This master’s thesis is focused on the description and processing of the cell method, which is generally recommended for prediction of fluids temperature profiles in heat exchanger. In the thesis the basic equations for calculating heat transfer are presented and is also described the current situation in the field of computational prediction of fluids temperature profiles in heat exchangers. The cell method is solved by using the software Maple and is applied to the specific case of industrial heat exchangers. The results obtained by the cell method are compared with the results obtained by educational version of software HTRI Xchanger Suite. By this comparison explicitness of the cell method is assessed.

The master thesis is focused on analysis of specific cross-flow in-line tube bundle heat exchanger which deals with significant operational problems. Thermal, hydraulic and vibration calculation analysis of selected parts of the heat exchanger is performed based on CFD flow distribution results. Calculation is performed by using Maple software. Thermal and hydraulic calculations are compared with results obtained by commercial software HTRI.

Au cours de la reproduction sexuée chez les plantes supérieures, les grains de pollen adhérent aux stigmates, se réhydratent et produisent des tubes polliniques qui se développent à travers le tissu de transmission femelle afin d’assurer la fécondation. Les tubes polliniques sont des cellules dont la croissance est rapide et polarisée à l’apex du tube. Ils représentent de bons modèles pour étudier la dynamique de la croissance cellulaire. Les tubes polliniques sont aussi capables de percevoir des signaux de guidage et d’adhérer à la matrice extracellulaire du tissu femelle. Afin de comprendre le mécanisme cellulaire de la croissance et de l'adhésion du tube pollinique, deux approches différentes ont été utilisées. Premièrement, un criblage de 258 molécules a permis d’isoler deux composés qui perturbent in vitro la croissance des tubes polliniques de tabac, de tomate et d' Arabidopsis thaliana. Les effets d’un inhibiteur des monogalactosyldiacylglycérol synthases, la galvestine-1, ont également été étudiés sur la croissance des tubes. Nous avons montré que ces trois composés réduisent la longueur du tube pollinique et induisent des phénotypes anormaux de façon dose-dépendante. La germination du pollen était réduite avec les deux composés isolés du criblage. Ils ont également affecté la distribution des polymères de la paroi des tubes polliniques. Les composés ont perturbé la production de ROS, ont désorganisé la dynamique des filaments d'actine et de la protéine RIC4 suggérant qu'ils pourraient perturber le trafic de vésicules à l'extrémité du tube pollinique. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis au point une approche de déconstruction enzymatique d’une matrice enrichie en polysaccharides afin d’étudier les phénomènes d’adhésion in vitro des tubes polliniques. Ce test a été développé sur des plaques 96 puits pour les tubes polliniques d'A. thaliana, en utilisant différents extraits de parois cellulaires de fleurs et de feuilles d'A. thaliana comme matrice ou des pectines commerciales de citron avec différents degrés de méthylestérification. Les traitements avec une polygalacturonase et une endo-galactanase des pectines commerciales et de l'extrait de paroi cellulaire de feuilles ont totalement ou partiellement perturbé l'adhésion des tubes polliniques. Ces résultats montrent que les tubes polliniques d’A. thaliana sont capables d'adhérer à des pectines d'origines diverses (espèces et organes) et suggèrent que les chaînes d’homogalacturonanes, les chaînes latérales du rhamnogalacturonane-I, en particulier les galactanes, avec un poids moléculaire minimum seraient nécessaires à l'adhésion des tubes polliniques. / During plant sexual reproduction pollen grains land on the stigma, rehydrate and produce pollen tubes that grow through the female transmitting-tract tissue to assure a proper fertilization. Pollen tubes are fast tip-growing cells and represent a good model to study growth dynamics. Pollen tubes are able to perceive female guidance signals and to adhere to the extracellular matrix of the female transmitting tract. In order to improve our knowledge on the cell mechanisms implicated during pollen tube growth and adhesion, two different approaches have been used. First, 258 compounds were screened and two small compounds were isolated. They disrupted in vitro pollen tube growth of tobacco, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. The effects of an inhibitor of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases, galvestine-1, on pollen tube growth were also studied. We showed that these 3 compounds reduced pollen tube length and induced abnormal phenotypes in a dose dependent manner. Pollen germination was significantly reduced with the two compounds isolated from the screen. They also affected cell wall material arrangement in pollen tube cell wall. The compounds modified ROS production and were able to disorganized actin filaments as well as the dynamic changes of the protein RIC4 suggesting that they might perturb vesicle trafficking at the pollen tube tip. Secondly, using a plant-made adhesion matrix in 96 –well plates, we studied the in vitro adhesion of A. thaliana pollen tubes. Different cell wall extracts from A. thaliana flowers and leaves or commercial lemon pectins with different degree of methylesterification were tested and the adhesive fractions were deconstructed by enzymatic treatments. Polygalacturonase or endo-galactanase treatments of commercial pectins and pectin-enriched cell wall extracts totally or partially disrupted pollen tube adhesion. Our results pointed out that A. thaliana pollen tubes are capable of adhering on pectins from diverse origins (species and organs) and suggested that homogalacturonan, the side chains of rhamnogalacturonana-I, especially galactans, as well as a minimum molecular weight may be necessary for pollen tube adhesion.

