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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Efeito do veneno de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus e da crotoxina sobre a resposta inflamatória induzida por carragenina em camundongos / Effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and crotoxin on inflammatory response induced by carrageenan in mice

Fernanda Peixoto Barbosa Nunes 07 August 2007 (has links)
O presente estudo investigou o efeito do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus (VCdt) e da sua principal fração, crotoxina (ctx) sobre a resposta inflamatória induzida pela carragenina (cg). Foram avaliados o efeito do pré e do pós-tratamento com o VCdt sobre o desenvolvimento do edema de pata, a migração celular para a cavidade peritoneal e a interação leucócito-endotélio na microcirculação do músculo cremaster de camundongos induzidos por carragenina. O pré (14, 7 dias ou 1 h) e pós-tratamento (48, 4 ou 1 h) com o VCdt (1,5 μg/50 μL s.c.) inibiu o desenvolvimento do edema de pata induzido pela injeção intraplantar de carragenina em todos os tempos analisados (300 μg/50 μL). O mesmo efeito inibitório foi observado para o pré (21, 14, 7 dias ou 1 h) e pós-tratamento (1 h) com o VCdt (1,5 μg/50 μL s.c.) sobre a migração celular para a cavidade peritoneal induzida pela carragenina (300 μg/50 μL). A administração do VCdt por via oral (8,8 μg/200 μL) antes (14, 7 dias ou 1 h) ou após (1 h) a injeção de carragenina (300 μg/200 μL) também inibiu o influxo celular para a mesma cavidade. Em relação à interação leucócito-endotélio, o tratamento com o VCdt 1 h antes ou após a injeção de carragenina no subcutâneo da bolsa escrotal (300 μg/100 μL), aumentou o número de células em estado de rolling. Por outro lado, reduziu a adesão das células ao endotélio e a migração celular para o tecido extravascular. Da mesma forma que o VCdt, a ctx (0,89 μg/50 μL s.c.) administrada 1 h antes ou após a carragenina inibiu todos os eventos acima citados. Os efeitos inibitórios do VCdt sobre o edema e sobre a migração celular foi comparado ao de clássicas drogas antiinflamatórias: a dexametasona, a indometacina, o L-NAME e o nimesulide. Para o edema, foi observado que somente o VCdt e o nimesulide impediram a formação do segundo pico de edema de carragenina. Para a migração celular, não foi observada diferença entre o tratamento com o VCdt e as drogas antiinflamatórias. A associação do VCdt com as drogas antiinflamatórias acima citadas não potencializou as suas ações inibitórias sobre a migração celular. Os dados demonstram que o VCdt apresenta um efeito antiinflamatório prolongado, e ainda, que a ctx pode contribuir para o efeito antinflamatório do VCdt. / In the present study, we investigated the effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (CdtV) and crotoxin (ctx) on vascular and cellular events of inflammation induced by carrageenan (cg) in mice. It was evaluated the effect of the pre or post-treatment with CdtV on development of paw edema, cell migration and leukocyte-endothelium interaction at the cremaster muscle microcirculation induced by cg in mice. The pre (14, 7 days or 1h) and posttreatment (48, 4 or 1h) with CdtV (1,5 μg/50 μL s.c.), inhibited the paw edema induced by carrageenan (300 μg/50 μL) in all periods of time evaluated. The same inhibitory effect of CdtV (1,5 μg/50 μL s.c.) was observed to the pre (21, 14, 7 days or 1 h) and post-treatment (1h) on cell migration to the peritoneal cavity induced by cg (300 μg/200 μL). The oral administration of CdtV (8,8 μg/200 μL) before (14, 7 days or 1h) or after (1h) intraperitoneal injection of cg (300 μg/200 μL), also inhibited the cell influx to the same cavity. To evaluate leukocyte-endothelium interaction, the treatment with CdtV 1h before or after the cg injection (300 μg/100 μL) into the scrotal bag of the animals induced an increase in leukocyte rolling, but reduced the cellular adhesion to the endothelium surface and cellular migration to the extravascular tissue. The administration of ctx (0,89 μg/50 μL s.c.) 1 h before or after cg injection, could inhibit all inflammatory events mentioned above. The inhibitory effect of CdtV on paw edema and cellular migration were also compared with that observed for classical anti-inflammatory drugs, such as: dexamethasone, indomethacin, LNAME and nimesulide. Only CdtV and nimesulide blocked the second peak of edema formation induced by cg. For cell migration, no differences were observed among the treatment with CdtV and anti-inflamatory drugs. The association of CdtV with drugs did not potentialize their actions on cell migration. These results demonstrate that CdtV exhibits a long-lasting antiinflammatory effect and that ctx could contribute for the anti-inflammatory effect of CdtV.
