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Vias reacionais paralelas são possíveis durante a eletro-oxidação de etanol sobre nanopartículas metálicas não suportadas (platina e platina-ródio). Neste trabalho são relatadas a influência da natureza do eletrólito suporte HClO4 (0,1 mol L-1) e H2SO4 (0,5 mol L-1) na eletro-oxidação de 0,01 mol L-1 de etanol e o efeito da concentração do etanol (0,01 a 1,0 mol L-1) na seletividade do caminho da reação em 0,1 mol L-1 HClO4. Ademais, se identificou os adsorbatos formados e relatou a influência do segundo metal nos materiais à base de platina para a eletro-oxidação do etanol. Para elucidar o comportamento reacional, utilizou-se da técnica espectroscópica FTIR in situ, associada aos estudos eletroquímicos de voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria. Os resultados mostraram que há maior atividade eletrocatalítica na oxidação do etanol em ácido perclórico do que para o ácido sulfúrico. Isto é devido a forte adsorção de (bi) sulfato em domínios (111) inibindo a adsorção dissociativa do etanol sobre a Pt. Por meio de FTR in situ se observa o início de COads (COL 2040 cm-1) em 0,05 V em HClO4 e apenas em 0,4 V para o H2SO4. Os produtos formados na eletro-oxidação do etanol, mostraram forte dependência com a concentração. Em concentrações baixas de etanol (0,01 a 0,05 mol L-1) a oxidação ocorre via formação de CO2. Entretanto, em elevadas concentrações de etanol (0,1 a 1,0 mol L-1) tem-se, além da formação de CO2, a formação de ácido acético e acetaldeído. Em regime potenciostático, 0,48 V, a densidade de corrente máxima foi para a concentração de 0,5 mol L-1 de etanol, formando majoritariamente ácido acético e acetaldeído. A presença de ródio nos materiais a base de platina favoreceu a quebra da ligação C-C em relação ao material com platina pura. Porém, neste caso de concentrações baixas de etanol (0,05 mol L-1), observou por FTIR in situ que além da oxidação do etanol via CO2, há as vias de formação de ácido acético e acetaldeído. / Parallel reaction pathways are possible during ethanol electro-oxidation on unsupported metal nanoparticles (Pt and PtRh). In the present work, the effect of the base electrolyte, namely HClO4 (0.1 mol L-1) and H2SO4 (0.5 mol L-1), on the 0.01 mol L-1 ethanol oxidation is reported. We had also investigated the effects of the ethanol concentration on the reaction pathways between 0.01 and 1.0 mol L-1. Electrochemical studies and in situ FTIR revealed that Pt presented lower catalytic activity for the ethanol oxidation in H2SO4 than in HClO4, for 0.01 mol L-1 ethanol. This observation indicates that strong adsorption of sulfate on (111) domains inhibits the dissociative adsorption of ethanol. In situ FTIR measurements showed the onset of a COads (COL 2040 cm-1) band at 0.05 V in perchloric acid, while this band appears only at 0.4 V in sulfuric media. The products formation showed a strong dependence on the ethanol concentration. FTIR spectra revealed the major product of the oxidation in low ethanol concentrations (0.01 to 0.05 mol L-1) was CO2. However, in high ethanol concentration (0.1 to 1.0 mol L-1) the products were CO2, acetic acid and acetaldehyde. Chronoamperometric curves at 0.48 V revealed maximum activity in ethanol concentration of 0.5 mol L-1, where acetic acid and acetaldehyde were the major products. The presence of rhodium in platinum based materials favors the dissociation of the C-C bond. However, in this case, it was observed by FTIR spectra the formation of acetic acid and acetaldehyde, as long as CO2, in lower ethanol concentration (0.05 mol L-1).

