Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wollongong, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 241-251).

Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BalthazarVadinal_Rodolfo_M.pdf: 4017653 bytes, checksum: 24ed8d49e2574dfe4064c3bc37735f3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nos últimos dois anos, o Brasil vem estampando as manchetes dos principais veículos de comunicação mundiais com os anúncios das novas descobertas de reservatórios de petróleo na camada do Pré-Sal. Enormes investimentos estão sendo direcionados para viabilizar a exploração e a produção de petróleo em profundidades ultra-profundas. Enquanto isso, as refinarias brasileiras (e mundiais) se ajustam às características dos óleos processados atualmente: cada vez mais pesado e com maiores teores de contaminantes. Para atender às crescentes demandas das indústrias e mercados consumidores, os processos de refino de fundo de barril, dentre os quais se destaca a unidade de craqueamento catalítico (FCC), ganham importância. O craqueamento catalítico converte frações pesadas em frações mais leves e de maior interesse industrial. A principal unidade de uma refinaria que fornece as matérias-primas necessárias para o funcionamento do FCC é a unidade de destilação a vácuo (UDV), usadas para recuperar frações de óleo pesadas, especialmente o gasóleo de vácuo leve (GOL) e o gasóleo de vácuo pesado (GOP). A torre de vácuo é utilizada para o processamento de óleos pesados e ultrapesados, fazendo uso de pressões sub-atmosféricas para evitar a decomposição térmica dos constituintes do petróleo. Apesar do desenvolvimento e avanço tecnológico das refinarias, modelos computacionais que permitam uma análise mais detalhada para melhorar a compreensão do funcionamento da torre de vácuo são necessários. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar novos esquemas computacionais para a representação da torre de vácuo, realizando um procedimento de análise de sensibilidade das variáveis de processo e identificando um novo ponto operacional que maximize a produção de gasóleos de vácuo (GVAC). A metodologia proposta neste projeto consiste na utilização de três resíduos atmosféricos (RAT) de diferentes características e na implementação da UDV no simulador de processos Aspen Plus, versão 22.0. Para representar a torre de vácuo, fez-se uso de quatro colunas de destilação a vácuo distintas, cada uma representando, do topo para a base: seção de retirada de GOL; seção de retirada de GOP; zona de lavagem; e seção de esgotamento. Após a implementação da torre e a criação de especificações para os produtos GOP e GOL, foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade para avaliar a influência das variáveis operacionais no processo de recuperação do RAT. Os parâmetros estudados foram: injeção de vapor de retificação; vazão e temperatura do refluxo circulante da seção de retirada de GOL e de GOP; vazão de óleo de lavagem; vazão de hot reflux; vazão de sobrevaporizado; porcentagem de entrainment e temperatura do forno. Para um RAT particular foi possível aumentar a produção de GVAC em até 14%. O desenvolvimento dos modelos computacionais e os resultados das simulações são importantes por dois motivos: primeiro, por não serem facilmente encontrados na literatura aberta e, segundo, pela possível utilização no treinamento de operadores / Abstract: In the last two years, Brazil has been stamping the headlines of major media world with announcements of new discoveries of oil reservoirs in the Pre-Salt layer. Huge amounts of investments are being directed to facilitate the exploration and production of oil in ultra-deep depths. Meanwhile, refineries in Brazil (and worldwide refineries) now process oils that getting heavier and with higher levels of contaminants. To meet the growing demands of industries and consumer markets, conversion processes, among which stands out the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCC), are highlighted. The catalytic cracking converts heavy fractions into lighter fractions and larger industrial interest. The main unit of a refinery that supplies the raw materials necessary for the operation of the FCC is the vacuum distillation unit (VDU), used to recover heavy oil fractions, especially the light vacuum gasoil (LVGO) and heavy vacuum gasoil (HVGO). The vacuum tower is used for processing heavy and ultra-heavy oils, making use of sub-atmospheric pressures to avoid thermal decomposition of petroleum constituents. Despite the technological advancement and development of refineries, computational models that allow a more detailed analysis to better understand the operation of the vacuum tower are necessary. