Long term comparisons of 8 types of lemons (Citrus limon Bunn. F.) on Macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla) rootstock regarding yield, tree growth, and quality under the arid conditions of the Southwest were studied. 'Foothill Lisbon' showed significantly higher cumulative yield and total acid than 'Monroe Lisbon', 'Prior Lisbon', Eureka strains, and Villa Franca, and had larger fruit than other Lisbon strains. 'Prior Lisbon' produced larger tree canopy than all other strains. Overall, Eureka strains and 'Villa Franca' had lower relative cumulative yield, yield efficiency, canopy volume, soluble solids, total acid and fruit seed content , but higher soluble solids to acid ratio than Lisbon strains. All factors considered 'Foothill Lisbon' and 'Prior Lisbon' have good potential for planting in the arid climate and sandy soil of Southwest, when Macrophylla rootstock is to be used.

Interest in growing blood oranges in Arizona has been increasing in recent years, especially for producing fruit for sale in roadside stands. The Arizona Cooperative Citrus Registration Certification Program now has four selections from which to choose: 'Moro', 'Tarocco', 'Sanguinelli', and 'Ruby'. Each one has distinct advantages and disadvantages that should be considered before making a selection.

The main aim of this thesis is to begin to extend phonetic distance measurements to the domain of intonation. Existing studies of segmental phonetic distance have strong associations with historical linguistic questions. I begin with this context and demonstrate problems with the use of feature systems in these segmental measures. Then I attempt to draw strands from the disparate fields of quantitative historical linguistics and intonation together. The intonation of Belfast and Glasgow English provides a central case study for this. Previous work suggests that both varieties display nuclear rises on statements, yet they have never been formally compared. This thesis presents two main hypotheses on the source of these statement rises: the Alignment hypothesis and the Transfer hypothesis. The Alignment hypothesis posits that statement rises were originally more typical statement falls but have changed into rises over time through gradual phonetic change to the location of the pitch peak. The Transfer hypothesis considers that statement rises have come about through pragmatic transfer of rises onto a statement context, either from question rises or continuation rises. I evaluate these hypotheses using the primary parameters of alignment and scaling as phonetic distance measurements. The main data set consists of data from 3 Belfast English and 3 Glasgow English speakers in a Sentence reading task and Map task. The results crucially indicate that the origin of the statement rises in Belfast and Glasgow English respectively may be different. The Glasgow statement nuclear tones show support for the Alignment hypothesis, while the Belfast nuclear tones fit best with the Transfer hypothesis. The fundamental differences between Glasgow and Belfast are the earlier alignment of the peak (H) in Glasgow and the presence of a final low (L) tonal target in Glasgow and a final high (H) target in Belfast. The scaling of the final H in Belfast statements suggests that the transfer may be from continuation rather than from question rises. I then present a proposal for an overall measure of intonational distance, showing problems with parameter weighting, comparing like with like, and distinguishing between chance resemblance and genuine historical connections. The thesis concludes with an assessment of the benefits that intonational analysis could bring to improving segmental phonetic distance measures.