Le biodiesel est un biocarburant, composé d'un mélange de mono-esters d'acide gras saturés et insaturés avec une longue chaîne carbonée. Ce travail de thèse présente les données de la littérature sur l'origine du biodiesel et son procédé de fabrication ; sont présentées aussi les performances et les émissions des moteurs diesel fonctionnant au biodiesel et la cinétique d'oxydation du biodiesel. Des efforts ont été faits pour mettre en évidence les principales différences entre les esters méthyliques et éthyliques tout en montrant que d'autres recherches sont encore à développer. Pour ces raisons, les délais d'auto-inflammation de cinq esters méthyliques et éthyliques ont été mesurés dans un tube à onde de choc : l'acrylate d'éthyle, l'acrylate de méthyle, le crotonate d'éthyle, le crotonate de méthyle et le butanoate d'éthyle. Les mécanismes cinétiques détaillés d'oxydation des cinq esters étudiés ont été générés automatiquement en utilisant le logiciel EXGAS. L'oxydation du butanoate d'éthyle, molécule modèle d'esters éthyliques d'huiles végétales (EEHV) a été étudiée dans un réacteur piston à pression atmosphérique pour une gamme de température allant de 500 à 1200 K. Les résultats représentent les profils de concentration des réactifs, les intermédiaires stables et les produits finaux. Le modèle cinétique a été validé de façon satisfaisante par une comparaison entre les résultats simulés et expérimentaux / An increasingly popular biofuel is biodiesel, composed of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters, with a long aliphatic main chain. This PhD dissertation provides a literature review concerning the origin of biodiesel, its manufacturing process, performance and emissions of diesel engines fueled with biodiesel, and the kinetics of oxidation of biodiesel. Efforts were made to highlight the main differences between methyl and ethyl esters while showing where further research needs to be developed or pursued. For these reasons, the autoignition of five esters were measured behind reflected shock tube: ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl crotonate, methyl crotonate, and ethyl butanoate. Detailed mechanisms for the oxidation of the five studied esters were automatically generated using the version of EXGAS software. In addition, the oxidation of ethyl butanoate as a model compound for Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) has been investigated in tubular plug flow reactor at atmospheric pressure over wide range of temperature (500-1200 K). The results consist of concentration profiles of the reactants, stable intermediates, and final products. The model was again validated satisfactorily by comparison between computed results and the generated experimental data

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The issue of the thesis is a construction of the Radejčín highway tunnel. Project contains all of the stages of construction. The total budget and time schedule were made for complete structure. The technological instruction was made for secondary lining of the tunnel. There is also a plan of security instruction, the list of risks on construction site, suggestion of fixed job contract, the plan of controlls and exams for making invert and upper vault of secondary lining. Another part is the project of construction site with three different drawing of construction sites and text part. The list of machines and devices is for the complete construction. It was added also a chosen construction details and evaluation of geotechnical monitoring.