Vias reacionais paralelas são possíveis durante a eletro-oxidação de etanol sobre nanopartículas metálicas não suportadas (platina e platina-ródio). Neste trabalho são relatadas a influência da natureza do eletrólito suporte HClO4 (0,1 mol L-1) e H2SO4 (0,5 mol L-1) na eletro-oxidação de 0,01 mol L-1 de etanol e o efeito da concentração do etanol (0,01 a 1,0 mol L-1) na seletividade do caminho da reação em 0,1 mol L-1 HClO4. Ademais, se identificou os adsorbatos formados e relatou a influência do segundo metal nos materiais à base de platina para a eletro-oxidação do etanol. Para elucidar o comportamento reacional, utilizou-se da técnica espectroscópica FTIR in situ, associada aos estudos eletroquímicos de voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria. Os resultados mostraram que há maior atividade eletrocatalítica na oxidação do etanol em ácido perclórico do que para o ácido sulfúrico. Isto é devido a forte adsorção de (bi) sulfato em domínios (111) inibindo a adsorção dissociativa do etanol sobre a Pt. Por meio de FTR in situ se observa o início de COads (COL 2040 cm-1) em 0,05 V em HClO4 e apenas em 0,4 V para o H2SO4. Os produtos formados na eletro-oxidação do etanol, mostraram forte dependência com a concentração. Em concentrações baixas de etanol (0,01 a 0,05 mol L-1) a oxidação ocorre via formação de CO2. Entretanto, em elevadas concentrações de etanol (0,1 a 1,0 mol L-1) tem-se, além da formação de CO2, a formação de ácido acético e acetaldeído. Em regime potenciostático, 0,48 V, a densidade de corrente máxima foi para a concentração de 0,5 mol L-1 de etanol, formando majoritariamente ácido acético e acetaldeído. A presença de ródio nos materiais a base de platina favoreceu a quebra da ligação C-C em relação ao material com platina pura. Porém, neste caso de concentrações baixas de etanol (0,05 mol L-1), observou por FTIR in situ que além da oxidação do etanol via CO2, há as vias de formação de ácido acético e acetaldeído. / Parallel reaction pathways are possible during ethanol electro-oxidation on unsupported metal nanoparticles (Pt and PtRh). In the present work, the effect of the base electrolyte, namely HClO4 (0.1 mol L-1) and H2SO4 (0.5 mol L-1), on the 0.01 mol L-1 ethanol oxidation is reported. We had also investigated the effects of the ethanol concentration on the reaction pathways between 0.01 and 1.0 mol L-1. Electrochemical studies and in situ FTIR revealed that Pt presented lower catalytic activity for the ethanol oxidation in H2SO4 than in HClO4, for 0.01 mol L-1 ethanol. This observation indicates that strong adsorption of sulfate on (111) domains inhibits the dissociative adsorption of ethanol. In situ FTIR measurements showed the onset of a COads (COL 2040 cm-1) band at 0.05 V in perchloric acid, while this band appears only at 0.4 V in sulfuric media. The products formation showed a strong dependence on the ethanol concentration. FTIR spectra revealed the major product of the oxidation in low ethanol concentrations (0.01 to 0.05 mol L-1) was CO2. However, in high ethanol concentration (0.1 to 1.0 mol L-1) the products were CO2, acetic acid and acetaldehyde. Chronoamperometric curves at 0.48 V revealed maximum activity in ethanol concentration of 0.5 mol L-1, where acetic acid and acetaldehyde were the major products. The presence of rhodium in platinum based materials favors the dissociation of the C-C bond. However, in this case, it was observed by FTIR spectra the formation of acetic acid and acetaldehyde, as long as CO2, in lower ethanol concentration (0.05 mol L-1).

<p>Uzorci zemlji&scaron;ta iz pov&scaron;inskog sloja dubine 0 - 10 cm<br />prikupljeni su sa 121 lokacije na gradskom području Novog<br />Sada. Ispitivano područje obuhvatilo je povr&scaron;inu (4 x 5)km²,<br />koja je podeljena na mrežna polja veličine (400 x 400) m^2&nbsp;i u&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />svakom polju uzet je po jedan uzorak. Za 121 uzorak<br />gradskog zemlji&scaron;ta Novog Sada ispitana su fizičko-hemijska<br />svojstva zemlji&scaron;ta, ukupni i pristupačni sadržaj metala (As,<br />Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) i njihova prostorna raspodela.<br />Konturne mape prostorne raspodele metala u zemlji&scaron;tu<br />dobijene su kori&scaron;ćenjem interpolacijske metode običnog<br />kriginga. Za pojedine uzorke izvr&scaron;eno je razdvajanje čestica<br />po veličinama frakcionisanjem u vodi pomoću sita različitih<br />veličina i identifikovani su minerali prisutni u frakciji prah +<br />glina. Aktivnosti radionuklida &bdquo;unsupported&rdquo;²¹⁰Pb i ¹³⁷Cs<br />određene su za jedan deo uzoraka zemlji&scaron;ta u Novom Sadu i<br />za uzorke zemlji&scaron;ta pored fabrike akumulatora u Somboru.<br />Ispitana je i vertikalna distribucija stabilnog i radioaktivnog<br />Pb u zemlji&scaron;tu.</p><p>Na 14 lokacija u Novom Sadu prikupljeno je 35 uzoraka<br />snega direktno sa asfaltnih puteva i sa zemljanih povr&scaron;ina u<br />okolini puteva i na pe&scaron;ačkim ostrvima. Raspodela čestica po<br />veličinama i ukupne koncentracije metala (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K,<br />Na, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) određene su analizom filtriranih uzoraka,<br />a za 4 uzorka ispitana je morfologija čestica i urađena<br />semikvantitativna analiza čestica u suvoj materiji.