Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of globalization process - especially from the late twentieth century - modified the traditional forms of organization of production and international trade between countries and companies. The major economic importance of transnational companies makes these can resize these traditional forms of production and trade, and implement the so-called Global Value Chains (GVCs), which are based on a bigger fragmentation and international production verticalization, as well as bigger interconnectivity of production and business processes across economies. This study aims to contribute to the analytical and empirical study of insertion segments of the Brazilian industry in GVCs. The study aims to specify the analysis having as object the electro-electronics and mechanical metal complexes, from the Vertical Specialization methodology proposed by Hummels et al (2001) in three periods time cuts 2000, 2005 and 2009. The results showed that Brazil is weakly inserted in GVCs, because it was observed a low value embedded foreign exports (11.62%, 11.04%, 9.22%). Comparing the Brazilian electro-electronics and mechanical metal complexes, it was observed that the contents of both complexes are also low, but the results for the electro-electronics complex (21.39%, 20.36%, 17.53%) were superior to the results from the mechanical metal complex (18.52%, 17.24%, 16.32%). Thus the Brazilian industrial structure is still poorly integrated into the global trade, and in the scope of analysis of the study, the Brazilian electro-electronics manufacturing is the one that most suited to the fragmentation of activities in GVCs. / O desenvolvimento do processo de globalização especialmente a partir do final do século XX modificou as formas tradicionais da organização da produção e de comércio internacional entre países e empresas. A maior importância econômica das empresas transnacionais levou-as a redimensionar as formas tradicionais de produção e comércio e implementar as denominadas Cadeias Globais de Valor (CGVs), que têm por base a fragmentação e verticalização internacional da produção, bem como a maior interconectividade de processos produtivos e comerciais entre economias. O presente estudo tem como objetivo quantificar a especialização vertical em CGVs do Brasil e de segmentos da indústria brasileira. Procura-se aprofundar a análise tendo como objeto os complexos eletroeletrônico e metal mecânico, em cortes de três períodos no tempo 2000, 2005 e 2009. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Brasil está inserido fracamente em CGVs, pois se observou um baixo valor estrangeiro incorporado às exportações (11,62%, 11,04%, 9,22%). Comparando os complexos eletroeletrônico e metal mecânico brasileiros, observou-se que os índices de ambos complexos também são baixos, mas os resultados para o complexo eletroeletrônico (21,39%, 20,36%, 17,53%) se mostraram superiores aos resultados do complexo metal mecânico (18,52%, 17,24%, 16,32%). Dessa forma, mesmo após uma maior internacionalização produtiva a partir da abertura comercial, ainda existem dificuldades para o Brasil se integrar em CGVs de forma mais dinâmica e competitiva nos setores relevantes do ponto de vista industrial, dentre os quais se destaca o complexo metal mecânico e eletroeletrônico.

Os estudos de Governança de Cadeias Globais de Valor (CGVs) analisaram um grande espectro indústrias nos últimos 20 anos, mas a pesquisa de CGV em indústrias de bens de informação ainda é limitado. Cartões de crédito, sistemas operacionais, jogos digitais e aplicativos móveis são exemplos de indústrias que possuem provedores de plataforma, que mediam as interações entre fornecedores e consumidores. Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de plataformas digitais em indústrias tradicionais possibilitou movimentos disruptivos conhecidos como uberização.Os relacionamentos em plataformas são desenhados para serem multilaterais e possuírem efeitos de rede para atrair um maior volume de participantes, o que muda a natureza da coordenação em relação às cadeias tradicionais baseadas em relacionamentos bilaterais sucessivos. Do ponto de vista normativo, as plataformas são baseadas convenção de projetos, típica do \"novo espírito do capitalismo\", cuja lógica de justificação ainda não incorporada no referencial de governança de CGVs. Este trabalho propõe governança por plataforma como um novo tipo de governança, conciliando as abordagens de coordenação e de normatização. A indústria de jogos digitais foi escolhida por ter simultaneamente características de plataforma tecnológica e de distribuição, enfatizadas respectivamente na literatura sobre plataformas industriais e multilaterais. Métodos mistos foram utilizados para a pesquisa em três países (Coreia do Sul, Finlândia e Brasil): questionários aplicados a 235 desenvolvedores de jogos digitais, 73 entrevistas com desenvolvedores, publishers e gestores públicos, e 6 entrevistas com representantes de plataformas, além de pesquisa documental sobre a indústria global. A análise confirmou a importância dos efeitos de rede e que a governança por plataformas possui simultaneamente características de governança presentes em tipos já estabelecidos na literatura e também características distintivas, tanto nos aspectos de coordenação como nos aspectos normativos. Confirmou ainda a aderência da convenção de projetos para compreender este tipo de governança. / Global Value Chain (GVC) Governance studies analyzed a great spectrum of industries last 20 years, but GVC research on information goods industries and the impact of the internet on GVC coordination and normalization is limited.Credit Cards, Operational Systems, Digital Games and Mobile Applications are some classic examples of industries that have platform providers, which mediate suppliers and consumers\' interactions. In recent years, the development of digital platforms in traditional industries possible disruptive movements, known as uberization. Relationships platforms are designed to be multilateral and have network effects to attract a greater volume of participants, which changes the nature of coordination in relation to traditional chains based in successive bilateral relationships. From a normative point of view, the platforms are based on the project convention, typical of the \"new spirit of capitalism\", which justification logic not yet incorporated into the GVCs governance framework. This work proposes governance through platform as a new type of governance and combining the approaches of coordination and standardization. The digital games industry was chosen because both have technology platform characteristics and distribution, respectively emphasized in the literature on industrial and multilateral platforms. Mixed methods were used for research in three countries (South Korea, Finland and Brazil): questionnaires given to 235 developers of digital games, 73 interviews with developers, publishers and public managers, and 6 interviews with representatives of platforms and research documentary on the global industry. The analysis confirmed the importance of network effects and that the governance platform has simultaneously governance characteristics present in types already established in the literature and distinctive characteristicsin both the coordination aspects as the normative aspects. It also confirmed the adherence to the project convention to understand this type of governance.

