We are living in the age of information technology, where we are fully occupied with the revolutionary innovations of the last few decades such as the Internet, mobile devices, wireless communications, social networks, wearables, cloud computing, etc. While these technologies have become integral part of our daily life, we are now anxiously waiting to embrace Internet-of-Things (IoT), intelligent digital assistants, driver-less cars, drone deliveries, virtual reality, and smart city applications. Recently, research community is demonstrating increasing interests about Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) that resides in the cross-section of embedded systems, network communications, and scalable distributed infrastructures. The main responsibility of a CPS is to collect sensory data about the physical world and to inform the computation module using communication technologies that processes the data, identifies important insights and notifies back using a feedback loop. These notifications can however be control commands to reconfigure the physical world. Such a setup is a useful method to deploy smart city applications. In this dissertation, we keep our focus onto the smart transport objective using vehicular CPS (VCPS) based systems organization. We have compiled this dissertation with our research contributions in this growing field of VCPS. One of our key contributions in this field is an architecture reference model for the cloud-based CPS, C2PS, where we analytically describe the key properties of a CPS: computation, communication and control, while integrating cloud features to it. We have identified various types of computation and interaction modes of this paradigm as well as describe Bayesian network and fuzzy logic based smart connection to select a mode at any time. It is considered that the true adoption of CPS is only possible through the deployment of the IoT systems. Thus, it is important to have IoT as a foundation in the CPS architectures. Our next contribution is to leverage existing Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) technologies and map them with the standard IoT-Architecture reference model to design the VCPS, Social Internet-of-Vehicles (SIoV). In this process, we have identified the social structures and system interactions among the subsystems involved in the SIoV. We also present a message structure to facilitate different types of SIoV interactions. The ability of dynamic reconfiguration in a C2PS is very appealing. We capture this feature in the VCPS by designing a model-based reconfiguration scheme for the SIoV, where we measure the data workloads of distinct subsystems involved in various types of SIoV interactions. We further use these models to design dynamic adaptation schemes for the subsystems involved in VCPS interactions. Our final contribution is an application development platform based on C2PS design technique that uses server-client based system communications. In this platform, server side is built using JAVA, client side uses Android, message communication uses JSON and every component has its own MySQL database to store the interactions. We use this platform to emulate and deploy SIoV related applications and scenarios. Such a platform is necessary to continue C2PS related research and developments in the laboratory environment.

Em sistemas de transporte inteligentes, as redes veiculares têm um papel fundamental. Por meio da comunicação sem fio, veículos irão disseminar conteúdo nessas redes para melhorar a segurança e eficiência no transporte, prover aplicações de entretenimento etc. Beaconing, proposto originalmente para aplicações de segurança, é usado neste estudo como uma das maneiras de disseminação de conteúdo, onde o nó emissor insere uma informação em um quadro de beacon, que é propagado em broadcast. A maioria dos estudos da literatura focam na otimização de desempenho de beaconing e utilizam o método de simulação para validação e avaliação. Esta tese explora estratégias de beaconing com validação e avaliação usando método experimental em ambientes reais para resolver problemas relacionados a aplicações cooperativas de localização e posicionamento de veículos. Para tanto, foi implantado um testbed veicular para realização de testes tradicionais, como o de desempenho sobre os parâmetros de comunicação, mas principalmente de novos protocolos que transmitem informações adicionais nos beacons. Os principais resultados são: i) uma aplicação para inferência da distância entre os veículos por meio do sinal recebido de rádio frequência, ii) localização de pontos de interesse para motoristas e passageiros e por fim, iii) verificação da localização do veículo e disseminação de beacons anonimamente. Desta maneira, este estudo demonstrou, por meio de experimentos em ambientes reais, que estratégias de beacons podem ser aplicadas com sucesso para aplicações que usam cooperação para localização e posicionamento em redes veiculares / Vehicular networks play an important role in intelligent transportation systems. Through wireless communication, vehicles can disseminate information to improve transportation safety and efficiency, and provide entertainment applications. Beaconing, first proposed for safety applications, is used in this study as one of the ways to disseminate information, in which the source node adds information to the beacon frame, which is finally propagated in broadcast. Most studies in the literature focus on beaconing performance and optimization using simulations. This thesis explores beaconing strategies, applying experimental methods to validate and evaluate beaconing in real environments, solving problems related to cooperative location applications and vehicles positioning. A vehicular network testbed was developed to perform traditional tests, such as the performance of the communication parameters and to specifically test novel protocols that transmit additional information in the beacons. The key contributions are: i) an application to infer the distance between vehicles via the radio frequency signal received; ii) location of points of interest for drivers and passengers; and iii) location verification of vehicle and anonymous beacon broadcast. In brief, this study demonstrated, through experiments in real environments, that beacon strategies can be successfully applied to problems of location and positioning in vehicular networks

