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Bakgrund: För de som överlever en stroke drabbas många av kraftiga funktionsnedsättningar. Nedsatt motorisk funktion är en av de vanligaste funktionsnedsättningarna. Spegelterapi är en relativt ny behandlingsmetod som visats ha god effekt på att återfå funktion. Det finns en kunskapslucka inom området och evidensen kring spegelterapi behöver stärkas. Där spelar litteraturöversikter en väsentlig roll för att uppdatera om det rådande evidensläget samt optimera framtida forskning.  Syfte: Att undersöka evidensläget för effekterna av spegelterapi på motorisk funktion i övre extremitet hos personer med hemipares efter stroke i ett subakut och kroniskt stadium.  Metod: Studien genomfördes med en litteraturstudie där randomiserade kontrollerade studier inkluderades. Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Artiklarnas enskilda risk för snedvridning granskades enligt PEDro-scale och resultatets sammanvägda tillförlitlighet granskades enligt “Bedömning tillförlitlighet systematisk översikt”. Resultat: Totalt inkluderades nio artiklar där alla bedömdes ha låg risk för snedvridning enligt PEDro-scale. Av de nio visade fem artiklar en signifikant skillnad till interventionsgruppens fördel. Den sammanvägda bedömningen gällande effekten av spegelterapi på motorisk funktion i övre extremitet visade på en låg (++) tillförlitlighet enligt “Bedömning tillförlitlighet systematisk översikt”. Konklusion: Fler än hälften av studierna visade att spegelterapi har effekt och är en säker rehabiliteringsmetod för personer med stroke och nedsatt motorisk funktion i övre extremitet. Ytterligare forskning av hög kvalitet behövs för att säkert kunna styrka dess effektivitet. / Background: For those who survive a stroke, many suffer from severe disabilities. Impaired motor function function is one of the most common disabilities. Mirror therapy is a relatively new treatment method that has been shown to be effective in regaining function. There is a knowledge gap in this area, and the evidence regarding mirror therapy needs to be strengthened. Literature reviews play an essential role in updating the current state of evidence and optimizing future research. Purpose: To investigate the evidence regarding the effects of mirror therapy on motor function in the upper extremities of individuals with hemiparesis following stroke in a subacute and chronic stage. Method: The study was conducted through a literature review, including randomized controlled trials. Searches were conducted in the PubMed and Cinahl databases. The individual risk of bias of the articles was assessed using the PEDro scale, and the combined reliability of the results was assessed using the “Bedömning tillförlitlighet systematisk översikt”. Results: In total, nine articles were included, all assessed to have low risk of bias according to the PEDro scale. Of these nine, five articles demonstrated a significant advantage for the intervention group. The combined assessment regarding the effect of mirror therapy on upper extremity motor function showed low (++) reliability according to the "Bedömning tillförlitlighet systematisk översikt" Conclusion: More than half of the studies showed that mirror therapy is effective and a safe rehabilitation method for individuals with stroke and impaired motor function in the upper extremity. Further high-quality research is needed to definitively confirm its effectiveness.

The outputs that form the basis of this PhD submission include a web site that summarises a unique collection of over 200 Court Judgments in personal injury claims for work-related upper limb disorders heard in the UK, together with a number of more conventional publications. Individually, these outputs all address upper limb disorders associated with work although they each had slightly different objectives and the audiences for which they were produced significantly influenced the type of publication in which they appeared. Together, they help illustrate when, how and, to some extent, why upper limb disorders associated with keyboard use became the issue it did in the UK in the late 1980s and 1990s. While many might now regard keyboard or computer use as an innocuous task, in the late 1980s and 1990s upper limb disorders associated with keyboard use, particularly computer use, became the subject of litigation, legislation, industrial disputes and widespread publicity. The outputs on which this submission is based, together, suggest that following the importation of the concept of repetitive strain injuries (RSI) from Australia in the later 1980s, the activities of trades unions and journalists in the UK promoted work-relevant upper limb symptoms and disorders associated with keyboard use as work-induced injuries. Subsequently, a small number of successful, union-backed, personal injury claims, which involved contentious medical evidence and perhaps an element of iatrogenesis, were widely promoted as proof that computer use causes injury. Around the same time, the government chose to implement flawed Regulations relating to the design and use of computer workstations, which failed to distinguish between that which might give rise to discomfort, fatigue and frustration and that which might give rise to injury. The existence of these Regulations, which among other things require regular, individual risk assessments of computer users, unlike any other type of work, could be interpreted as further 'proof' that computer use causes injury. The approach to the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders advocated in current HSE guidance, including the risk assessment strategy, remain capable of generating distorted perceptions of the risks arising from keyboard and computer use.

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Summary: Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major

Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major

This work deals with a new approach of designing ortho-prosthetic devices in terms of mechanical solution and innovative design. The work was addressed to a specific patient with congenital malformation of upper limbs called phocomelia. A custom-made compensatory aid was made on basis of personal consultations and meetings on specialized workplace; however the aid was built in a way and from parts for other kind of disability. As it turned out, the use of this equipment is associated with many complications, and therefore as a result, this solution proved as unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, thanks to this compensation aid it was possible to specify the problems, to reveal important patterns and highlight the needs for development of entirely new and unique aid designed for patients with phocomelia disability. The work is based on these findings and knowledge acquired from bibliographic search in the field of orthotics, prosthetics, assistive devices and prosthetic equipment. A complete redesign was done with the aim to eliminate all detected problems. The presented result is a unique tool for people with specific congenital disability of upper limbs, with working label 4TE.