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present new computational schemes for representation of the vacuum tower, performing a procedure for sensitivity analysis of process variables and to identifying a new operational point that maximizes the production of vacuum gasoil (VGO). The methodology proposed in this project is the use of three atmospheric residue (ATR) of different characteristics and the implementation of the VDU in the process simulator Aspen Plus, version 22.0. To represent the vacuum tower, four vacuum distillation columns are used, each one represents, from top to bottom: withdrawal section of LVGO; withdrawal section of HVGO; washing zone; and stripping section. After the implementation of the vacuum tower and the creation of specifications for LVGO and HVGO products, a sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of operating parameters on the recovery process of ATR. The parameters studied were: injection of stripping steam; flow and temperature of the LVGO pumparound circuit; flow and temperature of the HVGO pumparound circuit; flow of washing oil; flow of hot reflux; overflash percentage; percentage of entrainment and furnace temperature. For a particular ATR, it was possible to increase the VGO production by up to 14%. The development of computational models and simulation results are important for two reasons: firstly, because they are not easily found in the open literature and, secondly, for the possible use in operator training / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Small Venturis were used to measure air flow rates through cigarette-making machines to a vacuum header. A programmable calculator was used to develop charts for each Venturi. showing flow versus differential pressure at inlet vacuums from 8 in. (203 mm) to 20 in. (508 mm) of mercury. Use of the charts eliminates the need to calculate the flow each time a test is run. An error analysis indicated that large variations in temperature do not affect the result. The accuracy of the charts is not affected as long as the tests are run at room temperature. The Venturis, ranging in size from ½ in. (13 mm) to l ½ in. (38 mm) will continue to be used to measure and monitor vacuum requirements of the machines. / Master of Engineering

No description available.

Crystallization is done in the sugar industry using natural circulation vacuum evaporative crystallizers known as vacuum pans. the fluid which is known as massecuite consists of a suspension of crystals in concentrated molasses. It is highly viscous and slightly non-Newtonian, and laminar conditions prevail in the apparatus. Research on forced convection boiling heat transfer, pressure drop and vapour holdup has been done mostly in turbulent flow under pressures higher than atmospheric, but no studies have been made when boiling viscous fluids under vacuum. This thesis describes a series of experiments which were undertaken with the following objectives: (a) to determine the influence of the pertinent variables on heat transfer, friction losses and vapour holdup while boiling under laminar conditions (b) to produce a method for the calculation of the evaporation and circulation rates in vacuum pans, as this would make possible the optimization of this type of equipment. The apparatus used consisted of a single tube steam heated forced circulation evaporator. The void fraction, pressure and centerline temperature were measured along the tube. The fluids used were syrup, molasses and massecuite covering a thousandfold change in viscosity. The tests were conducted under different conditions of vacuum and steam pressures with varying tube inlet velocities. The experimental results show that the boiling heat transfer coefficient can be correlated as a function of the two phase Reynolds number and dimensionless density ratio and that it is inversely proportional to the tube length to the power of one third. The pressure drop can be estimated using the equation of Oliver and Wright (1964) for bubbly flow. Equations are proposed for calculating the void fraction in the highly subcooled region and point of bubble departure. These equations form the basis of a computer program which by a stepwise and iterative method simulates the boiling process along the tube. Measurements taken on a natural circulation pan with tubes of different length show that this method predicts the effect of the tube length with reasonable accuracy. The limitations of this study are that the experiments were done with a single diameter tube so that the effect of diameter has not been established with certainty. Only sugar products were used in the experiments, and caution is necessary if this method is applied to other fluids. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.

