Thesis (Ph. D.)--Agra University, 1955. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [409]-426).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Agra University, 1955. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [409]-426).

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral--University of Lucknow, 1969). / Includes bibliographical references (p. [281-293]) and index.

This study focuses on four famines (1837-8,1860-1,1868-9,1896-7) that afflicted the North Western Provinces and Awadh, the present day Uttar Pradesh, but no longer including the hill districts. This study looks at the discourse, responses to and perceptions of famines by certain groups in NWPandO society. The study argues that while famines were disasters for some sections of affected people, they proved significantly beneficial to others. It argues that long- standing social, economic and political imbalances caused the impact of famines to fall on already vulnerable and poor sections of society, while the rich and powerful derived important political, economic, social and religious benefits. The policies abetting these and the mechanisms by which these benefits were derived are examined. Besides poverty, fragmentation and breaking up of community and family structures and more importantly, lack of political accessibility and inadequate political representation added to the woes of the victims. The perceptions, discourse and responses of famine victims have been detailed. At the same time the use of power and political accessibility to derive important gains- political, economic and religious is emphasized. The activities of beneficiary groups extended famines in space and time. Their perception and responses to famine have been highlighted, and the varying fortunes of victims and beneficiaries compared and contrasted. Relief policy largely failed to alleviate even immediate famine distress. A generous and liberal relief policy taking into account the needs and cultural susceptibilities of the affected people was required. But such a policy was not evolved even till the end of the nineteenth century as strategic, bureaucratic, cultural and ideological priorities took precedence over the sufferings of the needy. Officials largely ignored or failed to take into account that relief was being exploited for important economic, political and religious gains. The issues and problems discussed in the present thesis are relevant for modern times, especially in the case of India. If modern- day relief policies remedy these shortcomings and adopt realistic long-term measures to redress socio- economic and political imbalances that afflict society in India, then the negative impact of famines can be contained.

Thesis--Lucknow University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [173]-179).

Thesis--Lucknow University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [173]-179).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--London University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [226]-232).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--London University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [226]-232).

No description available.

The state of Uttar Pradesh occupies about 9 per cent of the total geographical area of India, supports more than 16 per cent of its 440 million people, but has less than 6 per cent of the Indian forests. It is, in many ways, an underdeveloped part of a developing nation. There is a great potential for contributions of Uttar Pradesh to the economic development of India, by the expansion of the U. P. pulp and paper industry. Per capita consumption of paper and paper-board in India is expected to increase from about 1.3 Kg in 1965 to 6.2 Kg in 2000. If the production in the country increases as anticipated in this thesis, and if more raw materials are not made available, shortages of both long-fibred and short-fibred raw materials will begin to be felt strongly by about 1975 and will progressively increase. To reduce these shortages the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department is establishing plantations of fast-growing tree species. The Mysore hybrid eucalypt is being planted to provide short-fibred pulpwood and plantations of the bamboo (D endrocalamus strict us) will yield long-fibred pulp. Present plans of the U. P. Forestry Department have not paid enough attention to growing long-fibred material. The Department should concentrate mainly on the production of long-fibred material because much short-fibred material is available as sugar cane bagasse in the U. P. It also could be secured when needed if eucalypt and poplar plantings were made by farmers. Eucalypts, pines, poplars and bamboos have been discussed regarding their suitability for production of pulpwood in the forest areas of U. P. Greatest attention has been given here to eucalypts but it is concluded that pines and bamboos are the most desirable. The need for producing within India all of the pulp and paper required domestically has been considered more important than that for supplying paper and paper-board to Indian consumers at world prices. At present It appears as if the foreign exchange conserved by reducing pulp and paper imports can be more usefully spent in buying machinery, fertilizers, and technical knowledge. India can become self-sufficient in its paper and paper-board needs after 1980 only if enough long-fibred raw materials are produced. Therefore, major trials of potentially suitable, fast-growing, long-fibred species should be established soon. The paper industry in U. P. should continually strive to improve its technology and bring down its costs of production because in the long run it will have to become competitive in world markets. The U. P. Forest Department should not judge its efficiency solely by the size of net surplus created in a plantation program. It should also consider the potential contributions of its plantations in the growth of Indian industry and improvement of real national income. Intensive economic analyses of the problems discussed here should be undertaken to refine objectives for the long-term development of U. P.'s forest industry. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate