yet developed functional deep roots, and as such, they may be heavily reliant on moisture stored in surface soil horizons. Simple predictive models of tree water use revealed that stand water use was 74 % of annual rainfall at a high density (leaf area index, LAI = 3.1), high rainfall (1200 mm yr-1) site, and 12 % of rainfall at a low density (LAI = 0.4), low rainfall (600 mm yr-1) site, and that water use increased with stand growth. A controlled field experiment confirmed that: (1) sapling transpiration was restricted as root-zone water availability declined, irrespective of VPD; (2) transpiration was correlated with VPD when water was abundant; and (3) transpiration was limited by soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance when water was abundant and VPD was high (> 2 kPa). Specifically, transpiration was regulated by stomatal conductance. Large stomatal apertures could sustain high transpiration rates, but stomata were sensitive to hydraulic perturbations caused by soil water deficits and/or high evaporative demand. No other physiological mechanisms conferred immediate resistance to drought. Empirical observations were agreeably linked with a current theory suggesting that stomata regulate transpiration and plant water potential in order to prevent hydraulic dysfunction following a reduction in soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance. Moreover, it was clear that plant hydraulic capacity determined the pattern and extent of stomatal regulation. Differences in hydraulic capacity across a gradient in water availability were a reflection of differences in root-to-leaf hydraulic conductance, and were possibly related to differences in xylem structure. Saplings on rehabilitation sites had greater hydraulic conductance (by 50 %) and greater leaf-specific rates of transpiration at the high rainfall site (1.5 kg m-2 day1) than at the low rainfall site (0.8 kg m-2 day1) under near optimal conditions. Also, rehabilitation-grown saplings had significantly greater leaf area, leaf area to sapwood area ratios and hydraulic conductance (by 30-50 %) compared to forest-grown saplings, a strong indication that soils in rehabilitation sites contained more water than soils in the forest. Results suggested that: (1) the hydraulic structure and function of saplings growing under the same climatic conditions was determined by soil water availability; (2) drought reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration by reducing whole-tree hydraulic conductance; and (3) saplings growing on open rehabilitation sites utilised more abundant water, light and nutrients than saplings growing in the forest understorey. These findings support a paradigm that trees evolve hydraulic equipment and physiological characteristics suited to the most efficient use of water from a particular spatial and temporal niche in the soil environment.

[Truncated abstract] Insufficient water use by annual crop and pasture species leading to costly rises in saline watertables has prompted research into potentially profitable deep-rooted perennial species in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Native mallee eucalypts are currently being developed as a short-rotation coppice crop for production of leaf oils, activated carbon and bio-electricity for low rainfall areas (300—450 mm) too dry for many of the traditional timber and forage species. The research in this study was aimed at developing a knowledge base necessary to grow and manage coppiced mallee eucalypts for both high productivity and salinity control. This firstly necessitated identification of suitable species, climatic and site requirements favourable to rapid growth, and understanding of factors likely to affect yield of the desirable leaf oil constituent, 1,8-cineole. This was undertaken using nine mallee taxa at twelve sites with two harvest regimes. E. kochii subsp. plenissima emerged as showing promise in the central and northern wheatbelt, particularly at a deep acid sand site (Gn 2.61; Northcote, 1979), so further studies focussed on physiology of its resprouting, water use and water-use efficiency at a similar site near Kalannie. Young E. kochii trees were well equipped with large numbers of meristematic foci and adequate root starch reserves to endure repeated shoot removal. The cutting season and interval between cuts were then demonstrated to have a strong influence on productivity, since first-year coppice growth was slow and root systems appeared to cease in secondary growth during the first 1.5—2.5 years after cutting. After decapitation, trees altered their physiology to promote rapid replacement of shoots. Compared to uncut trees, leaves of coppices were formed with a low carbon content per unit area, and showed high stomatal conductance accompanied by high leaf photosynthetic rates. Whole-plant water use efficiency of coppiced trees was unusually high due to their fast relative growth rates associated with preferential investments of photosynthates into regenerating canopies rather than roots. Despite relatively small leaf areas on coppice shoots over the two years following decapitation, high leaf transpiration rates resulted in coppices using water at rates far in excess of that falling as rain on the tree belt area. Water budgets showed that 20 % of the study paddock would have been needed as 0—2 year coppices in 5 m wide twin-row belts in order to maintain hydrological balance over the study period. Maximum water use occurred where uncut trees were accessing a fresh perched aquifer, but where this was not present water budgets still showed transpiration of uncut trees occurring at rates equivalent to 3—4 times rainfall incident on the tree belt canopy. In this scenario, only 10 % of the paddock surface would have been required under 5 m wide tree belts to restore hydrological balance, but competition losses in adjacent pasture would have been greater