The cost of medicines imposes a significant financial burden on society, with New Zealand spending $783.6 million between 2012 and 2013 alone. The majority of these costs are due to the monopoly prices charged for new patented drugs. The pharmaceutical industry argues that these high prices are necessary to recover the costs of drug development, which can exceed a billion dollars for a single drug. Because new medicines are relatively cheap to reverse-engineer and manufacture, in absence of a minimum period of exclusivity provided by patents, it is alleged that it would not be commercially viable to develop new medicines. Most criticisms of the patent system relate to the high prices charged for patented medicines. However, there is another issue which has received limited academic commentary to date, namely, whether the pharmaceutical industry’s reliance on patents means that otherwise socially valuable medical therapies are being screened out or ignored, and whether alternative incentive mechanisms are needed to address this problem. The aim of this thesis is to address this issue. First, the laws applicable to patentability and regulatory approval of new medicines will be discussed, with a focus on New Zealand and the United States. Second, evidence will be provided for the existence of three broad categories of medical therapies which lack private incentives for development under the current patent system: unpatentable therapies, unmonopolisable therapies and unprofitable therapies. Other problems with the reliance on patent monopolies will also be discussed. Third, the process of pharmaceutical reimbursement that is used to determine the price of medicines under the current system will be described, and a set of criteria will be proposed for an ideal incentive system, against which the current system is compared. Fourth, alternative incentive mechanisms for medical therapies comprising exclusivity-based ‘pull’ incentives, prize-based ‘pull’ incentives, and publicly funded ‘push’ incentives, will be analysed and ranked against these ideal criteria. This thesis concludes by proposing two legislative frameworks as part of an optimal incentive system alongside the current patent system, namely, extended regulatory exclusivity for incentivising unpatentable therapies and a prize-based mechanism combined with increased public funding for incentivising unmonopolisable and unprofitable therapies.

The thesis is concerned with the development of activities of the foreign development cooperation in the Czech Republic after 1989. The beginning of the work introduces the main concepts related to the theme, the conception of development and the foreign development cooperation. The main development theories and the task of nongovernmental and unprofitable organisations within the foreign development cooperation are also paid attention to. The fundamental theories which the research is based on close the theoretical part. These are the theory of transnational action and constructivism. The research is based both on the study of documents and actual research and on the analysis of high - quality interviews held with the representatives of the chosen unprofitable organisations in Prague. The aim of the high-quality research is to find out how is the development of activities of foreign cooperation perceived by the agents themselves. The key words: the conception of development, the conception of foreign development cooperation, the nongovernmental unprofitable organisations, the theory of transnational action, the constructivism