</p><p>Prilikom obrade rezultata merenja primenjene su metode<br />deskriptivne statistike i multivarijacione statističke analize u<br />cilju identifikacije izvora zagađenja i određivanja povezanosti<br />između samih metala i drugih parametara.</p> / <p>A total of 121 surface soil samples were collected&nbsp;across the central part of Novi Sad covering a surface&nbsp;area (4 km x 5 km). The physicochemical properties,&nbsp;pseudo total and available metal concentrations (As,&nbsp;Co, Cr, Cu,&nbsp; Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined.&nbsp;Contour maps of spatial distribution of the investigated&nbsp;metals were obtained using ordinary&nbsp; kriging&nbsp;interpolation method. Separation of different particle&nbsp;<br />size fractions by wet sieving&nbsp; and identification of&nbsp;minerals in the clay and silt fraction for some soil&nbsp;samples were performed.&nbsp; Specific activities of&nbsp;radionuclides &ldquo;unsupported&rdquo; ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs were&nbsp;measured in forty soil samples collected in urban area&nbsp;of Novi Sad and industrial area of Sombor (near a&nbsp;battery manufacturer).&nbsp; Vertical distribution of stable and&nbsp;radioactive&nbsp; Pb for&nbsp; two samples from the industrial soil&nbsp;was examined.</p><p>Thirty five snow samples were collected at fourteen&nbsp;locations near crossroads in Novi Sad. The samples&nbsp;were taken directly from the road surface and from the&nbsp;ground surface in the vicinity of roads and on&nbsp;pedestrian islands. Particle size distribution and &nbsp;total&nbsp;concentration of the metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mn,&nbsp;Ni, Pb, Zn) were &nbsp;determined for filtered samples. Semi-quantitative analysis of the particles was &nbsp;conducted and&nbsp;morphology of the particles was examined for dry&nbsp;matter of four snow samples.&nbsp;</p><p>Methods of descriptive and multivariate statistics and&nbsp;geostatistics were carried out for &nbsp;the analysis and&nbsp;interpretation of the data.</p>

This thesis presents the implementation of the upper bound limit analysis in combination with finite elements and linear optimization for solving different stability problems in geomechanics under plane strain conditions. Although the nonlinear optimization techniques are becoming quite popular, the linear optimization has been adopted due to its simplicity in implementation and ease in attaining the convergence while performing the analysis. The objectives of the present research work are (i) to reduce the computational effort while using an upper bound finite element limit analysis with linear programming in dealing with geotechnical stability problems, and (ii) to obtain solutions for a few important geotechnical stability problems associated with reinforced earth, unsupported tunnels and a group of anchors. It is also intended to examine the developments of the failure patterns in all the cases. For carrying out the analysis for different stability problems, three noded triangular elements have been used throughout the thesis. The nodal velocities are treated as basic unknown variables and the velocity discontinuities are employed along the interfaces of all the elements. The soil mass is assumed to obey the Mohr-Coulomb’s failure criterion and an associated flow rule. The Mohr-Coulomb yield surface is linearized by means of an exterior regular polygon circumscribing the actual yield circle so that the finite element formulation leads to a linear programming problem. A simple technique has been proposed for reducing the computational effort while solving any geotechnical stability problem by using the upper bound finite element limit analysis and linear optimization. In the proposed method, the problem domain has been discretized into a number of different regions in which a particular order (number of sides) of the polygon has been specified to linearize the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. A greater order of the polygon needs to be chosen only in that part of the domain wherein the rate of the plastic strains becomes higher. The computational effort required to solve the problem with this implementation reduces considerably. By using the proposed method, the bearing capacity has been computed for smooth as well as rough strip footings and the results obtained are found to be quite satisfactory. The ultimate bearing capacity of a rigid strip footing placed over granular, cohesive-frictional and purely cohesive soils, reinforced with single and a group of two horizontal layers of reinforcements has been determined. The necessary formulation has been introduced to incorporate the inclusion of reinforcement in the analysis. The efficiency factors, and , to be multiplied with Nc and Nγ for finding the bearing capacity of reinforced foundations, have been established. The results have been obtained (i) for different values of soil friction angles in case of granular and cohesive-frictional soils, and (ii) for different rates at which the cohesion increases with depth for purely cohesive soil under undrained condition. The optimum positions of the reinforcements' layers corresponding to which and becomes maximum, have been established. The effect of the length