122

Atividade biológica do veneno de Rhinella Icterica (Anura: Bufonidae) sobre o sistema nervoso de vertebrados.

Oliveira, Raquel Soares, Belo, Cháriston André dal 03 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-06-24T17:05:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Atividade biológica do veneno de Rhinella Icterica Anura Bufonidae sobre o sistema nervoso de vertebrados.pdf: 3606718 bytes, checksum: 4fa3e0cd0db679c55769dcfec4b36b6d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-07-21T18:23:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Atividade biológica do veneno de Rhinella Icterica Anura Bufonidae sobre o sistema nervoso de vertebrados.pdf: 3606718 bytes, checksum: 4fa3e0cd0db679c55769dcfec4b36b6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T18:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Atividade biológica do veneno de Rhinella Icterica Anura Bufonidae sobre o sistema nervoso de vertebrados.pdf: 3606718 bytes, checksum: 4fa3e0cd0db679c55769dcfec4b36b6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Os venenos animais são fontes de compostos bioativos com aplicabilidade terapêutica. Os anuros produzem através de glândulas paratóides, uma secreção venenosa rica em compostos de diversas classes químicas, as quais apresentam uma série de atividades farmacológicas de nteresse biotecnológico. Os sapos da espécie Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824), pertencem a um grupo de animais venenosos presentes no bioma Pampa com carência de estudos macológicos e toxicológicos. Para os ensaios biológicos, os sapos foram coletados na região de Derrubadas, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O veneno foi extraído manualmente por compressão das glândulas paratóides, tratado por extração metanólica seguida de liofilização e então foi chamado de MERIV. A neurobiologia do veneno foi avaliada sobre a junção neuromuscular de aves, através da preparação biventer cervicis de pintainhos (BCP) e, através da análise das desidrogenases em fatias hipocampais de camundongos. A incubação de MERIV (5, 10, 20, 40 µg/mL) e Digoxina (6,5; 13; 26 e 52 nM) em fatias hipocampais de camundongos, induziram um efeito dose dependente na viabilidade celular. Apenas MERIV (5 µg/mL) e Digoxina (6,5 e 13 nM) provocaram aumento significativo da viabilidade celular de 36 ± 10%, 52 ± 7% e 57 ± 13%, p<0.05, respectivamente, enquanto nas demais concentrações houve decréscimo na viabilidade celular quando comparados com o controle Hepes (n=6). Em preparações euromusculares BCP, MERIV (5, 10 µg/mL) produziu um efeito facilitatório de 60 ± 15% e 46 ± 6%, respectivamente, seguido de bloqueio neuromuscular em 120 min de registro (n=6, p<0.05). De forma semelhante, a incubação dos músculos com Digoxina 52 nM ou Ouabaína 0,2 nM mimetizou a atividade de MERIV com aumento da amplitude de contração por 19 ± 4% e 27 ± 6%, e diminuição da contração muscular de 80 ± 4% e 91 ± 5%, respectivamente (n=5, p<0.05). MERIV também demonstrouatividade digitalic-like com inibição de 39 ± 3% da Na+,K+-ATPase (n=4, p<0.05). Em BPC, quando MERIV foi incubado 20 min antes da d-Tubocurarina 1,45 µM, houve um reforço do bloqueio neuromuscular, o qual foi completo em 80 min. Enquanto que em preparações BCP curarizadas, MERIV aumentou o tempo de bloqueio em 50 min, semelhante a ação de drogas anticolinesterásicas. Juntos, esses dados indicam que o extrato metanólico do veneno de R. icterica é capaz de interferir com a neurotransmissão provavelmente via inibição das enzimas acetilcolinesterase e Na+-K+- TPase. / Animal poisons are sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic applicability. Anurans through parotid glands produce a poisonous secretion rich in compounds of different chemicalclasses, that have a range of pharmacological activities of biotechnological interest. oads of the species Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824), belong