Este trabalho busca avançar o conhecimento sobre Global Value Chains (GVC) e inovação com usuários ao estudar a influência da colaboração dos usuários finais no upgrading de desenvolvedores em cadeias digitais. A pesquisa sugere que esforços de inovação entre uma empresa fornecedora em cadeias digitais e seus usuários finais levam a tipos preferenciais de upgrading, que variam em função de características específicas da indústria de jogos e da governança da cadeia na qual o desenvolvedor está inserido. Os referenciais teóricos das Cadeias Globais de Valor (GVC), inovação com usuários finais e método de regressão logística são utilizados para estabelecer as estruturas analíticas para este trabalho. Os resultados do trabalho são: (i) validação do modelo MOA+ID (Motivação, Oportunidade, Habilidade, e Infraestrutura Digital) para estudar a colaboração entre fornecedores e usuário final; (ii) identificação que o impacto da interação com usuários finais no upgrading de desenvolvedores em cadeias jogos digitais depende de características específicas de tal indústria, e (iii) identificação que o impacto da interação com usuários no upgrading de desenvolvedores em cadeias jogos digitais depende da governança da cadeia na qual o desenvolvedor está inserido. Desenvolvedores de jogos pertencentes a cadeias cujas governança são dos tipos Mercado e Relacional apresentam upgrading devido a colaboração com usuário final por que possuem liberdade e competências para se beneficiarem da relação com usuários final. Desenvolvedores de jogos pertencentes a cadeias cujas governança são dos tipos Modular e Cativa não apresentam upgrading devido à interação com usuário devido ao baixo nível de dependência do governante da cadeia. / This work seeks to advance knowledge about Global Value Chains (GVC) and innovation with end-users through the study of the influence of collaboration with end-user on the upgrading of developers in digital chains. The research suggests that innovation efforts between a supplier in digital chains and end-users lead to preferential types of upgrading, which will vary depending on the specific characteristics of the digital gaming industry and the governance of the chain in which the developer is embedded. The theoretical frameworks of Global Value Chains (GVC), innovation with end-users and method of logistic regression are used to establish the analytical structures for this work. The results of the work are: (i) validation of the MOA + DI model (Motivation, Opportunity Ability, Digital Infrastructure) to study collaboration between suppliers and end-user; (ii) recognition that the impact of innovation with end-users on the upgrading of developers in digital game chains depends on specific characteristics of such industry, and (iii) recognition that the impact of innovation with end users on the upgrading of developers in digital game chains depends on the chain governance in which the developer is embedded. Game developers under the Market and Relational types of governance present upgrading due to collaboration with endusers because such developers have freedom and competencies to benefit from the end-user interface. Game developers under the Modular and Captive types of governance chains do not experienced upgrading due to the interface with end-user because such firms do not have opportunities and competencies to benefit from the end-user interface.

