Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June 2010. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) involves the synthesis of several synthetic targets by transforming a collection of structurally simple and similar starting materials into a collection of structurally more complex and diverse products. This thesis describes the elaboration of a 6,6-spiroacetal scaffold to incorporate biologically useful moieties, in particular nucleobases, triazoles and amino acids, thus generating a collection of novel hybrid structures. The research reported, herein, focused on the synthesis of spiroacetal-nucleosides, triazoles and amino acids bearing a C8′-hydroxymethyl substituent.

Athanasios Markos Abstract This Thesis deals with denitrogenative transformations of N-fluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles, easily available heterocycles via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of safe and stable N-fluoroalkyl azides and alkynes. The introductory chapter describes general approaches towards N1-substituted 1,2,3- triazoles, methods of N1-,-difluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles preparation and both, transition metal-catalyzed and transition metal-free transformations of N1-substituted 1,2,3- triazoles. In the first part of the Thesis, rhodium-catalyzed reactions of N-fluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles are described. Rhodium-catalyzed reactions of N-fluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles in presence of suitable reagents provide access to five-membered N-fluoroalkyl heterocycles, 2- fluoroalkyl oxazoles and ketamides. In the second part of the Thesis, both Brønsted and Lewis acid-mediated transformations of N-fluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles leading to stereodefined N-alkenyl compounds, such as enamides, enimines, amidines and other are discussed. The robustness of the method is showcased on gram scale syntheses and preparation of a drug analogue. At last, thermally-induced rearrangement of N-fluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles to 3-fluoroalkyl-2H- azirines and the proposed mechanism of the reaction are described.

Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous saprophytic mold that is found abundantly in the biosphere. A. fumigatus is also an airborne human pathogen and is considered the major cause of aspergillosis, infections caused by inhalation of conidia. In immunocompetent individuals, the spores rarely cause any harm as they are cleared by innate pulmonary defences; however, in immunocompromised patients, the host immune system can fail to clear the inhaled conidia and aspergillosis may develop. Indeed, aspergillosis represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these populations. Aspergillosis is commonly treated using triazole and amphotericin B (AMB) antifungal agents. However, the increasing prevalence of triazole resistant strains and emergence of AMB resistance has become a challenge in treatment. To further expand our knowledge on the mechanisms of antifungal resistance in the species, we tested previously known or associated genes for antifungal resistance as well as investigated novel mechanisms via multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which used a total of 211 genomes from A. fumigatus strains in 12 countries. Our results identified many novel mutations related to triazole and AMB resistance. Specifically, using stepwise GWAS analyses, we identified 6 and 18 missense variants to be significantly associated with itraconazole and voriconazole resistance, respectively. A linkage disequilibrium analysis identified six additional missense variants associated with triazole resistance, with two of these six being consistently associated with pan-azole resistance across subsets of samples. Furthermore, examination of known mutation sites and genes overexpressed with triazole exposure found a total of 65 SNPs implicated in triazole resistance. For the AMB study, we identified a total of 34 mutations associated with AMB tolerance using a GWAS. Subsequent analysis with 143 progeny strains, generated from a laboratory cross and genotyped with PCR-RFLP, identified epistatic interactions between five of these SNP sites that impacted growth in different concentrations of AMB. With the expanding immunocompromised population and increasing frequency of antifungal resistance, our results will help in investigating novel resistance mechanisms in A. fumigatus and in expanding the molecular diagnostic toolset in resistance screening, to enable rapid and accurate diagnosis and treatment decision-making. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

En la presente Tesis Doctoral se describe la síntesis de nuevos compuestos bioactivos derivados de 1,2,3-triazol. La reacción de cicloadición 1,3-dipolar de Huisgen se llevó a cabo sobre distintos sustratos de interés, empleando nanopartículas de cobre (CuNPs) como catalizador de la reacción. Las mismas fueron obtenidas a través del sistema CuCl2-Li-DTBB empleado en nuestro grupo de investigación, tanto para la generación de NPs desnudas como soportadas. En todos los casos se obtuvieron los 1,2,3-triazoles 1,4-disustituídos con excelente regioselectividad. En el Apartado I (p.1-33), a modo de introducción general, se detallan antecedentes en la síntesis de 1,2,3-triazoles y las distintas actividades biológicas que poseen este tipo de compuestos. De manera similar se analizan distintos tipos de compuestos fosforados. En el Apartado II (p.34) se detallan los objetivos generales de esta Tesis Doctoral, que se desarrollarán en los siguientes tres capítulos. En el Apartado III (p.35-126), se desarrollará el Capítulo I que explora la síntesis de nuevos moduladores alostéricos del receptor nicotínico α7. Se describe la optimización de las condiciones de reacción para la cicloadición y los estudios de relaciones estructura-actividad realizados. A su vez se detalla la