to a group of poisonous animals present in the Pampa biome that still need to pharmacological and toxicological studies. Venom collection was made by milking toads obtained at Derrubadas region, Rio Grande do Sul state. The venom was previously treated by methanol extraction followed by lyophilization (thus called MERIV), before the biological assays. The venom neurobiology was evaluated on chicks neuromuscular junction by preparation biventer cervicis (BCP), and by function of mitochondrial dehydrogenases in hippocampal brain slices from mice. Incubation of MERIV (5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL) or digoxin (6.5, 13, 26 and 52 nM) with mice hippocampal brain slices induced a dose-dependent effect on cell viability. At low concentration MERIV (5 μg/mL) and digoxin (6.5 and 13 nM) induced a corresponding significative increases in cell viability, 36 ± 10%, 52 ± 7% and 57 ± 13% (p<0.05), respectively, while at higher concentrations there were a decrease in cell viability compared with control Hepes (n=6). In chicks neuromuscular preparation BCP, MERIV (5, 10 µg/mL) produced a facilitatory effect of 60 ± 15% and 46 ± 6%, respectively, followed by neuromuscular blockade in 120 min recordings (n=6, p <0.05). The incubation of BCP with digoxin (52 nM) or ouabain (0.2 nM) mimicked the venom activity by increasing the amplitude of the twitches by 19 ± 4% and 27 ± 6%, respectively, followed by a depression in muscle contraction recorded for 120 min ( 80 ± 4% and 91± 5%, p<0.05, respectively, n=5). MERIV also demonstrated digitalic-like activity inhibiting 39 ± 3% of Na+,K+-ATPase (n = 4, p <0.05). In BCP, when MERIV was incubated for 20 min before d-Tubocurarine (1.45 μM), there was a reinforcement of the neuromuscular blockade, wich was complete at 80 min. However, in preparations “curarizadas”, incubated with d-Tubocurarine (1.45 μM) before MERIV, there was a increase in the blocking time at 50 min, similar to the action of acetylcholinesterase drugs. Altogether, these data indicate that the methanolic extract from R. icterica venom is able to interfere in neurotransmission, probably by inhibiting the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and Na+,K+- ATPase.
123

Análise da expressão gênica diferencial das glândulas de veneno de Bothrops jararaca (Serpentes: Viperidae) / Analysis of differential gene expression of the venom gland of Bothrops jararaca (Serpentes: Viperidae)

Bastos, Carolina Mancini Vall 09 February 2012 (has links)
A glândula de veneno da serpente Bothrops jararaca é uma glândula exócrina relacionada a glândula salivar dos mamíferos. Diferentemente de outras glândulas exócrinas, esta possui um lúmen central no qual o veneno produzido fica estocado. Os mecanismos envolvidos na regulação da síntese e secreção de toxinas pela glândula de veneno são pouco conhecidos. Sabe-se que a inervação noradrenérgica possui um papel essencial no ciclo de produção de veneno, pois serpentes Bothrops jararaca tratadas com reserpina, um potente bloqueador da atividade simpática, não acumulam veneno no lúmen. Porém a ativação direta dos adrenoceptores &alpha; e &beta;, através da ação de agonistas, tem a capacidade de reverter a ação da reserpina. No presente trabalho utilizamos métodos combinados de análise de expressão gênica em larga escala a fim de identificar os processos celulares sob controle do sistema simpático durante o ciclo de produção de veneno da glândula de veneno de Bothrops jararaca. Foi construído um array de cDNA em membrana da náilon contendo 4608 clones provenientes da biblioteca de cDNA construída a partir das glândulas de veneno de um macho e uma fêmea, adultos, de Bothrops jararaca. Para a análise temporal da expressão gênica foram utilizados machos adultos de B. jararaca. As glândulas de veneno foram extraídas em diferentes dias do ciclo de produção de veneno (0, 1, 2, 