Magíster en Tecnologías de la Información / Este trabajo se desarrolla bajo el contexto de estudiar la incorporación de equipamiento de navegación Garmin nüvi a la plataforma de gestión de flota de la empresa Citymovil S.A. y así proponer una solución que permita integrar y expandir las funcionalidades globales del sistema. La problemática que se quiere abordar es apoyar el proceso de gestión de visitas a clientes, en empresas que realicen principalmente operaciones en terreno. El cumplir eficientemente con un itinerario se hace complejo, debido a la incertidumbre en los tiempos de traslado y atención. Además, la comunicación entre despachadores y conductores puede generar desviaciones por diversos motivos. El incumplimiento recurrente de los horarios de visita programados genera al corto plazo una mala percepción de la empresa con sus clientes. La solución propuesta se basa en la construcción e implementación de varios módulos de software que faciliten la comunicación del itinerario de visitas entre los tres roles de usuarios identificados para este problema: Despachador, Conductor y Administrador. Técnicamente, el núcleo del desarrollo está enfocado en aprovechar las funcionalidades de gestión de georreferencias de equipos de navegación, que se utilizan como interfaz visual a bordo de los vehículos, lo que implica implementar instrucciones del protocolo propietario del fabricante. Parte importante del esfuerzo dedicado está en el análisis y diseño de la integración de los componentes del sistema, siendo un aspecto muy útil para esta tarea el trabajar sobre una arquitectura de micro servicios. La evaluación de la solución se basa en medir los niveles de satisfacción de los usuarios antes y después de la realización de una prueba piloto. Estos usuarios pertenecen al área de soporte y a técnicos en terreno de la compañía. Luego de finalizar este trabajo, se puede concluir que el objetivo general de construir un sistema que integre equipamiento a bordo de vehículos, se logró de forma efectiva. No obstante, desde el punto de vista de los objetivos secundarios, es decir, el incremento en la satisfacción de los usuarios del sistema, el cumplimiento fue parcial. Esto se puede explicar debido al bajo nivel de madurez del área, lo que dificulta el sacarle un mayor provecho a intentos de incorporar nuevas tecnologías en el proceso de despacho. Queda como trabajo posterior realizar un estudio más específico y ver cómo mejorar el proceso de gestión de las visitas a terreno en el área de soporte.

With Vehicular mobile communication becoming a daily requirement and an ever increasing number of services being available to passengers, it is clear that vehicular networks efficient communication systems. VANETs, one of the most significant trends in ad-hoc networking, has much to gain from improved content delivery and one of the leading contenders for mobile networks is the Information-Centric networking approach. Its peculiarities define the Vehicular Environment requires specialized solutions, tailored for highly mobile environments. The main contribution of this thesis is the introduction of a novel architecture and components. We perform extensively discuss Information-Centric Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. Additionally, we perform an in-depth analysis of bus-based transit systems into VANETs not only as participating members but as service providers and official agents including roles and potential challenges. We perform statistical analysis and analyze world data to denote the intrinsic potential of public transit systems. From the discussions presented, we introduce a novel service-based system architecture for Information-Centric Networking named SEVeN. The proposed model is designed to enable service exchange and service management in highly competitive vehicular ad-hoc networks. The proposed SEVeN architecture includes the introduction of a novel purpose-defined naming policy and service sub-layer as well as a service prioritization policy named LBD. We also discuss the current state of ICN caching in VANET, existing issues faced by vehicular networks and potential approaches based on intermediate cache coordination that can be taken to mitigate existing shortcommings. We perform a series of simulations and analyze the efficiency of popular caching in various network configurations to denote current shortcomings. From this discussion, we propose a cache content insertion policies, UG-Cache and MG-Cache, for ICN-VANETs. In these cache policies, cache insertion decisions are made based on recommendations from content sender dependent on request frequency and cache distance. We also introduce a caching policy based on collaborative observation of locality in request frequency, designed to allow vehicles to preemptively distribute and store in a reserved portion of the cache based on the cooperative observation of requests with provider-based location correlation. All novel elements proposed by this thesis are discussed, described, evaluated within the chapters of this thesis.