evaluación biológica de estos compuestos, realizada en colaboración con el grupo de la Dra. Cecilia Bouzat (INIBIBB-CONICET). En el Apartado IV (p.127-188) se desarrollará el Capítulo II, donde se describe la síntesis de 1,2,3-triazoles conteniendo derivados de indol. Se detalla la síntesis de los precursores, y la optimización de la reacción de cicloadición 1,3-dipolar para cada tipo de sustrato. Además, se especifican los ensayos biológicos realizados. Este trabajo se realizó en el marco de una estancia pre doctoral en el grupo de Neurofármacos del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) bajo la dirección de la Dra. Ma. Isabel Rodríguez-Franco. En el Apartado V (p.189-222), se desarrolla el Capítulo III donde se expone la síntesis de 1,2,3-triazoles di y trisustituidos, empleados como candidatos para reemplazar el anillo A de la vitamina D. Se discuten también los métodos de acoplamiento empleados para incorporarlos en el biciclo CD de vitamina D. / In this work, the synthesis of novel bioactive compounds, derived from 1,2,3-triazole moiety, is described. 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (Huisgen reaction) was carried out with different substrates, using copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) as reaction catalyst. These NPs were obtained by reduction of the corresponding metal salt through the CuCl2-Li-DTBB reactive system. In this way, supported and unsupported CuNPs were generated. In all cases, the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles were obtained with excellent regioselectivity. In Section I (p.1-33), by way of general introduction, synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles, and their biological activities, are detailed. In the same way, different types of phosphorated compounds are analysed. In Section II (p.34), the general objectives of this thesis, which will be developed in the next three chapters, are detailed. In Section III (p.35-126), Chapter I will be developed, in which the synthesis of novel allosteric modulators of the α7 nicotinic receptor is explored. The optimization of reaction conditions for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies conducted, are described. The biological evaluation of these compounds, carried out in collaboration with Dra Cecilia Bouzat research group (INIBIBB-CONICET), it’s also described. In Section IV (p.127-188), Chapter II will be developed, in which the synthesis of 1,2,3- triazole-Indole derivatives is described. The synthesis of precursors, and the optimization of Huisgen reaction for each type of substrate, is described. The bioassays conducted for these compounds are also detailed. This work was carried out within the framework of a pre-doctoral stay in the NeuroDrugs group of the Medicinal Chemistry Institute at the Spanish National Research Council (IQM-CSIC), under the supervision of Dra. Ma. Isabel Rodríguez-Franco. In Section V (p.189-222), Chapter III will be developed, in which the synthesis of di and trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles, used as candidates to replace vitamin D ring A, is described. Coupling methods used to incorporate them into the vitamin D CD bicycle are also discussed.

Le but principal de ce travail a été de mettre en évidence le potentiel synthétique de nouvelles bases mixtes fer-lithium dans des réactions de déprotométallation en série aromatique. Dans un premier chapitre, les travaux de la littérature sur les composés fer-métal alcalin et notamment les bases ont d’abord été exposés. Notre étude a permis d’optimiser  une  nouvelle base fer-lithium et a montré la capacité de celle-ci à réaliser des réactions de déprotonation relativement chimiosélectives et efficaces. Les paramètres de la réaction de déprotométallation ont été optimisés en utilisant l’iode comme électrophile. Cette méthode a été étendue à divers hétérocycles et le piégeage subséquent à différents électrophiles. Dans un second chapitre, le comportement de la base fer-lithium développée a été comparé à celui d’autres bases bimétalliques utilisées au laboratoire. La fonctionnalisation des triazoles par ces bases a montré que la base zinc-lithium était la base la plus appropriée pour ce type de substrats. La fonctionnalisation à l’aide de cette base a donc été étendue en série indazole et benzotriazole. Les résultats ont été rationalisés en utilisant les acidités des hydrogènes des substrats (pKₐ). Dans un dernier chapitre, les méthodes développées ont été valorisées par la synthèse de 2,4-diaryl-1,2,3-triazoles analogues du resvératrol. Les propriétés cytotoxiques de ces molécules seront évaluées. Cette application reste à approfondir. / The main purpose of this work was to highlight the synthetic potential of new mixed iron-lithium bases in aromatic deprotometallation reactions. In the first chapter, literature works about iron-alkali metal compounds and notably bases were firstly presented. Our study led to the optimization of a new iron-lithium base and showed its ability to achieve rather chemoselective and efficient deprotonation reactions. The reaction parameters of deprotometallation were optimized by using iodine as the electrophile. This method was extended to various heterocycles and the subsequent trapping to different electrophiles. In a second chapter, the behaviour of the iron-lithium base developed was compared with that of other bimetallic bases used in th laboratory. The functionalization of triazoles using these bases showed that the zinc-lithium was the most suitable base for this kind of substrate. Thus, the functionalization using this base was extended to indazole and benzotriazole series. The results were rationalized by using the hydrogen acidities of the substrates (pKₐ). In the last chapter, the methods developed were made more attractive by the synthesis of 2,4-diaryl-1,2,3-triazoles analogues of resveratrol. The cytotoxic properties of these molecules will be evaluated. This application remains to be explored.

