Identification of viable vat dye candidates of a trichromatic series (compatible red, yellow and blue colorants) plus an orange based on the developed single-stage acid leuco vat dyeing process for unmodified polypropylene (PP) flat woven fabrics has been achieved with adequate fastness properties to washing, crocking and dry-cleaning: C. I. Vats Orange 1, Yellow 2 and Red 1 have been certified, whereas Vat Blue 6 is a marginal candidate. Vat Blue 1 has been demonstrated to be a viable colorant for dyeing of PP fiber as a single colorant. Molecular dynamics simulation and solubility parameter (SP) approaches have been utilized to screen the potential vat dye candidates for generic PP coloration. Experimental K/S results have exhibited good correlation with the predicted mixing energy of acid leuco vat dyes-PP fiber and the calculated dyes' SP's. The low SP/mixing energy acid leuco vat dyes (e.g., C. I. Vat Red 1) have shown better color-yield/fastness properties than the high SP/mixing energy vat dyes (e.g., C. I. Vat Brown 1), exhibiting that increasing difference of SP between the vat dye and the PP fiber, coupled with a higher mixing energy of dye-PP blend, resulted in decreased interactions between the two. For example, C.I. Vat Brown 1 with its high SP and calculated mixing energy with PP gave least color yield than the certified vat dyes, all with lower SP's and mixing energies. Cross-section micrographs of the dyed fibers revealed the absence of "ring-dyeing". Experimentally determined kinetic parameters such as affinity of dyeing and heat of dyeing quantified the presence of interaction between acid leuco vat dyes and PP fiber. Tensile test and X-ray crystallinity results have confirmed that dyeing process did not alter the tensile strength and modulus of the dyed PP textiles significantly. PP Fabrics dyed with simulated continuous dyeing processes (pad-steam and pad-dry heat) demonstrated good color yields and levelness with adequate fastness to crocking, washing and dry cleaning.

Les effets taphonomiques spécifiques de l'abrasion éolienne à long terme sur les os sont encore mal compris. Afin de mieux comprendre ce processus et sa capacité à créer des pseudo-outils, nous avons abrasé expérimentalement des fragments d'os longs d'ongulés dans des conditions de laboratoire. La reconnaissance croissante, au cours des dernières années, que les outils en os non modifiés sont une partie intégrale de la culture matérielle des êtres humains du passé, et constituent un objet d'étude valable, a conduit à un besoin accru de comprendre si des phénomènes naturels peuvent produire des objets similaires. Une soufflerie ayant la capacité de transporter du sédiment a été utilisée pour étudier l'impact de l'abrasion éolienne sur les surfaces des os. Différentes tailles de sédiments et vitesses de vent ont été testées. L'évolution qualitative de l'os a été documentée pendant un maximum de 250 heures d'abrasion éolienne. Une nouvelle méthode de quantification des polis et autres modifications de surface a été développée en utilisant les paramètres de rugosité de surface tels que définis par la norme ISO 25178. Ils sont appliqués ici pour mesurer et distinguer le polissage éolien et anthropique. Un polissage mat uniforme ainsi qu'un arrondissement important des rebords sont les deux modifications les plus fréquemment observées. Les stries ou fissures visibles sur les os non modifiés sont devenues moins apparentes avec le temps. La masse des spécimens a été suivie pendant les expériences afin de calculer le taux d'abrasion et d'établir une base quantitative pour étudier comment différentes conditions sédimentologiques et atmosphériques peuvent modifier les os. Nos résultats suggèrent que la vitesse du vent est un facteur plus important que la taille des sédiments pour déterminer l'intensité des modifications et le taux d'abrasion. Les résultats ont été comparés à des outils en os créés expérimentalement, fabriqués et utilisés pour une étude précédente. Les traces d’usures sur les outils se distinguaient, qualitativement et quantitativement, des modifications éoliennes. Cette recherche a de nombreuses implications pour l'étude des traces d’usure sur des os non modifiés provenant de contextes archéologiques et l’abrasion éolienne en tant qu'agent taphonomique primaire ou secondaire, ainsi que pour la formation de sites en contexte arides et venteux. / The specific taphonomic effects on bones of long-term aeolian abrasion are still poorly understood. In order to gain a better understanding of this process and its capacity to create pseudo-tools, we have experimentally abraded large ungulate long-bone fragments in laboratory conditions. The growing recognition, over the last few years, that unmodified bone tools are an integral part of past human material culture, and a valid object of study has led to an increased need for understanding if natural phenomena can produce similar objects. A wind tunnel with the capacity to transport sediment was used to study the impact of wind abrasion on bone surfaces. Different sediments sizes and wind speeds were tested. The qualitative evolution of the bone was documented during a maximum of 250 heures of aeolian abrasion. A novel method of quantifying polishes and other surface modifications was developed using surface roughness parameters as defined by ISO 25178. They are applied here to measure and distinguish aeolian and anthropogenic polishing. A uniform matte polish as well as significant edge rounding were the two most common modifications observed. Any striations or fissures visible on the unmodified bones became less apparent over time. The mass of the specimens was tracked during the experiments to calculate the abrasion rate and establish a quantitative base line for studying how different sedimentological and atmospheric conditions can modify bones. Our results suggest that wind speed is a more important factor than sediment size in determining the intensity of modifications and abrasion rate. The results were compared to experimentally created bones tools fabricated and used for a previous study. Tool manufacture and use-wear were distinguishable, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from aeolian modifications. This research has numerous implications for the study of use-wear on unmodified bone from archaeological contexts, aeolian abrasion as a primary or secondary taphonomic agent as well as on site formation in arid windy environments.