of the reinforcements on the results has also been analyzed. As compared to cohesive soil, the granular soils, especially with greater values of frictional angle, cause much more predominant increase in the bearing capacity. The stability of a long open vertical trench laid in a fully cohesive and cohesive-frictional soil has been determined with an inclusion of single and a group of two layers of horizontal reinforcements. For different positions of the reinforcement layers, the efficiency factor (ηs), has been determined for several combinations of H/B, m and where H and B refer to height and width of the trench, respectively, and m accounts for the rate at which the cohesion increases linearly with depth for a fully cohesive soil with = 0. The effect of height to width of the long vertical trench on the stability number has been examined for both unreinforced and reinforced soils. The optimal positions of the reinforcements layers, corresponding to which becomes maximum, have been established. The required length of reinforcements to achieve maximum efficiency factor corresponding to optimum depth of reinforcement has also been determined. The magnitude of the maximum efficiency factor increases continuously with an increase in both m and . The effect of pseudo-static horizontal earthquake body forces on the stability of a long unsupported circular tunnel (opening) formed in a cohesive frictional soil has been determined. The stability numbers have been obtained for various values of H/D (H = tunnel cover, D = diameter of the tunnel), internal friction angle of soil, and the horizontal earthquake acceleration coefficient The computations revealed that the values of the stability numbers (i) decreases quite significantly with an increase in , and (ii) become continuously higher for greater values of H/D and . The failure patterns have also been drawn for different combinations of H/D, and . The geometry of the failure zone around the periphery of the tunnel becomes always asymmetrical with an inclusion of horizontal seismic body forces. The interference effect on the stability of two closely spaced parallel (twin) long unsupported circular tunnels formed in fully cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils has been evaluated. The variation of the stability number with S/D has been established for different combinations of H/D, m and ; where D refers to the diameter of each tunnel, S is the clear spacing between the tunnels, and is the internal friction angle of soil and m accounts for the rate at which the cohesion increases linearly with depth for a soil with = 0. On account of the interference of two tunnels, the stability number reduces continuously with a decrease in the spacing between the tunnels. The minimum spacing between the two tunnels required to eliminate the interference effect increases with (i) an increase in H/D and (ii) a decrease in the values of both m and . The failure patterns have also been generated for a few cases with different values of S/D. The size of the failure zone is found to become smaller for greater values of m and . The horizontal pullout capacity of a group of two vertical strip anchors embedded, along the same vertical plane in sand, at shallow depths has been determined. At collapse, it is assumed that the anchor plates are subjected to the same uniform horizontal velocity without any bending or tilt. The pullout resistance increases invariably with increases in the values of embedment ratio, friction angle of the sand mass and anchor-soil interface friction angle. The effect of spacing (S) between the anchors on their group collapse load is examined in detail. For a given embedment ratio, the total group failure load becomes maximum corresponding to a certain optimal spacing (Sopt). The values of Sopt increases with an increase in the value of , but the changes in the value of H/B and do not have any significant effect on Sopt. The vertical uplift capacity of a group of two horizontal strip plate anchors with the common vertical axis buried in purely cohesive as well as in cohesive frictional soil has been computed. The variation of the uplift factors Fc, Fq and F , due to the contributions of soil cohesion, surcharge pressure and unit weight, respectively, has been evaluated for different combinations of S/B and H/B. As compared to a single isolated anchor, the group of two anchors generates significantly greater magnitude of Fc. On the other hand, the factors Fq and F , for a group of two anchors are found to become almost equal to that of a single isolated anchor as long as the levels of the lower plate in the group and the single isolated anchor are kept the same. For the group of two horizontal strip plate anchors in purely cohesive soil, an increase of cohesion of soil mass with depth and the effect of self weight of the soil have been incorporated. The uplift factor Fcy both due to cohesion and unit weight of the soil has also been computed for the anchors embedded in clay under undrained condition. For given embedment ratios, the factor Fcy increases linearly with an increase in the normalized unit weight of soil mass upto a certain value before attaining a certain maximum magnitude. The computational results obtained for different research problems would be useful for design.