Nous avons développé une stratégie de synthèse basée sur la cycloaddition 1,3‐dipolaire catalysée par le Cu(I) pour la préparation de LCPs et LCEs. Nous avons considéré deux approches. La première consiste en l’élaboration des monomères (protomésogènes) portant des fonctionnalités alcynes terminaux et des molécules portant des groupements azurés suivi de leur réaction selon un procédé en une seule étape. Dans la seconde approche, la formation du "protomésogène" se fait in situ lors de la réaction de cycloaddition (polymerisation) à partir de blocs complémentaires portant des fonctionnalités alcynes et azurés. Tous les composés synthétisés ont été caractérisés par des techniques classiques d'analyses chimiques ou physiques (élastomères). Dans tous les cas, les analyses thermiques (ATG et DSC) ont été menées afin de déterminer l’existence de mésophases et la stabilité des produits, et le cas échéant, les propriétés mésomorphes ont été analysées par POM et SAXS. / In this work we have developed a new strategy based on the Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between azides and alkynes for the preparation of a variety of LCPs and LCEs. Two approaches are presented. The first one consists in clicking together appropriate alkyne‐difunctionalized potential mesogens with azide‐difunctionalized spacers (polymers) and crosslinker (elastomers) in a one‐pot procedure. In an alternative approach, the potential mesogens are formed in situ during the polymerization procedure by cliking prefunctionalized building blocks bearing alkyne and azide functions. All of the samples were chemically or physically (elastomers) characterized by typical analysis. Their thermal behavior was investigated by using techniques such as ATG and DSC and where necessary (mesomorphic materials) by using POM and SAXS.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The creation of nanometer-scale (nanoscale) materials has fascinated and inspired the scientific community for more than a quarter of a century because of the wide range of applications of these materials, e.g. applications in drug delivery, medicine, tissue engineering, memory storage, display and audio devices, semiconductors, etc. π-Conjugated dendrimers have a proposed flat packing arrangement. An alternating phenyl isoxazole dendrimer system was developed to investigate this phenomenon. The synthesis of this dendritic system was attempted by divergent and convergent approaches. Preparation of the second generation failed because some functional groups inhibited the monomers to react to the first generation. Other examples of nano materials that have attracted a vast amount of interest are the so-called discotic amphiphiles. Discotic amphiphilic molecules have the potential to self-assemble into helical architectures. Discotic systems bearing chiral polar side chains (one and three respectively) were developed. Their self-assembly was investigated in variable concentration and variable solvent composition experiments. These systems did show signs of aggregation in UV-vis and CD spectroscopy experiments. Thread-like helical structures were observed with transmission electron microscopy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nanometer-skaal materiale inspireer en fassineer wetenskaplikes al vir meer as 25 jaar as gevolg van hulle wye verskeidenheid toepassings bv.: die vervoer van geneesmiddels, weefsel ontwerp, geheue stoorspasie, digitale skerms, klank toerusting, geleiers, ens. π-Gekonjugeerde dendrimere het 'n plat drie dimmensionele rangskikking. 'n Afwisselende feniel isoxazole dendrimer stelsel was ontwikkel om hierdie verskynsel te ondersoek. Die sintese van hierdie dendritiese stelsel is aangepak deur divergerende en konvergerende benaderings. Sintese van die tweede generasie het misluk omdat sommige funksionele groepe die monomere geïnhibeer het om te reageer met die eerste generasie. Ander interessante voorbeelde van nano materiale, is die sogenaamde skyfvormige amphiphiles. Skyfvormige amphiphiles het die potensiaal om spontaan te versamel in heliese strukture. Skyfvormige molekules met chirale polêre sykettings (een en drie onderskeidelik) is ontwikkel. Hulle potensiaal om spontaan te versamel is ondersoek met wisselende konsentrasie en wisselende oplosmiddel samestelling eksperimente. Hierdie stelsels het tekens van versameling gewys in UV-vis en CD-spektroskopiese eksperimente. Staaf-vormige heliese strukture is waargeneem met transmissie-elektronmikroskopie.