<p>Ispitana je direktna i indirektna fotoliza alprazolama (ALP) i amitriptilina (AMI)<br />primenom UV, vidljivog&nbsp; i simuliranog sunčevog zračenja (SSZ). Takođe, praćena je stabilnost vodenih rastvora ALP i AMI u mraku.&nbsp; U okviru ispitivanja fotokatalitičke&nbsp; razgradnje ALP,ispitana je efikasnost ZnO i TiO_2&nbsp;Degussa P25 primenom UV i SSZ.&nbsp; Takođe, proučavan je&nbsp; utica jmasene koncentracije fotokatalizatora, pH, kao i<br />uticaj hvatača radikala/&scaron;upljina&nbsp; i elektron-akceptora.&nbsp; Praćen je stepen mineralizacije<br />merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i primenom&nbsp; jonske hromatografije. Takođe,<br />detaljno su ispitani reakcioni intermedijeri.&nbsp; Dalje,ispitano&nbsp; je ponovno kori&scaron;ćenje ZnO u tri uzastopna procesa razgradnje ALP. U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti ALP, ispitan je&nbsp; in vitro rast dve ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a i MRC-5. Zatim,proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih ZnO (ZnO modifikovani mlevenjem i kalcinacijom, ZnO dopirani jonima Mg(II), ternarni i&nbsp; me&scaron;ani&nbsp; cink-kalaj-oksidi) i TiO₂&nbsp; (anatas&nbsp; TiO₂&nbsp; nedopirani&nbsp; i dopirani La(III)-jonima, brukitni TiO2) nanoprahova u razgradnji ALP primenom UV i SSZ. U okviru fotokatalitičke razgradnje AMI, ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; efikasnost&nbsp; razgradnje&nbsp; pri različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima&nbsp; (uticaj vrste fotokatalizatora i zračenja, masene&nbsp; koncentracije fotokatalizatora, početne koncentracije supstrata, uticaj prisustva&nbsp; kako&nbsp; hvatača radikala i &scaron;upljina, tako&nbsp; i elektron-akceptora). Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; jonske hromatografije.&nbsp; U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti&nbsp; AMI, ispitan je&nbsp; in vitro&nbsp; rast četiri ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E i HT-29.&nbsp; Zatim, proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih TiO₂/polianilin nanokompozitnih prahova, kao i&nbsp; prevlaka&nbsp; čistog TiO_2&nbsp;i WO₃/TiO₂&nbsp; u razgradnji AMI primenom UV i SSZ. Takođe, ispitan je uticaj&nbsp; strukture&nbsp; supstrata&nbsp; na efikasnost&nbsp; fotokatalitičke razgradnje kroz ispitivanje&nbsp; efikasnosti sintetisanih TiO₂&nbsp; nanoprahova dopiranih jonima W(VI), zatim me&scaron;anih&nbsp; cink-kalaj-oksid&nbsp; nanoprahova, kao i&nbsp; indijum-cink-oksid nanoprahova primenom UV i SSZ.</p> / <p>Direct and indirect photolysis of alprazolam (ALP) and amitriptyline (AMI) were studied using UV, visible,&nbsp; and simulated solar irradiation (SSI). Also, the stability of the ALP and AMI aqueous solutions in the dark were monitored. Photocatalytic degradation of ALP was studied in&nbsp; the&nbsp; presence of&nbsp; ZnO and TiO₂ Degussa&nbsp; P25&nbsp; using UV and SSI. Also, the influence of the photocatalyst&nbsp; loading, pH, as well as the influence of the radical&nbsp; and&nbsp; holes scavengers&nbsp; and electron acceptors&nbsp; were studied. The&nbsp; degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring&nbsp; of&nbsp; total organic carbon and&nbsp; using&nbsp; ion chromatography. Also, reaction intermediates were examined in detail. Further, reusabillity&nbsp; of ZnO was investigated in three consecutive degradation processes of ALP. In order to&nbsp; get insight into the&nbsp; cytotoxicity of the ALP&nbsp; and intermediates formed during photocatalytic degradation, their influence on the growth of two cell lines: Neuro-2a and MRC-5 were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized ZnO (ZnO modified with milling&nbsp; and calcination, ZnO doped with Mg(II) ions, ternary and coupled binary&nbsp; tin-zinc-oxide) and TiO₂&nbsp; (anatase&nbsp; TiO₂&nbsp; undoped and&nbsp; doped&nbsp; with&nbsp; La(III) ions&nbsp; and&nbsp; brookite TiO₂) nanopowders in ALPdegradation using UV and&nbsp; SSI&nbsp; were investigated. Within the photocatalytic degradation of AMI, the&nbsp; degradation efficiency under different experimental conditions was studies (influence of the photocatalyst and irradiation type, photocatalyst&nbsp; loading, initial&nbsp; substrate concentration, the effect of the presence of radical and&nbsp; holes scavengers, and electron acceptors). The degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring&nbsp; of&nbsp; total organiccarbon and&nbsp; using&nbsp; ion chromatography.&nbsp; In order to&nbsp; study&nbsp; the cytotoxicity of AMI&nbsp; and degradation intermediates, their influence on the&nbsp; growth of four cell lines: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E,&nbsp; and HT-29&nbsp; were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite powders, as well as photocatalysts of pure TiO₂&nbsp; and WO₃/TiO₂&nbsp; in the form&nbsp; of&nbsp; films&nbsp;&nbsp; in AMI degradation using UV and SSI were studied. In addition, the effect of the&nbsp; substrate&nbsp; structure on the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation was studied by testing the activity&nbsp; of synthesized TiO_2&nbsp; nanopowders doped with W(VI)&nbsp; ions, then&nbsp; coupled binary tin-zinc- oxide&nbsp; nanopowders, as well as coupled binary&nbsp; indium-zinc- oxide nanopowders using UV and SSI.</p>