Content distribution with mobile-to-mobile cooperation is studied. Data is sent to mobile terminals on a long range link then the terminals exchange the content using an appropriate short range wireless technology. Unicasting and multicasting are investigated, both on the long range and short range links. Energy minimization is formulated as an optimization problem for each scenario, and the optimal solutions are determined in closed form. Moreover, the schemes are applied in public safety vehicular networks, where Long Term Evolution (LTE) network is used for the long range link, while IEEE 802.11 p is considered for inter-vehicle collaboration on the short range links. Finally, relay-based multicasting is applied in high speed trains for energy and delay minimization. Results show that cooperative schemes outperform non-cooperative ones and other previous related work in terms of energy and delay savings. Furthermore, practical implementation aspects of the proposed methods are also discussed.

The ability to transfer data reliably and with low delay over an unreliable service is intrinsic to a number of emerging technologies, including digital video broadcasting, over-the-air software updates, public/private cloud storage, and, recently, wireless vehicular networks. In particular, modern vehicles incorporate tens of sensors to provide vital sensor information to electronic control units (ECUs). In the current architecture, vehicle sensors are connected to ECUs via physical wires, which increase the cost, weight and maintenance effort of the car, especially as the number of electronic components keeps increasing. To mitigate the issues with physical wires, wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been contemplated for replacing the current wires with wireless links, making modern cars cheaper, lighter, and more efficient. However, the ability to reliably communicate with the ECUs is complicated by the dynamic channel properties that the car experiences as it travels through areas with different radio interference patterns, such as urban versus highway driving, or even different road quality, which may physically perturb the wireless sensors. This thesis develops a suite of reliable and efficient communication schemes built upon feedback-based rateless codes, and with a target application of vehicular networks. In particular, we first investigate the feasibility of multi-hop networking for intra-car WSN, and illustrate the potential gains of using the Collection Tree Protocol (CTP), the current state of the art in multi-hop data aggregation. Our results demonstrate, for example, that the packet delivery rate of a node using a single-hop topology protocol can be below 80% in practical scenarios, whereas CTP improves reliability performance beyond 95% across all nodes while simultaneously reducing radio energy consumption. Next, in order to migrate from a wired intra-car network to a wireless system, we consider an intermediate step to deploy a hybrid communication structure, wherein wired and wireless networks coexist. Towards this goal, we design a hybrid link scheduling algorithm that guarantees reliability and robustness under harsh vehicular environments. We further enhance the hybrid link scheduler with the rateless codes such that information leakage to an eavesdropper is almost zero for finite block lengths. In addition to reliability, one key requirement for coded communication schemes is to achieve a fast decoding rate. This feature is vital in a wide spectrum of communication systems, including multimedia and streaming applications (possibly inside vehicles) with real-time playback requirements, and delay-sensitive services, where the receiver needs to recover some data symbols before the recovery of entire frame. To address this issue, we develop feedback-based rateless codes with dynamically-adjusted nonuniform symbol selection distributions. Our simulation results, backed by analysis, show that feedback information paired with a nonuniform distribution significantly improves the decoding rate compared with the state of the art algorithms. We further demonstrate that amount of feedback sent can be tuned to the specific transmission properties of a given feedback channel.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第23549号 / 情博第779号 / 新制||情||133(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 原田 博司, 教授 大木 英司, 准教授 山本 高至 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DGAM

With the fast development of 5G networks and the advancement in networking technologies, more and more new technologies such as internet of vehicles (IoV) is catching our eyes. With technologies of artificial intelligence and automatic control, IoV is transformed into an intelligent transportation system (ITS). The object of this thesis is to analyze the connectivity probability issues in vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs), which is a subset of ITS. This will be achieved by a platoon-based two dimensional model. In order to make the results more accurate and more close to real scenario, different situations will be analyzed separately, and different types of platoon will be included. In addition, other system parameters are also discussed and stimulated. The results show that many parameters like the increases of traffic density, ratio of platoon, and lane numbers will improve connectivity probability. No-leader based platoons are easier to connect to the base stations compared to leader based platoons.