Orientadora: Profa Dra. Cristina Fróes de Borja Reis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão da Inovação, 2017. / As brincadeiras fazem parte da vida das pessoas, principalmente quando crianças, seja nas escolas auxiliando no aprendizado, seja em casa nos momentos de lazer e descontração, auxiliando muito no desenvolvimento de criatividade. O brinquedo é, basicamente, o objeto que diverte a criança; o suporte da brincadeira desenvolvida. Sua produção há muito deixou de ser apenas artesanal e atualmente resulta de uma complexa gama de atividades articuladas em cadeias de valor globalizadas. Assim sendo, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram mapear as cadeias globais da indústria de brinquedos e investigar a inserção do Brasil nessas cadeias, tanto da indústria de brinquedos físicos, quanto digitais. Adicionalmente, buscou-se apresentar vias de sofisticação, de modo a melhorar a inserção do Brasil nas cadeias globais de valor de brinquedos. A metodologia tem natureza descritiva, contando com revisão bibliográfica e análise de dados quantitativos e qualitativos a partir do modelo estrutura-conduta-desempenho da Economia Industrial, aplicados no estudo de caso do setor de brinquedos ¿ definido conforme a International Standard Industrial Classification. Concluiu-se que o Brasil é mais um mercado importador de brinquedos tradicionais, do que produtor. Um dos caminhos para sofisticar sua participação nas cadeias seria através da indústria de jogos digitais, na qual o país já possui vantagens comparativas, atuando em atividades de maior valor adicionado. Atuar no nicho de jogos digitais tem, ainda, o benefício adicional de aplicar ferramentas tecnológicas e estimular inovações que promovam transformação nas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. / Play is part of people's lives, especially as children, whether in schools, helping with learning, or at home in moments of leisure and relaxation, helping a lot in the development of creativity. The toy is, basically, the object that amuses the child; the support of the game developed. Its production has long ceased to be just handcrafted and is now the result of a complex range of activities articulated in globalized value chains. Thus, the objectives of this research were to map the global chains of the toy industry and to investigate the insertion of Brazil in these chains, both the physical and digital toy industry. Additionally, we tried to present sophistication routes, in order to improve the insertion of Brazil in the global value chains of toys industry. The methodology is descriptive in nature, with bibliographical review and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from the structure-conduct-performance model of the Industrial Economy, applied in the case study of the toy industry - defined according to the International Standard Industrial Classification. It was concluded that Brazil is more an importer market of traditional toys, than a producer. One of the ways to improve its participation in the chains would be through the digital gaming industry, in which the country already has comparative advantages, acting in activities of greater added value. Acting in the niche of digital games has the additional benefit of applying technological tools and stimulating innovations that promote transformation in information and communication technologies.

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Magister Economicae - MEcon / The main objective of this study was to identify ways in which transaction costs can be lowered to improve small-scale farmers’ participation in and returns from agricultural output markets, with specific reference to small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo province. This study hypothesizes that transaction costs are lower in informal spot markets and increase when small-scale farmers sell in more structured markets (formal markets). This study builds on transaction cost economics (TCE) to demonstrate how to overcome transaction cost barriers that small-scale mango farmers face in the agro-food markets. The approach to collect primary information was sequenced in two steps: first, key informant and focus group interviews were conducted and, secondly, a structured survey instrument was administered in two districts of Limpopo. A total of 235 smallscale mango farmers were interviewed. A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of transaction costs on the likelihood of households’ participation in formal (=1) and informal (=0) agro-food markets. STATA Version 10 was used to analyse the data. This study found that a larger proportion of male than female farming households reported participation in the formal markets, suggesting deep-seated gender differentiation in market participation. The average age of small farmers participating in formal markets is 52, compared to 44 for those in informal markets, implying that older farmers might have established stronger networks and acquired experience over a longer period. Farmers staying very far from the densely populated towns (more than 50 km) participate less in the formal markets than those staying closer (0 – 25 km and 26 – 49 km), which implies that the further they are from the towns, the less the likelihood of farmers selling in the formal markets. Farmers who own storage facilities and a bakkie (transportation means) participate more in formal markets compared to those who do not own these assets, which suggests that these farmers are able to store mangoes, retaining their freshness and subsequently delivering them to various agro-food markets on time. Households that participate in formal markets have high mean values of income and social grants. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household’s participation in the markets is less as income and social grants increase. This suggests that households do not invest their financial assets in order to overcome market access barriers. A large proportion of households that own larger pieces of arable land participate in the formal markets, which implies that they are able to produce marketable surplus. Households that have a high mean value (in Rand) of cattle participate more in formal markets than in informal markets. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household’s participation in the markets does not change with an increase in the value of its livestock. These findings suggest that households do not sell their cattle in order to overcome market access barriers. Reduced transaction costs for small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo should improve their participation in and returns from the agro-food markets. Policy interventions to support this need to focus on: access to storage and transportation facilities, enforcement of gender equity requirements in existing policies, and better access to information about markets. / South Africa

The diploma thesis deals with the activities of global value chains in Czech Republic, with a focus on the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the work explains the term value chain, its origin, function and its impact on selected economic indicators. Types of the processes in the firms and the possibility of relocation on the external subject or abroad is mentioned at the end of this section. The practical part aims to access the activity of the companies in global value chains. Based on the statistic dates, information from various databases and calculations, the paper offers an insight into the situation in selected sectors. Other parts are dedicated to analyzing the opportunities, current trends and overall development of this industry in Czech Republic. The output of the work provides a general look on the concept, how the firms are working in value chains and how are they affecting the electronic industry.