Effective communication in English between its two billion users (Crystal, 2008), requires comprehension of others’ English and a willingness to accept differences in English. While some studies have attempted to measure the attitudes of Inner Circle (IC) (Kachru, 1985) respondents towards IC Englishes, and other studies have focused on attitudes of Outer Circle (OC) and Expanding Circle (EC) respondents to IC English, there is a dearth of research on OC and EC respondents’ attitudes to non-IC English. Therefore, this study addressed the need for further research focusing on OC respondents’ attitudes to EC users’ English. Specifically, this study of 31 Singaporeans attempted to gain an understanding of their attitudes towards Expanding Circle Accents of English (ECAE). This study drew on direct and indirect approaches in language attitude research, involving a verbal-guise task using semantic differential scales to elicit attitudes to speakers on a range of solidarity and status traits, and interviews. Descriptive statistics derived from mean scores were used for quantitative analysis of the data from the verbal-guise task, while coding procedures were used for qualitative analysis of the interview data. The findings show the respondents displayed predominantly negative attitudes to eight of the eleven ECAE and slightly positive attitudes to three. Phonological features common to the ECAE, notably mispronunciation of particular phonemes and vowels added to consonant clusters, affected the respondents’ attitudes. Moreover, certain prosodic features and the perceived degree of attractiveness and assertiveness affected attitudes to the ECAE. These findings indicate accent can affect listeners’ attitude to speakers. The implications of this study have relevance to the discussions on World Englishes and English as an International Language to the extent that notions of attitude and intelligibility are central to both. Furthermore, the findings suggest attitude might be of greater significance than intelligibility when evaluating others’ English.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Nathan O. Nelson / Increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen response in winter wheat could help producers reduce input costs associated with nitrogen fertilizers and decrease the negative environmental impacts of N loss. The objectives of this research were to i) establish if there are genetic differences in NUE and other related parameters among wheat varieties commonly grown in the Great Plains, ii) determine if there are differences in N response among select varieties with a range of NUEs, and iii) determine if NUE influences N response. This information could be useful in future breeding efforts as researchers seek to develop more efficient varieties. This was approached by conducting two separate studies, a large NUE study with 25 winter wheat varieties, and a smaller N Rate study with 4 varieties that represented a range of NUEs based on the preliminary results of the NUE study. The NUE study was conducted over the course of several seasons and locations, with treatments of consisting of N Rate and variety. The experiment was laid out in a strip-plot design and replicated four times at each location. In the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons it was planted at the Kansas River Valley Experiment Field in Rossville, KS. In the 2012-13 season the experiment was planted at two locations, one at Silverlake and another at Ashland Bottoms, KS. The experiment was again planted at two locations in the fall of 2013, in Ashland Bottoms, KS, and Hutchinson, KS. The wheat varieties were grown with two N rates, 0 kg N ha⁻¹ and 90 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen use efficiency was calculated as the grain yield per unit of available nitrogen (sum of soil N and fertilizer N) and ranged from 22-30 kg of grain per kg of N and was strongly influenced by variety with a p<0.001. Several other related parameters, such as grain yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency, harvest index, and fertilizer use efficiency were also significantly affected by variety with a p<0.05. These data suggest there are significant genetic differences in how varieties use and transport nitrogen within their tissues to produce grain. The N Rate experiment was planted in two locations during the 2012-13 season at Silverlake and Ashland Bottoms, KS, and planted again in the fall of 2013 at Ashland Bottoms and Hutchinson, KS. This experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four varieties and four nitrogen rates. The varieties selected for this study were Duster, Everest, Jagger, and Larned and the four N rates were 0, 33.6, 89.7, and 145.7 kg N ha⁻¹. The results showed significant differences in yield response among the varieties at only one location, Ashland Bottoms (p=0041). Although N response at Silverlake was not significant, mean grain yields between varieties was significant (p<0.001). Two additional parameters, NUE and harvest index (HI), were also significantly different between varieties at Silverlake, KS with a p<0.05, while no additional parameters were significant at Ashland Bottoms. Those varieties that had higher response, Everest and Jagger, also tended to have higher NUEs compared to the other two varieties, Duster and Larned. However, because of the contrasting results between locations, additional research is needed to develop firm conclusions. These results provide significant evidence to support varietal differences in nitrogen use due to genetics, and provide the opportunity for breeders to begin developing varieties with higher NUE and improved N response. However, additional research will be required to determine the specific traits responsible for these varietal differences and to determine the suitability of high NUE crops for meeting the nutritional requirements of the future.

