Un des objectifs a consisté à développer une étude systématique des caractéristiques d'allumage, depropagation et de combustion massique de combustibles liquides. La ré-inflammation des fumées riches estplus spécialement pris en compte. La recherche porte essentiellement sur les propriétés des feux dans uneenceinte avec ventilation contrôlée, sous ventilée. Les facteurs dominants à la ré-inflammation des fuméesriches est la quantité minimale d'hydrocarbures totaux et la température. Grâce à la Simulation Numériquedes Grandes Echelles, nous sommes allés à un niveau de détail permettant de prendre en compte l'influencede la ventilation sur la propagation de la flamme en milieu confiné. Les modèles numériques permet deprévoir les aspects aussi bien chimiques de la combustion (pyrolyse du combustible liquide, réaction dans laflamme), que thermodynamiques (transfert de chaleur et de masse flamme-liquide). L'enjeu est de concevoirun modèle de feu encore plus général, capable de traiter aussi les feux à grande échelle. Ce type de modèleest consacré à la mise en équations du problème et à la faisabilité d'une simulation numérique complexe.Les résultats obtenus sur les feux sur-ventilés sont en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Outre lesdifficultés théoriques de ce type de problème, il faut ajouter les difficultés pratiques liées à la durée trèsimportante des simulations sur ordinateur, et le coût de calcul élevé. / One of the objectives was to characterize systematically the ignition, the spread and the combustion of liquidf uel . Furthermore, the injlammation caused by rich smoke is especially taken into account. The researchfocuses on the properties of fire in an under-ventilated chamber with ventilation controlled The dominantfactors of rich smokes injlammation are the minimum amount of total hydrocarbons and the temperature.With the LES (Large Eddy Simulation) approach, the injluence of ventilation on jlame propagation inconfined areas is taken into account. Numerical models permit to predict the chemical aspects of combustion(liquid fuel 's pyrolysis, reaction in the jlame) and the thermodynamic (heat transfer and mass transferbetween the jlame and the liquid fuel). The challenge is to develop a model for more general fire which canalso handle large-scale fires. This type of model is devoted LO the setting of the equations of the problem andthe feasibility ofa complex numerical simulation. The results of the ventilated fires are in agreement with theexperimental results. ln addition 10 the theoretical difficulties of this type of problem, the practicaldifficull ies in the very long duration of computer simulations and the hig'" calculation 's cost must be added

This investigation examines the effects of load, speed, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) level and hydrogen addition level on the exhaust gas emissions, particulate matter size distribution and chemical composition. The experiments were performed on a 2.0 litre, 4 cylinder, direct injection engine. EGR levels were then varied from 0% to 40%. Hydrogen induction was varied between 0 and 10% vol. of the inlet charge. In the case of using hydrogen and EGR, the hydrogen replaced air. The load was varied from 0 to 5.4 bar BMEP at two engine speeds, 1500 rpm and 2500 rpm. For this investigation the carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and the filter smoke number (FSN) were all measured. The in-cylinder pressure was also captured to allow the heat release rate to be calculated and, therefore, the combustion to be analysed. A gravimetric analysis of the particulate matter size distribution was conducted using a nano-MOUDI. Finally, a GC-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of the THC emissions. The experimental data showed that although CO, FSN and THC increase with EGR, NOX emissions decrease. Inversely, CO, FSN and THC emissions decrease with hydrogen, but NOX increases. When hydrogen was introduced the peak cylinder pressure was increased, as was the maximum rate of in-cylinder pressure rise. The position of the peak cylinder pressure was delayed as hydrogen addition increased. This together with the obtained heat release patterns shows an increase in ignition delay, and a higher proportion of premixed combustion. The experimental work showed that the particulate matter size distribution was not dramatically altered by the addition of EGR, but the main peak was slightly shifted towards the nucleation mode with the addition of hydrogen. Hydrogen addition does not appear to have a large effect on the chemical composition of the THC, but does dramatically decrease the emissions.

<p>The variety of fish species found at the archaeological sites indicates the exploitation of local and regional ecosystems. The focus of the fisheries varies from site to site. </p><p> The study is based on the analyses of faunal materials from 10 archaeological sites from Eastern Middle Sweden, Gotland, and Åland dating to approximately 3800 – 1850 B.C. The mainland assemblages are mainly burnt and highly fragmented. When comparing burnt and unburnt bone materials, results showed a marked predominance of fish specimens within the unburnt assemblages. The burnt bone materials showed a striking preponderance of marine mammals. The burning process impairs identification and quantification of fishbone. Species presence per context complemented summary data and showed that low and medium frequency species were handled more often than summary data indicate. Intra-site studies of burnt bones demonstrated the importance of detailed studies of the taphonomic history of the faunal assemblages.</p><p> At Ajvide on the island of Gotland, large amounts of well preserved unburnt faunal remains, and ca. 600 bone fishhooks have been unearthed. Replicas of fishhooks from this assemblage were subjected to strength test, osteometric, morphological, and breakage studies. Results point to an elaborated fishing technology for capturing medium sized cod. Incremental studies of cod otoliths (ear stones) from Ajvide showed that most cod were captured in fall and winter. A comparison with the contemporaneous Jettböle site on the Åland islands, showed that in general smaller cod and herring were captured there. </p><p> The ecological conditions were somewhat different during the Neolithic. The growth pattern for cod indicate a more rapid growth for young cod but with a lower asymptotic length compared to modern cod.</p>

The variety of fish species found at the archaeological sites indicates the exploitation of local and regional ecosystems. The focus of the fisheries varies from site to site. The study is based on the analyses of faunal materials from 10 archaeological sites from Eastern Middle Sweden, Gotland, and Åland dating to approximately 3800 – 1850 B.C. The mainland assemblages are mainly burnt and highly fragmented. When comparing burnt and unburnt bone materials, results showed a marked predominance of fish specimens within the unburnt assemblages. The burnt bone materials showed a striking preponderance of marine mammals. The burning process impairs identification and quantification of fishbone. Species presence per context complemented summary data and showed that low and medium frequency species were handled more often than summary data indicate. Intra-site studies of burnt bones demonstrated the importance of detailed studies of the taphonomic history of the faunal assemblages. At Ajvide on the island of Gotland, large amounts of well preserved unburnt faunal remains, and ca. 600 bone fishhooks have been unearthed. Replicas of fishhooks from this assemblage were subjected to strength test, osteometric, morphological, and breakage studies. Results point to an elaborated fishing technology for capturing medium sized cod. Incremental studies of cod otoliths (ear stones) from Ajvide showed that most cod were captured in fall and winter. A comparison with the contemporaneous Jettböle site on the Åland islands, showed that in general smaller cod and herring were captured there. The ecological conditions were somewhat different during the Neolithic. The growth pattern for cod indicate a more rapid growth for young cod but with a lower asymptotic length compared to modern cod.

This master´s thesis deals with the issue of the building from a clay. It is focused on defects and rehabilitations of these constructions. The introductory parts concerns with probable defects especially of clay buildings, furthermore with causes of the creation of defects, its depictions and the relevance. In the following part the methods of rehabilitation not only of clay buildings are presented. In this part the rehabilitative methods of foundation, vertical and wood constructions, which create mainly the structural support of the buildings, are described. In the second part, the structural and technical research of the current structure with farm part – barn is executed. The part of research is creation of the drawing documentation, description of disposition and structural and constructional solution of building, structural calculation of a part of construction, assessment of actual state of structure and prospective plan of proceeding and rehabilitation.