An experimental, field replaceable travelling wave tube (TWT) with low profile, TEM transitions has been developed with the aim of combining the cost advantages of field replaceable TWTs with the bandwidth advantages of TEM transitions. Field replaceable TWTs are cheaper because their periodic permanent magnet (PPM) stacks (which are expensive) are easier to produce and can be reused. Standard TEM transitions have a high profile and prevent TWTs from being plugged into PPM stacks. The stacks of packaged TWTs are therefore built onto the tubes, using split ring magnets, before the tubes are potted. Upon failure, such tubes are discarded together with their focusing, coupling and cooling structures. Two types of low profile, TEM transitions were investigated: a ring and a plug transition. In the former, the helix was joined to a metal ring that was sandwiched between two ceramic rings in the vacuum envelope. Due to its high shunt capacitance, this transition was narrowband. In the plug transition, the helix was joined to a small metal plug in the wall of a ceramic tube. Plug transitions with a return loss of better than 10 dB over an octave were made but some technological difficulties were encountered. Metal/ceramic joining with active solder is therefore discussed. The development of graphite attenuators was attempted but graphite of high enough resistivity to achieve the attenuation and matching required was not available. Thin film attenuators were therefore used instead. Some good attenuators were made but the molybdenum films were sensitive to processing conditions. An empirical procedure was developed to magnetize PPM stacks to a wanted profile. The stacks that were designed and built resulted in good beam focusing. TWT tests were made using an automated test station that was built. Maximum RF gains and output powers of 20 dB and 43 dBm respectively were measured. The TWT design, construction and testing was a combination of materials science and microwave work. Some simulations were used to solve electromagnetic problems but much of the work was practical, involving trial and error and many measurements. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Description based on contents viewed May 30, 2008; title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-86).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6635361 bytes, checksum: 14da0b5d0e9d4fb2821cb495e6d9fcfa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents the state of the in vacuum technology which covers the fundamentals, devices for generating, measuring and major applications in precision engineering. Also, the design and development of vacuum tables applied to machine tool is shown. With regard to fundamentals, it is described the historical background, classical theories and classification of this technology by bands of applications. It is shown most widely used vacuum generators and gauges, showing their construction, operation and applications within various areas. Applications of vacuum technology in precision engineering that span the macro, micro and nano scales are presented, highlighting their importance in each application area. In addition, a methodology to design and development of vacuum tables to fixture workpieces in machine tools, is described and applied. The development of this methodology was motivated due lack of technical and scientific articles that concern the studies on vacuum tables with emphasis on its design parameters. In this work, vacuum tables with hollow, square and hexagonal cores were analyzed by considering two different magnitudes of machining forces. The displacement and stress that each vacuum table configuration is submitted were determined by using numeric simulation based on the finite element method for both machining conditions. / O presente trabalho trata do resgate da literatura sobre a tecnologia do vácuo englobando os seus fundamentos básicos, dispositivos de geração, medição e o estado da arte em aplicações na área de engenharia de precisão seguido de um projeto e desenvolvimento de mesas de vácuo aplicadas em máquinas-ferramenta. Com relação aos fundamentos, é descrito o seu contexto histórico, teorias clássicas e classificação desta tecnologia por faixas de aplicações. É mostrado os geradores e medidores de vácuo mais utilizados evidenciando a sua construção, funcionamento e aplicações dentro das mais variadas áreas. São apresentadas aplicações na engenharia de precisão que abrangem as escalas macro, micro e nano, ressaltando a importância da tecnologia do vácuo em cada aplicação. No projeto e desenvolvimento de mesas de vácuo, é descrita e aplicada uma metodologia própria que consiste em dimensionar mesas de vácuo capazes de fixar peças mediante a usinagem em máquinas-ferramenta. O desenvolvimento desta metodologia foi motivada em função da carência de artigos técnicos e científicos que concernem os estudos sobre mesas de vácuo dando ênfase aos seus parâmetros de projetos. São dimensionadas mesas de vácuo com núcleos vazados, quadrado e hexagonal em função de duas condições de usinagem que utilizam diferentes magnitudes de forças. Por meio de simulação numérica computacional, são avaliados os esforços de deslocamento e tensão em cada mesa de vácuo dimensionada, de forma a eleger uma mesa que atenda a critérios de rigidez, peso e homogeneização do fluxo de vácuo para cada magnitude de forças de usinagem.

Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T12:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maia_JulioPereira_M.pdf: 1976654 bytes, checksum: 7db1c6ceb65b53e42be6af7e578eb0f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Unidades de vácuo para destilação de petróleo são estudadas neste trabalho. A destilação a vácuo é empregada para frações pesadas do petróleo, com vastas aplicações em processamento de crus pesados e ultra-pesados, motivado pelas dificuldades em se processar estes crus a pressão atmosférica devido ao alto ponto de ebulição dos componentes em suas composições. Estes compostos podem ser facilmente decompostos se não forem destilados abaixo da pressão atmosférica. Os produtos obtidos desta unidade são usados como insumos para a Unidade de Craqueamento Catalítico (UCC). Adotaram-se dois tipos de crus neste trabalho. Estes crus foram estabelecidos e caracterizados em um ambiente de simulação. Diferentes blends dos óleos foram considerados. Como unidades de vácuo estão conectadas com unidades atmosféricas, ambas as unidades foram simuladas no estado estacionário. A unidade atmosférica foi simulada com os equipamentos auxiliares principais. Produtos da unidade atmosférica foram determinados, e procedimentos para ajustar as variáveis de sistema de forma a fazer com que os produtos estivessem especificados foram apresentados. O projeto convencional de unidade de vácuo para produção de combustíveis foi o adotado para a simulação. Procedimentos para auxiliar a convergência da simulação desta unidade foram desenvolvidos. Uma análise de sensitividade foi conduzida, analisando as principais variáveis do sistema. Baseado nisso, um procedimento de otimização no estado estacionário foi adotado, levando em consideração os limites de convergência determinados para a análise de sensitividade. O sistema foi convertido do estado estacionário para se realizar uma simulação dinâmica. A simulação dinâmica foi conduzida com mudanças no fluxo de alimentação da torre atmosférica. O estabelecimento desta plataforma de simulação e sua disponibilidade foram muito importantes, bem como os resultados da simulação, por não ser facilmente encontrado na literatura aberta. Mais ainda, a grande complexidade deste processo de separação faz com que seja útil para treinamento de operadores. / Abstract: Vacuum units for petroleum distillation are studied in this work. Vacuum distillation is employed for heavy petroleum fractions, with large applications on heavy and ultra-heavy crude processing, motivated by difficulties in processing these crudes at atmospheric pressure, due to the boiling range of the compounds in their compositions. These compounds would be easily decomposed if they were not distillated under atmospheric pressure. The products obtained from this unit are used as feedstock for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU). Two different petroleum crudes were adopted in this work. These petroleum were established and characterized in a simulation environment. Different blends from the oils were considered. As vacuum units in petroleum plants are connected with atmospheric units, both units were simulated in steady state. The atmospheric unit was simulated with the main auxiliary equipment. Products from atmospheric unit were set, and a procedure to set system variables in order to make the products to meet specifications was presented. The conventional design vacuum unit for fuels production was set to be simulated. Procedures to aim convergence of the simulation of this unit were developed. A sensitivity analysis was carried out, analyzing the main variables of the system. Based on it, an optimization procedure in steady state was applied, taking into consideration the convergence bounds set for the sensitivity analysis. The system was converted from steady state to perform a dynamic simulation. The dynamic simulation was carried out with changes in the atmospheric feed flow rate. The establishment of this simulation platform and its availability were very important as well as the results of the simulation, since this is not easily found in the open literature. Moreover, the large complexity of this separation process makes it useful for operator training. / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

No description available.