Submitted by Thais Silva do Amaral null (thais_rpss@yahoo.com) on 2016-06-03T19:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Silva do Amaral-Dissertação.pdf: 3804617 bytes, checksum: 8083e47078da73695bac6f8aa62e3778 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-08T13:24:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_ts_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1221750 bytes, checksum: e72ea0e2cee4ebb7654b4a0d18d9289f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T13:24:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_ts_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1221750 bytes, checksum: e72ea0e2cee4ebb7654b4a0d18d9289f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-12 / Polímeros derivados do petróleo como polietileno tereftalato (PET) e polietileno naftalato (PEN), são utilizados em larga escala como substratos em diversos dispositivos eletrônicos. A crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente nos leva a buscar alternativas sustentáveis na utilização de materiais para fabricação de novas tecnologias. Neste trabalho, com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade da substituição destes substratos por polímeros naturais, foi explorada uma biocelulose, a celulose bacteriana (CB), secretada por bactérias Acetobacter xylinum, que é um polímero de obtenção ―verde‖, não gerando resíduos ou altos impactos ambientais para ser produzida, além de possuir características desejáveis para ser utilizado como substrato em novos materiais, como resistência mecânica com módulo de Young de 134 GPa, tamanho nanométrico das fibras e transparência. Membranas funcionais foram obtidas pelo crescimento de nanofios de óxido de zinco na sua superfície. Os nanofios de ZnO foram obtidos com comprimento médio de 1,69 ± 0,08 μm e diâmetro de 37,2 ± 4,2 nm. Os materiais foram avaliados estruturalmente pela Difratometria de Raios-x (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução (HRTEM), e quimicamente utilizando Espectroscopia de Espalhamento Raman e Espectroscopia Vibracional na Região do Infravermelho (FT-IR). Também foram realizadas de medidas de Impedância Elétrica e Análise termogravimétrica (TG/DTG). Por fim os materiais foram testados em três diferentes aplicações: como membrana para fotodegradação de corantes, sensor piezoelétrico e substrato removível para obtenção de fios de ZnO não suportados que se mostraram aplicações viáveis para o material. / Petroleum-derived polymers such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), are largely used as substrates in various electronic devices. The growing concern with the environment leads us to seek sustainable alternatives in the use of materials for the manufacture of new technologies. In this work, in order to assess the feasibility of replacing these substrates by natural polymers, bacterial cellulose (BC) was explored, secreted by bacteria Acetobacter xylinum is a ―green‖ polymer that don’t generate waste or high environmental impacts to be produced, and has desirable characteristics for use as new substrate materials, such as mechanical strength with Young's modulus of 134 Gpa, nano-sized fibers and transparency. Functional membranes were prepared by growing ZnO nanowires on the BC dried membranes surface. The obtained ZnO nanowires presented an average length of 1.69 ± 0.08 m and diameter of 37.2 ± 4.2 nm. Materials were evaluated structurally by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), chemically using Raman Scattering spectroscopy and Vibrational Spectroscopy in the Infrared Region (FT-IR). Electrical Impedance measurements and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG) were performed as well. Finally the materials were tested in three different applications: as a membrane for dyes photodegradation, piezoelectric sensor and removable substrate for obtaining unsupported ZnO nanowires that are viable applications for the material.

Two major challenges that impede fuel cell technology breakthrough are the insufficient activity of the electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction and their degradation during operation, caused by the potential-induced corrosion of their carbon-support upon fuel cell operation. Unsupported electrocatalysts derived from tailored noble-metal nanostructures are superior to the conventional carbon-supported Pt nanoparticle catalysts and address these barriers by fine-tuning the surface composition and eliminating the support. Herein, recent efforts and achievements in the design, synthesis and characterization of unsupported electrocatalysts are reviewed, paying special attention to noble-metal aerogels, nano/meso-structured thin films and template-derived metal nanoarchitectures. Their electrocatalytic performances for oxygen reduction are compared and discussed, and examples of successful catalyst transfer to polymer electrolyte fuel cells are highlighted. This report aims to demonstrate the potential and challenges of implementing unsupported catalysts in fuel cells, thereby providing a perspective on the further development of these materials.