La presente investigación analiza las condiciones de tráfico vehicular actual en dos intersecciones de la avenida Javier Prado Oeste, tramo Calle Las Flores & Calle Las Palmeras, en el distrito de San Isidro. La investigación empieza con la descripción de los problemas existentes en las intersecciones, como la deficiente programación de semáforos, falta de semáforos coordinados e incompatibilidad entre controladores semafóricos. El análisis de la investigación se realizó en base a un modelo microscópico, desarrollado con apoyo del software Vissim. El proceso de construcción de ambos modelos consiste en cuatro fases. La primera fase es el trabajo previo, en la cual se realizó la recolección de datos de campo. En segundo lugar, se encuentra la construcción de los modelos mediante el programa. En tercer lugar, se realizó la calibración y validación de ambos modelos en base a parámetros psicofísicos y estadísticos GEH para certificar que los resultados del modelo se asemejen a las condiciones actuales de las intersecciones. Por último, se incorporaron los nuevos flujos futuros en los modelos cada 15 minutos los cuales se simularon, evaluaron y compararon con los niveles de servicio obtenidos con las intersecciones proyectadas que incorporan la propuesta de mejora. Esencialmente los niveles de servicio de las intersecciones mejoran incorporando la propuesta de semáforos inteligente por medio de la optimización de ciclos semafóricos con el programa Synchro 10.0, esto se deduce a partir de la disminución de longitudes de colas en todos los accesos y la reducción de demoras de viaje en ambas intersecciones. / The present investigation analyzes the current vehicular traffic conditions at two intersections of Javier Prado Oeste Avenue, Las Flores Street and Las Palmeras Street, in the San Isidro district. The investigation begins with the description of the problems existing at the intersections, such as poor traffic light programming, lack of coordinated traffic lights and incompatibility between traffic light controllers. The research analysis was carried out based on a microscopic model, developed with the support of Vissim software. The construction process of both models consists of four phases. The first phase is the previous work, in which the field data collection was carried out. Second, there is the construction of the models through the program. Third, the calibration and validation of both models was performed based on GEH psychophysical and statistical parameters to certify that the results of the model resemble the current conditions of the intersections. Finally, the new future flows were incorporated into the models every 15 minutes, which were simulated, evaluated and compared with the service levels obtained with the projected intersections that incorporate the improvement proposal. Essentially, the service levels of the intersections improve by incorporating the smart traffic lights proposal through the optimization of traffic light cycles with the Synchro 10.0 program, this is deduced from the decrease in queue lengths in all accesses and the reduction of delays of travel at both intersections. / Tesis

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Economía / Los impuestos sobre los vehículos en Chile son blanco de críticas de tanto en tanto, especialmente cuando los costos asociados aumentan como resultado de los vaivenes en los precios internacionales, o indicadores ambientales. Por tanto se vuelve necesario realizar un análisis acabado que compruebe la pertinencia de dichos impuestos y las tasas asociadas. En el presente trabajo se realiza una recopilación y análisis de la literatura y evidencia, tanto teórica como empírica respecto de 4 impuestos: Impuesto Específico a los Combustibles, Permiso de Circulación, Peajes y Restricción Vehicular, cuestionando el tipo de impuesto aplicado, su tasa, y los incentivos o distorsiones que introduce en el mercado como consecuencia de su aplicación. Como resultado se encuentra que los impuestos, a excepción de los peajes, tienen serias fallas en la tasa e introduciría distorsiones en el mercado, sin embargo, su recaudación se encuentra muy por debajo de los costos que los vehículos imponen a la sociedad.