We study log varieties, over a field of characteristic zero, which are generically logarithmically smooth and fs in the Kummer normally log étale topology. As an application, we prove an analog of Abramovich-Temkin-Wlodarczyk’s log resolution of singularities of fs log schemes in the Kummer fs setting.<br>

O teorema de Hilbert-Burch fornece uma boa descrição de variedades determinantais de codi- mensão dois e de suas deformações em termos da matriz de representação. Neste trabalho, usamos esta correspondência para estudar propriedades de tais variedades usando métodos da teoria de singularidades. Na primeira parte da tese, estabelecemos a teoria de singularidades de matrizes n X p, generalizando os resultados obtidos por J. W. Bruce and F. Tari em [5], para ma- trizes quadradas, e por A. Frühbis-Krüger em [16], para matrizes n X (n+1). Na segunda parte, nos concentramos em variedades determinantais de codimensão 2, com singularidade isolada na origem. Para estas variedades, podemos mostrar a existência e a unicidade de suavizações, o que possibilita definir seu número de Milnor como o número de Betti na dimensão média de sua fibra genérica. Para superfícies em \'C POT. 4\', obtemos uma fórmula Lê-Greuel expressando o número de Milnor da superfície em termos da segunda multiplicidade polar e do número de Milnor de uma seção genérica / The theorem of Hilbert- Burch provides a good description of codimension two determinantal varieties and their deformations in terms of their presentation matrices. In this work we use this correspondence to study properties of determinantal varieties, based on methods of singularity theory of their presentation matrices. In the first part of the thesis we establish the theory of singularities for n X p matrices extending previous results of J. W. Bruce and F. Tari in [5], for classes of square matrices, and A. Frühbis-Krüger for n X (n+1) matrices in [16]. In the second part we concentrate on codimension two determinantal varieties with isolated singularities. These singularities admit a unique smoothing, thus we can define their Milnor number as the middle Betti number of their generic fiber. For surfaces in \'C POT. 4\' , we obtain a Lê-Greuel formula expressing the Milnor number of the surface in terms of the second polar multiplicity and the Milnor number of the generic section

A incorporação de novas ferramentas biotecnológicas aos programas de melhoramento de citros oferece inúmeras possibilidades. Os marcadores DArTTM (Diversity Arrays Technology), combinados à técnica de sequenciamento de última geração, apresentam boa aplicabilidade na construção de mapas genéticos de alta resolução e no mapeamento de QTL (Quantitative Trai Loci). Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo construir um mapa genético integrado de tangor \'Murcott\' e laranja \'Pera\' usando os marcadores moleculares do tipo DArT_seqTM e localizar QTLs para doze caracteres de qualidade de frutos. A partir de um cruzamento controlado entre tangor \'Murcott\' e laranja \'Pera\', realizado no banco de germoplasma de Citros do Centro de Citricultura \"Sylvio Moreira\", Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, localizado em Cordeirópolis-SP, em 1997. Foi obtida uma família de 350 indivíduos híbridos, dos quais 278 foram selecionados para avaliação das características de fruto em 2012. No presente trabalho, esses 278 indivíduos foram genotipados usando os marcadores DArTseqTM. Para construir o mapa integrado foi utilizado o programa OneMap e foram considerados apenas os marcadores que não apresentaram desvio de segregação mendeliana. A razão de verossimilhança foi utilizada para a formação de grupos de ligação, além da informação genômica obtida a partir do genoma sequenciado de Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck disponível em (http://citrus.hzau.edu.cn/orange/index.php). O mapa parcialmente integrado foi composto de 661 marcadores, ligados em 13 grupos, que correspondem ao número haplóide de cromossomos da espécie, com cobertura genômica de 2.774 cM. De acordo com as análises de mapeamento por intervalo composto e os resultados do teste de permutação, um total 19 QTLs foram identificados, tendo em conta as características de fruto analisadas: peso (g), diâmetro (cm), altura (cm), relação diâmetro / altura, espessura da casca (cm), número de gomos, teor de sólidos solúveis (°Brix), acidez titulável (%), rendimento de suco (%), número de sementes, valor do índice tecnológico (IT) e número estimado de frutos por caixa. O mapa genético integrado foi comparado com o genoma (pseudochromosomes) de Citrus sinensis e sintenias foram claramente identificadas. A análise mais aprofundada das regiões genômicas (QTLs) apresentando os maiores valores de LOD score permitiu identificar a presença de genes candidatos que podem estar associados com as características analisadas / The incorporation of new biotechnological