Customer Relationship Management blir ett allt vanligare verktyg för att hantera kundvård för företag, det används främst för att hantera kundrelationer och lagra kundinformation. Customer Relationship Management, eller CRM, bygger på en affärsfilosofi som bör genomsyra hela organisationen. Denna filosofi blir en strategi för att hjälpa företag hantera sina nuvarande och kommande kunder. CRM uppkom först på 90-talet då förståelsen för kundvård startade i kombination med automatisering av försäljningsprocesser och analysering av kunddata. Idag är CRM också ett informationssystem som stödjer organisationens kundvårdsstrategi och som möjliggör dagens arbete med CRM. Det blir en knutpunkt i många organisationer och får en central roll för det dagliga arbetet. Men, precis som med alla informationssystem så kan även CRM bli felande. Studien kommer därför att presenter vilka delar av införandeprocessen som är kritiska och även presentera vilka misstag som bör undvikas vid införandet och det kontinuerliga arbetet med CRM. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och bygger på intervjuer från företag som arbetar med CRM, studien är fallstudie inspirerad. / Customer Relationship Management is an increasingly common tool to manage customer care for companies, it is mainly used to manage customer relationships and store customer information. Customer Relationship Management or CRM is based on a business philosophy that should permeate the entire organization. This philosophy is a strategy to help companies manage their current and future customers. CRM came in the 90s, when the understanding of the customer- care started in combination with the automation of sales processes and analyzing customer data. Today, CRM is also an information system that supports the organization's customer care strategy which enables them to work with CRM. It becomes a hub for many organizations and has a central role in the daily work. But, just like any information system it may also fail. The study will therefore present which parts of the implementation that is critical. The study will also present which mistakes to avoid during the implementation and the continuous work with CRM. This study is qualitative in nature and based on interviews of companies that work with CRM, the study is case study inspired.

Title: The evaluation of functional sitting stability of paraplegics Objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate the functional stability of paraplegics sitting through tests. Another objective is to determine what is the effect of fourteen days rehabilitation intervention on the sitting patients. Methods: Designed experiment was processed by the form of quantitative research. There were 10 pacients with spinal cord injuries, especially paraplegics included - 5 men and 5 women. The history was detected with the main emphasis on assessment ASIA score. Measurement of unsupported upright sitting was done thanks to the Plantograf V09. It records the current pressure distribution and movement of the center of pressure (COP). Functional T - shirt test was evaluated by using a stopwatch. Probands responded two questions about their current condition after rehabilitation after the output measuring. The therapist rating was included in the results. All data were further processed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Results: Measurements confirmed the reliability of both used tests. The t-shirt test can be used as an objective method of assessing functional stability of sitting. Test of unsupported upright sitting measured by Plantografu is also usable. It would be appropriate to set the measuring apparatus...

Multi-metallic aerogels have recently emerged as a novel and promising class of unsupported electrocatalyst materials due to their high catalytic activity and improved durability for various electrochemical reactions. Aerogels can be prepared by a spontaneous one-step gelation process, where the chemical co-reduction of metal precursors and the prompt formation of the nanochain-consisting hydrogels, as a preliminary stage for the preparation of aerogels take place. However, detailed knowledge about the homogeneity and chemical distribution of these three-dimensional Pd-Pt aerogels at the nano-scale as well as at the macro-scale is still unclear to date. Therefore, we used a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to obtain a better insight into the structure and elemental distribution of the various Pd-rich Pd-Pt aerogels prepared by the spontaneous one-step gelation process. Synchrotron-based extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were employed in this work to uncover the structural architecture and chemical composition of the various Pd-rich Pd-Pt aerogels over a broad length range. The Pd80Pt20, Pd60Pt40 and Pd50Pt50 aerogels showed heterogeneity in the chemical distribution of the Pt and Pd atoms inside the macroscopic nanochain-network. Features of monometallic clusters were not detected by EXAFS or STEM-EDX, indicating alloyed nanoparticles. However, the local chemical composition of the Pd-Pt alloys strongly varied along the nanochains and thus within a single aerogel. To determine the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the Pd-Pt aerogels for applications in electrocatalysis, we used the electrochemical CO stripping method. Due to high porosity and extended network structure, the resulting values of the ECSA for the Pd-Pt aerogels were higher than that for a commercially available unsupported Pt black catalyst. We show that the Pd-Pt aerogels possess a high utilization of catalytically active centers for electrocatalytic applications based on the nanostructured bimetallic framework. Knowledge about the homogeneity and chemical distribution of the bimetallic aerogels can help to further optimize their preparation by the spontaneous one-step gelation process and to tune their electrocatalytic reactivity.