This study was aimed at the development of novel CB1 cannabinoid receptor antago­nists that may have clinical applications for the treatment of cannabinoid and psychostimulant addiction. The rationale for the design for our target was to incorporate a bioisosteric 1,2,3-triazole ring into the vicinal diaryl group revealed in the prototypical antagonist/inverse agonist SR141716 (Rimonabant) that was pre­sumed to interact with a unique region in the CB1 receptors. Based on our prelimi­nary results we identified a novel series of 1,2,3-triazole ester and keto deriva­tives as lead compounds for biological evaluation. Here in the design rationale, syn­thesis and CB1 receptor affinity for a series of 4,5-diaryl-1-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles of ester and ketones is described. These derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot regiospecific click/acylation reaction sequence from 1-azido-2,4-dichlorobenzene and commercially available arylacetylenes. From the structure-activity studies the 5-(4-chlorophenyl) congeners exhibited the most potent CB1 receptor affinities relative to other 5-(substituted-phenyl) moieties. The 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-propylcarbonyl-1,2,3-triazole (­31a) was found to be the most potent (Ki = 4.6 nM) CB1 receptor ligand of the series and exhibited high CB1 selectivity (CB2/CB1 = 417). The triazole ester 31a was further characterized as a cannabinoid antagonist in locomotor-activity studies by blocking the locomotor-reducing effects of cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2. In addition, unlike the prototypical cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A (Rimonabant), the triazole ester 31a did not exhibit increased activity in locomotor activ­ity studies, thus indicating the potential for a neutral antagonist profile.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-15T15:40:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 1102619 bytes, checksum: f3fd4580e9425c165601806a91092eda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T15:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 1102619 bytes, checksum: f3fd4580e9425c165601806a91092eda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / In the present study was performed the synthesis of a new series of 1,2,3- triazole derivative 1,4-disubstituted naphthoquinone group containing the position of a heterocyclic ring from the reaction of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between the two precursor azido-1,4-naphthoquinone and 10 terminal alkynes, using a method that employs the use of CuI as the catalytic species for the regioselective formation of the triazole and acetonitrile as solvent. Other methods were also tested, including the one described by using Sharpless reducing environment, however, these methods were less effective or not promoted the formation of the triazole ring. Two of these triazoles had obtained the hydroxyl groups present in its structure acetylated methodology developed in our laboratory using acetic anhydride and montmorillonite K-10 by ultrasound, a total number of 12 new structures of [1,2,3]-triazole 1,4- disubstituted. A second route to obtain 1,4-disubstituted triazoles connected to 1,4- naphthoquinone was proposed from the reaction between 2-ethynyl-1,4- naphthoquinone and azido compound, for it was synthesized the 2-(3-hydroxy-3- metilbutinil)-1,4-naphthoquinone. However, the subsequent reaction of deprotection of this compound, as well as the synthesis of the precursor 2-trimethylsilyl-1,4- naphthoquinone did not work. All the products of unknown structures were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, LC-MS and infrared. / No presente trabalho foi realizada a síntese de uma nova série de derivados 1,2,3-triazólicos 1,4-dissubstituídos contendo o grupo naftoquinona na posição 1 deste anel heterocíclico a partir da reação de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar entre o precursor 2-azido-1,4-naftoquinona e 10 alcinos terminais, utilizando um método que emprega o uso de CuI como espécie catalítica para a formação regiosseletiva do anel triazólico e acetonitrila como solvente. Outros métodos também foram testados, entre eles o descrito por Sharpless que utiliza meio redutor, no entanto, estes métodos mostraram-se menos eficiente ou não promoveram a formação do anel triazólico. Dois destes triazóis obtidos tiveram os grupos hidroxilas presente em sua estrutura acetilados por metodologia desenvolvida em nosso laboratório utilizando anidrido acético e montmorillonite K-10 em ultra som, totalizando uma série de 12 novas estruturas de [1,2,3]-triazóis 1,4-dissubstituídos. Uma segunda rota para a obtenção dos derivados triazólicos 1,4-dissubstituídos ligados à 1,4- naftoquinona foi proposta a partir da reação entre o 2-etinil-1,4-naftoquinona e azido composto, para isso, foi sintetizado o 2-(3-hidroxi-3metilbutinil)-1,4-naftoquinona. No entanto, a subseqüente reação de desproteção deste composto, assim como, a síntese do precursor 2-trimetilsilil-1,4-naftoquinona não funcionou. Todos os produtos obtidos de estruturas inéditas foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de RMN 1H e RMN 13C, análise elementar, LC-MS e infravermelho.