L'ingénierie des lignes de produits est une approche utilisée pour développer une famille de produits. Ces produits partagent un ensemble de points communs et un ensemble de points de variation. Aujourd'hui, la validation est une activité disjointe du processus de développement des lignes de produits. L'effort et les moyens fournis dans les campagnes de tests de chaque produit peuvent être optimisés dans un contexte plus global au niveau de la ligne de produits. Le model-based testing est une technique de génération automatique des cas de test à partir d'un modèle d'états et de transitions construit à partir des exigences fonctionnelles. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche pour tester une ligne de produits logiciels avec le model-based testing. La première contribution consiste à établir un lien entre le modèle de variabilité et le modèle de test, à l'aide des exigences fonctionnelles. La deuxième contribution est un algorithme qui extrait automatiquement un modèle de test spécifique à un produit membre de la famille de produits sous test. L'approche est illustrée par une famille de produits de tableaux de bord d'automobiles et expérimentée par un industriel du domaine aéronautique dans le cadre du projet Européen MBAT. / Software product line engineering is an approach that supports developing products in family. These products are described by common and variable features. Currently, the validation activity is disjointed from the product lines development process. The effort and resources provided in the test campaigns for each product can be optimized in the context of product lines. Model-based testing is a technique for automatically generating a suite of test cases from requirements. In this thesis report, we present an approach to test a software product line with model-based testing. This technique is based on an algorithm that establishes the relationship between the variability model released with OVM and the test model, using traceability of functional requirements present in both formalisms. Our contribution is an algorithm that automatically extracts a product test model. It is illustrated with a real industrial case of automotive dashboards and experimented by an industrial of aeronautic domain in the MBAT European project context.

Testing the reliability of an application usually requires a good usage model that accurately captures the likely sequences of inputs that the application will receive from the environment. The models being used in the literature are mostly based on Markov chains. They are used to generate test cases that are statistically close to what the applica-tion is expected to receive when in production. In this thesis, we propose a model for reli-ability testing that is created directly from the log file of a web application. Our proposed model is also based on Markov chains and has two components: one component, based on a modified tree, captures the most frequent behaviors, while the other component is another Markov chain that captures infrequent behaviors. The result is a statistically cor-rect model that shows clearly what most users do on the site. The thesis also presents an evaluation method for estimating the accuracy of vari-ous reliability-testing usage models. The method is based on comparison between ob-served users’ traces and traces inferred from the usage model. Our method gauges the accuracy of the reliability-testing usage model by calculating the sum of goodness-of-fit values of each traces and scaling the result between 0 and 1. Finally, we present an experimental study on the log of a real web site and discuss the way to use proposed usage model to generate test sequences, as well as strength and weakness of the model for reliability testing.

Testing the reliability of an application usually requires a good usage model that accurately captures the likely sequences of inputs that the application will receive from the environment. The models being used in the literature are mostly based on Markov chains. They are used to generate test cases that are statistically close to what the applica-tion is expected to receive when in production. In this thesis, we propose a model for reli-ability testing that is created directly from the log file of a web application. Our proposed model is also based on Markov chains and has two components: one component, based on a modified tree, captures the most frequent behaviors, while the other component is another Markov chain that captures infrequent behaviors. The result is a statistically cor-rect model that shows clearly what most users do on the site. The thesis also presents an evaluation method for estimating the accuracy of vari-ous reliability-testing usage models. The method is based on comparison between ob-served users’ traces and traces inferred from the usage model. Our method gauges the accuracy of the reliability-testing usage model by calculating the sum of goodness-of-fit values of each traces and scaling the result between 0 and 1. Finally, we present an experimental study on the log of a real web site and discuss the way to use proposed usage model to generate test sequences, as well as strength and weakness of the model for reliability testing.

Testing the reliability of an application usually requires a good usage model that accurately captures the likely sequences of inputs that the application will receive from the environment. The models being used in the literature are mostly based on Markov chains. They are used to generate test cases that are statistically close to what the applica-tion is expected to receive when in production. In this thesis, we propose a model for reli-ability testing that is created directly from the log file of a web application. Our proposed model is also based on Markov chains and has two components: one component, based on a modified tree, captures the most frequent behaviors, while the other component is another Markov chain that captures infrequent behaviors. The result is a statistically cor-rect model that shows clearly what most users do on the site. The thesis also presents an evaluation method for estimating the accuracy of vari-ous reliability-testing usage models. The method is based on comparison between ob-served users’ traces and traces inferred from the usage model. Our method gauges the accuracy of the reliability-testing usage model by calculating the sum of goodness-of-fit values of each traces and scaling the result between 0 and 1. Finally, we present an experimental study on the log of a real web site and discuss the way to use proposed usage model to generate test sequences, as well as strength and weakness of the model for reliability testing.