The theme of this thesis is the impact of the EU internal market on its external relations - firstly, it asks to what scope can we use the knowledge gained from establishing the internal market and if it can improve the current negotiations and, secondly, whether the already established internal market and its institutions can affect the establishment of relations between the European Union and the United States. The work focuses on the economic level of relations and specifically on the importance of services, both in the economies and the global value chains. It shows that the services sector is politically very sensitive and that the problems which the European Union had to deal with when trying to gain the approval of the Services Directive, are similar to the situation that evolves around negotiating the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, with the negotiations being further complicated by internal interactions between the EU institutions.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Political and economic sanctions between 1970 and 1994 isolated the inward-oriented economy of South Africa from global trends. A variety of factors, such as a challenging new global competitive environment, production overcapacity, falling protectionist tariff barriers in a period of liberalisation, world-class manufacture and globalisation, are contributing to the reform of the economy and the automotive industry. The South African automotive industry therefore faces a major reform in trade policy. The South African government introduced the Motor Industry Development Plan (MIDP) in 1995, to create the necessary levels of competitiveness, promote world class manufacture practices, increase levels of investments and exports that would consequently lead to the successful reconstruction and development of this sector of the South African economy. Subsequent research has shown that the successful adoption of world-class manufacture (or lean production) processes in the South African automotive industry is necessary not only for survival, but also for increased competitiveness of the industry and the improved economic performance of automotive firms. However, complicated links exist between the adoption of world-class manufacture for improved levels of operational competitiveness. for firm-level success, on the one hand, and long-term sustainability of the industry, on the other hand. Combined firm level economic success and long-term sustainability of the industry depend on factors such as international trends, connectivity to global value chains, modern technological capabilities, lean production and enterprise systems, substantial investments, increased exports, world-wide quality standards, as well as customer satisfaction, human resource development, advanced education, skills development, worker participation, government policy and institutional support. This is borne out by a recent study of the auto component sector, utilising a lean , production 'market driver' toolkit. The study found that although component manufacturers significantly improved their operational competitiveness, they have not necessarily experienced improved economic performance levels. More important is connectedness and integration into global value chains, via intermediaries, mergers and acquisitions. The changing political economy of automotive value chains is also important in shaping fum-level operational success and industry sustainability. In this research paper, we review global automotive industry trends which influenced the introduction of the government's visionary MIDP. We then discuss their impact on the performance of the South African assembly and component sectors at industry and finn level. This leads to a series of recommendations for improved performance to world-class manufacture, world-wide quality standards and global competitiveness

Magister Commercii - MCom / Political and economic sanctions between 1970 and 1994 isolated the inward-oriented economy of South Africa from global trends. A variety of factors, such as a challenging new global competitive environment, production overcapacity, falling protectionist tariff barriers in a period of liberalisation, world-class manufacture and globalisation, are contributing to the reform of the economy and the automotive industry. The South African automotive industry therefore faces a major reform in trade policy. The South African government introduced the Motor Industry Development Plan (MIDP) in 1995, to create the necessary levels of competitiveness, promote worldclass manufacture practices, increase levels of investments and exports that would consequently lead to the successful reconstruction and development of this sector of the South African economy. Subsequent research has shown that the successful adoption of world-class manufacture (or lean production) processes in the South African automotive industry is necessary not only for survival, but also for increased competitiveness of the industry and the improved economic performance of automotive firms. However, complicated links exist between the adoption of world-class manufacture for improved levels of operational competitiveness. for firm-level success, on the one hand, and long-term sustainability of the industry, on the other hand. Combined firm level economic success and long-term sustainability of the industry depend on factors such as international trends, connectivity to global value chains, modern technological capabilities, lean production and enterprise systems, substantial investments, increased exports, world-wide quality standards, as well as customer satisfaction, human resource development, advanced education, skills development, worker participation, government policy and institutional support. This is borne out by a recent study of the auto component sector, utilising a lean , production 'market driver' toolkit. The study found that although component manufacturers significantly improved their operational competitiveness, they have not necessarily experienced improved economic performance levels. More important is connectedness and integration into global value chains, via intermediaries, mergers and acquisitions. The changing political economy of automotive value chains is also important in shaping fum-level operational success and industry sustainability.