tools to citrus breeding programs provides many new possibilities. The DArT markers (Diversity Arrays Technology), combined with Next-Generation Sequencing presents good applicability in the construction of high resolution genetic maps and QTL mapping. This study aimed to construct an integrated genetic map of \'Murcott\' tangor and \'Pera\' sweet orange using the DArTseqTM molecular markers, and localize QTL for twelve fruit quality traits. A controlled cross between \'Murcott\' tangor and \'Pera\' sweet orange was conducted at the Citrus Germplasm Bank at the \"Sylvio Moreira\" Citrus Centre of Agronomic Institute, located in Cordeirópolis-SP in 1997.A family with 350 hybrid individuals was obtained, from which 278 were selected for evaluation of fruit traits in 2012. In this study, the 278 F1 individuals were genotyped using the DArTseqTM markers. To build the integrated map, we used the OneMap program and considered all DArT loci that showed no segregation deviation. The likelihood ratio was used for formation of linkage groups, besides the genomic information obtained from the available Citrus sinensis genome sequence (http://citrus.hzau.edu.cn/orange/index.php). The partially integrated map contained 661 markers linked in 13 linkage groups, with genomic coverage of 2,774 cM, the map is saturated and represent the species haploid chromosome number. According to the analyses using \"Composite Interval Mapping\" (CIM) and the results of the permutation test, a total of 19 QTL were identified for the 12 fruits characteristics analyzed: diameter (cm), height (cm), ratio of H/D, weight (g), rind thickness (cm), segments per fruit, total soluble solids ((°Brix), Acidity (%), Juice content (%), number of seeds, ratio of total soluble solids /acidity and number of fruits per box. The genome sequence (pseudochromosomes) of Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck was compared to the genetic map, and sinteny was clearly identified. Further analysis of the map regions with the highest LOD score enabled the identification of the presence of genes that could be associated with the characteristics. The genome sequences allowed identification of genes that may respond for phenotypic traits in Citrus

A cana-de-açúcar e produtos derivados são de grande relevância econômica para o Brasil e vários outros países. Inúmeras variedades de cana-de-açúcar são cultivadas e novas variedades têm sido desenvolvidas para buscar ganhos de produtividade. Nesse sentido, são indispensáveis materiais de referência certificados (CRMs) para o controle da qualidade de sistemas de medição e validação de métodos, objetivando o estudo do estado nutricional das diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar, de modo a otimizar os procedimentos de fertilização e incrementar a produção. Contudo, segundo a base de dados internacional de materiais de referência certificados (COMAR) não existe um CRM que atenda adequadamente a avaliação do estado nutricional da cana-de-açúcar. Assim, este trabalho investigou a possibilidade de produção de um material de referência de folhas de cana-de-açúcar que supra essa demanda. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas principais: 1) estudo de variedades de cana-de-açúcar quanto à composição elementar e 2) desenvolvimento do material de referência. Doze variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas no Estado de São de Paulo foram abrangidas no estudo: CTC2, CTC4, CTC11, CTC14, CTC15, CTC17, CTC20, IACSP955000, RB855156, RB965902, RB966928 e SP832847. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas para a avaliação foram a análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA) e a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES), além do método de Kjeldahl para determinação de N. Em geral, os resultados mostraram macronutrientes em níveis adequados, enquanto, dentre os micronutrientes, Cu e Zn foram encontrados no limite crítico para quase todas as variedades estudadas. A seleção da variedade RB966928 para produção do material de referência candidato foi baseada nas características nutricionais para alta produtividade, nos menores valores de coeficientes de variação de amostragem em campo (CV<30%) e nas características agronômicas. A produção do material candidato foi realizada a partir de 90 kg de folhas, utilizando apenas 15 cm da parte central sem a nervura principal. Após diversos testes para determinar o melhor procedimento de preparo, as folhas foram liofilizadas, moídas e homogeneizadas, obtendo-se 410 frascos do material candidato contendo 20 g cada. A caracterização física mostrou umidade residual do material de 3,8 % e tamanho de partículas < 115 µm. Testes de homogeneidade dentro do frasco e entre frascos foram realizados utilizando INAA e método de Kjeldahl. Os resultados de fração de massa demonstraram a homogeneidade do material dentro de frascos para dezoito