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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 1997. / A computer programme for the simulation of dilute phase pneumatic conveying of solids is presented. This includes positive pressure and vacuum pneumatic conveying. The characteristic conveying parameters such as the conveying absolute pressure, conveying air density, interstitial and average air velocity, particle velocity and voidage are calculated by integrating five differential equations that govern two-phase flow. The two-phase flow is approximated as one-dimensional along the pipe axis. Density and acceleration effects are accounted for. The integration is carried out by means of the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method yielding conveying parameter traces along the length ofthe pipeline. A new method is presented for the determination of the solids friction coefficient from the solids motion equation. This allows for a more accurate determination of the solids velocity in the pipeline when compared to currently used methods. The computer model results are compared to experimental results for cement and ice conveying yielding good correlation for the main output parameters. The theory for the scaling and calculation of Roots blower performance characteristics is presented. This is implemented in a Roots blower selection programme as an integral part of determining the prime air mover for the design of a pneumatic conveyor. The aim of providing a fast, user-friendly interface in terms of pipeline geometry input, simulation and data visualisation has been achieved by using the advantages of object orientated programming and the visual user interface of the DELPHI programming language.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Air-cooled steam condensers are used in arid regions where adequate cooling water is not available or very expensive. In this thesis the effect of steam-side and air-side effects on the condenser performance, steam distribution and critical dephlegmator length is investigated for air-cooled steam condensers as found in power plants. Solutions are found so that no backflow is present in the condenser. Both single and two-row condensers are investigated. The tube inlet loss coefficients have the largest impact on the critical dephlegmator tube length in both the single and two-row condensers. The critical dephlegmator tube lengths were determined for different dividing header inlet geometries and it was found that a step at the inlet to the dividing header resulted in the shortest tubes. Different ambient conditions were found to affect the inlet steam temperature, the steam flow distribution, heat rejection distribution and the critical dephlegmator length for the single and two-row condensers. There were differences in the steam mass flow distributions for the single and two-row condensers with opposite trends being present in parts of the condenser. The single-row condenser’s critical dephlegmator tube lengths were shorter than those of the two-row condenser for the same ambient conditions. Areas of potential backflow change with different ambient conditions and also differ between a single and two-row condenser. The two-row condenser always have an area of potential backflow for the first row at the first condenser fan unit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Droë lug-verkoelde stoom kondensors word gebruik in droë gebiede waar genoegsame verkoelingswater nie beskikbaar is nie of baie duur is. In hierdie tesis word die effek van stoomkant en lugkant effekte op die vermoë van die kondensor, die stoomvloeiverdeling en kritiese deflegmator lengte ondersoek vir lug-verkoelde stoom kondensors soos gevind in kragstasies. Dit word opgelos sodat daar geen terugvloei in enige van die buise is nie. ʼn Enkel- en dubbelry kondensor word ondersoek. Die inlaatverlieskoëffisiënte van die buise het die grootste impak op die lengte van die kritiese deflegmator buise in beide die enkel- en dubbelry kondensors. Die kritiese deflegmator buis lengtes is bereken vir verskillende verdeelingspyp inlaat geometrië en dit is gevind dat ʼn trap by die inlaat van die verdeelingspyp die kortste buise lewer. Dit is gesien dat verskillende omgewingskondisies die inlaat stoom temperatuur, die stoomvloeiverdeling, die warmteoordrag verdeling en die kritiese lengte van die deflegmator buise vir die enkel- en dubbelry kondensor. Daar was verskille tussen die stoomvloeiverdelings vir die enkel- en dubbelry met teenoorgestelde neigings in dele van die kondensor. Die kritiese deflegmator buis lengte vir die enkelry kondensor was korter as die vir die dubbelry kondensor vir dieselfde omgewingskondisies. Die areas in die kondensor waar terugvloei moontlik kan plaasvind in die kondensor verander met ongewingskondisies en verskil vir die enkel- en dubbelry kondensers. Die dubbelry kondensor het altyd ʼn area van moontlike terugvloei vir die eerste buisry by die eerste kondensor waaiereenheid.