With the new technological advances on the eve of the end of the 19th century, a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic instructional media became available to both teachers and pupils. For effective use of the available instructional media it became increasingly necessary to become both audio and visually literate in order to interpret and understand messages from audio-visual materials/instructional media. This, however, confronted teachers with the urge to become more acquainted with the ways of how to address media selection and integration in a proper way. History as a subject taught at school lends itself to the application of instructional media in a variety of forms. Since the selection of the appropriate or the available media for the teach• ing situation is no easy task, a literature study was undertaken with the purpose of identifying factors that become apparent from media selection models and that need to be considered when instructional media are selected for the teaching of history. Apart from the prob• lem of the lack of an instructional media selection model designed specifically for history teaching, it was possible to propose suitable guidelines based on research findings for the selection of instructional media for history teaching. As far as the empirical research contained in chapter three is concerned, a questionnaire has been developed to determine to what extent history teachers in the present school situation use instructional media, and whether the media available is used effectively. A random sample of fifty (50) schools in the northern region of the Free State was used. Teachers with three years or more experience were asked to complete the questionnaire. An evaluation of the situation was created from the results. One of the most important findings was that a limited number of teachers received training in the effective use of instructional media, or in instructional media science. It appears that the choice of instructional media is considered no easy task by them. Chapter four is devoted to the practical application of instructional media in the teaching of history at the junior secondary level. There lessons have been prepared according to the model that has been developed in this project, which contain aspects of the new outcomes based on education. During the process a selection of media has also been made, ranging from what would be applicable in a school that is fairly adequately equipped with media, to schools that are only partially equipped with media. The study is concluded with a synthesis of all the findings as set out in chapters one through four, where the applicable guidelines for the teaching of history are confirmed. / Thesis (MEd (Vakdidaktiek))--PU vir CHO, 1997

With the new technological advances on the eve of the end of the 19th century, a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic instructional media became available to both teachers and pupils. For effective use of the available instructional media it became increasingly necessary to become both audio and visually literate in order to interpret and understand messages from audio-visual materials/instructional media. This, however, confronted teachers with the urge to become more acquainted with the ways of how to address media selection and integration in a proper way. History as a subject taught at school lends itself to the application of instructional media in a variety of forms. Since the selection of the appropriate or the available media for the teach• ing situation is no easy task, a literature study was undertaken with the purpose of identifying factors that become apparent from media selection models and that need to be considered when instructional media are selected for the teaching of history. Apart from the prob• lem of the lack of an instructional media selection model designed specifically for history teaching, it was possible to propose suitable guidelines based on research findings for the selection of instructional media for history teaching. As far as the empirical research contained in chapter three is concerned, a questionnaire has been developed to determine to what extent history teachers in the present school situation use instructional media, and whether the media available is used effectively. A random sample of fifty (50) schools in the northern region of the Free State was used. Teachers with three years or more experience were asked to complete the questionnaire. An evaluation of the situation was created from the results. One of the most important findings was that a limited number of teachers received training in the effective use of instructional media, or in instructional media science. It appears that the choice of instructional media is considered no easy task by them. Chapter four is devoted to the practical application of instructional media in the teaching of history at the junior secondary level. There lessons have been prepared according to the model that has been developed in this project, which contain aspects of the new outcomes based on education. During the process a selection of media has also been made, ranging from what would be applicable in a school that is fairly adequately equipped with media, to schools that are only partially equipped with media. The study is concluded with a synthesis of all the findings as set out in chapters one through four, where the applicable guidelines for the teaching of history are confirmed. / Thesis (MEd (Vakdidaktiek))--PU vir CHO, 1997

Governments around the world are investing heavily in smart card infrastructure to enhance transport services. Studies show that smart card technology can improve reliability, reduce maintenance costs, provide a longer life span, and allow more applications to be incorporated in a transit card. As a result, policy makers and transport owners are interested in extending the use of smart cards from transit to non-transit systems to capitalise on their investment. However, little is known about the conditions under which customers would adopt transit cards for non-transit transactions. In Singapore, a contactless transit smart card (ez-link card) was launched in April 2002 to replace the magnetic stored-value card, which was commissioned in December 1990. The ez-link card was introduced as an integrated public transport card for use both on buses and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Light Rail Transit (LRT) trains. This study was undertaken to evaluate customers' response to the use of the ez-link card for non-transit transactions. As the ez-link card is an information technology (IT) product and the first of its kind in the Singapore public transport system, there is a need to understand and appreciate how customers would respond to the change in its use. Various theories and models such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Diffusion (TD), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were reviewed for their potential to understand and predict customers' intentions to use the ez-link card for non-transit transactions. After much review, the TPB was adopted for identifying the research model and hypotheses in this study. The TPB was used to develop the research model and hypotheses comprising one dependent variable (intention – INT) and three independent variables (attitude - ATT, subjective norm - SN and perceived behavioral control - PBC). The TPB was also used to design the questionnaire comprising 16 items to collect data from customers using the ez-link card at bus interchanges and train stations located around Singapore. A pilot survey was conducted on 21 respondents using the intercept interview technique. The data were collected and analysed. With slight modifications, the questionnaire was then used with 300 respondents in the final survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data collected from 293 respondents (seven were outliers) using the intercept interview technique in the final survey. Regression analysis explained 80% of the variance in the customers' intention to use the ez-link card for non-transit transactions. While the results provided initial support for the TPB, further examination of the data using exploratory factor analysis revealed high correlations between the ATT and SN. This study concluded that a more parsimonious model would only extract two independent variables (Desirability - DES and Perceived Convenience – PEC) to predict customers' intention to use the ez-link card for non-transit transactions. DES and PEC were used to develop a new