elementos, usando massas de 180 mg a 200 mg. Já a homogeneidade entre frascos foi comprovada para vinte elementos. Estudos de estabilidade a curto e a longo prazo demonstraram que o material manteve-se estável nas três condições avaliadas (40°C com umidade relativa a 100%, 20°C e -20°C). A caracterização química final do material foi realizada no National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Estados Unidos, onde foram atribuídos valores para dezoito elementos com respectivas incertezas expandidas associadas: Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Th e Zn. Além disso, foram atribuídos valores estimativos para Hf, N, P, Sb, Sr e V determinados pelo método de Kjeldahl e INAA / The sugarcane and derived products are of great economic importance for Brazil and several other countries. Many varieties of sugar cane are grown and new varieties have been developed to seek productivity gains. In this sense, certified reference materials (CRMs) are necessary for the quality control of measurement systems and validation of methods, aiming at the study of the nutritional status of the different sugarcane varieties for optimizing fertilization and increasing production. However, according to the international database of certified reference materials (COMAR) there is not a suitable CRM for the assessment of nutritional status of sugarcane. Thus, this work investigates the possibility of producing a reference material from leaves of sugarcane to fulfill such a demand. The work was divided into two main steps: 1) study of sugarcane varieties regarding elemental composition and 2) development of the reference material. Twelve varieties of sugarcane grown in the State of São Paulo were covered in the study: CTC2, CTC4, CTC11, CTC14, CTC15, CTC17, CTC20, IACSP955000, RB855156, RB965902, RB966928 and SP832847. The analytical techniques used for the assessment of composition were neutron activation analysis (NAA) and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES), in addition to the Kjeldahl method for determination of N. In general, the results showed macronutrients in adequate levels, while, among the micronutrients, Cu and Zn were found in the critical limit for almost all the varieties studied. The selection of the variety RB966928 for producing the candidate reference material was based on the nutritional characteristics for high productivity, on the lower coefficients of variation of sampling in the field (RSD < 30%) and on the agronomic characteristics. The candidate material was produced from 90 kg of leaves, using only 15 cm from the central part without the main rib. After various tests for determining the best preparation procedure, the leaves were lyophilized, milled and homogenized, obtaining 410 bottles of the candidate material containing 20 g each. The physical characterization found residual moisture of 3.8 % and particle size < 115 µm. Homogeneity tests within and between bottles were performed using NAA and Kjeldahl method. The results confirmed the within bottle homogeneity of the material for all eighteen elements, using masses from 180 mg to 200 mg, while the homogeneity between bottles was confirmed for twenty elements. Stability studies in the short and the long term demonstrated that the material was stable in the three conditions used (40°C with a relative humidity of 100%, 20°C and 20°C). The final characterization of the candidate material was performed at NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States, where values were assigned for eighteen elements with respective expanded uncertainties: Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Th, and Zn. In addition, estimated values were also assigned for Hf, N, P, Sb, Sr and V determined by the Kjeldahl method and INAA

The aim of this thesis is to generalise Reid's recipe as first defined by Reid for $G-\Hilb(\mathbb{C}^3)$ ($G$ a finite abelian subgroup of $\SL(3, \mathbb{C})$) to the setting of consistent dimer models. We study the $\theta$-stable representations of a quiver $Q$ with relations $\mathcal{R}$ dual to a consistent dimer model $\Gamma$ in order to introduce a well-defined recipe that marks interior lattice points and interior line segments of a cross-section of the toric fan $\Sigma$ of the moduli space $\mathcal{M}_A(\theta)$ with vertices of $Q$, where $A=\mathbb{C}Q/\langle \mathcal{R}\rangle$. After analysing the behaviour of 'meandering walks' on a consistent dimer model $\Gamma$ and assuming two technical conjectures, we introduce an algorithm - the arrow contraction algorithm - that allows us to produce new consistent dimer models from old. This algorithm could be used in the future to show that in doing combinatorial Reid's recipe, every vertex of $Q$ appears 'once' and that combinatorial Reid's recipe encodes the relations of the tautological line bundles of $\mathcal{M}_A(\theta)$ in $\Pic(\mathcal{M}_A(\theta))$.