4 e 15 dias). Através da análise do perfil de expressão gênica identificamos que os transcritos de toxinas e de não toxinas (celulares) possuem perfil semelhante de expressão ao longo do ciclo, sendo que no 2° dia do ciclo ocorre o pico de expressão desses transcritos. Para identificar os processos celulares sob controle da inervação noradrenérgica machos adultos de B. jararaca foram submetidos a tratamento farmacológico com reserpina (glândula 4dR) e com reserpina e agonistas dos adrenoceptores &alpha; e &beta; (glândula 4dA). Na análise da expressão gênica utilizando macroarranjos, entre os clones com expressão aumentada na glândula 4dR, aproximadamente 51% eram de toxinas, indicando que a inibição da atividade simpática não interfere na transcrição das toxinas. A análise dos transcritos celulares confirmou que os processos de transcrição e tradução não são afetados pelo tratamento com reserpina. A análise da expressão por PCR quantitativo em tempo real, confirmou que as toxinas são expressas normalmente na glândula 4dR. Além disso, a análise da expressão de genes envolvidos nos processos de enovelamento protéico e secreção revelou que genes responsivos a estresse de retículo endoplasmático apresentam aumento na expressão na glândula 4dR. Também realizamos a análise transcriptômica por sequenciamento em larga escala (RNA-seq) da glândula 4d e da glândula 4dR. Entre os contigs identificados como toxinas não houve diferenças quantitativas nem qualitativas significativas entre as glândulas 4d e 4dR, confirmando que o processo de transcrição de toxinas ocorre independentemente da ativação dos adrenoceptores &alpha; e &beta;. A análise de enriquecimento de termos do gene ontology revelou predominância de processos biológicos relacionados a resposta a estresse de retículo endoplasmático entre os transcritos mais expressos na glândula 4dR e de processos envolvendo a formação de vesículas de transporte entre os transcritos menos expressos na glândula 4dR. Na análise dos transcritos exclusivos da glândula 4d e exclusivos da glândula 4dR identificamos diversas isoformas de small GTPases da família Ras (Rab) que possuem papel fundamental na regulação da formação de vesículas. Assim, nesse trabalho mostramos que o processo de transcrição de toxinas ocorre independentemente da ativação dos adrenoceptores &alpha; e &beta; e que a ativação dos adrenoceptores parece ser necessária para que ocorra a formação de vesículas secretoras. Já a inibição do processo pela ação da reserpina possivelmente provoca a ativação da resposta UPR (unfolded protein response), o que pode estar associado com o acúmulo de proteínas no lúmen do retículo endoplasmático. / The venom gland of the Brazilian venomous snake Bothrops jararaca (Crotalinae, Viperidae) is an exocrine tissue related to the salivary gland. The venom gland has a central lumen where the venom is stored. When the venom is released, the production of new venom is triggered by the activation of noradrenaline on both &alpha;1- and &beta;-adrenoceptors. But the genes involved and the regulation of venom production cycle are poorly known. When the Bothrops jararaca is treated with reserpine, a depletor of catecholamine, the venom production is inhibited. At present work we used combined methods of high throughput analysis of gene expression to identify cellular process controlled by the sympathetic system during the cycle of venom production in the venom glands of Bothrops jararaca. Was constructed a cDNA array with 4608 clones from a cDNA library of the venom glands of one male and one female of B.jararaca. In order to get a time series analysis adult males of B.jararaca were used. The venom gland was extracted at different time points of the venom production cycle (0, 1, 2, 4 and 15 days). The resulting profile of the gene expression of toxins and non-toxins during the cycle was shown to be similar, and the higher level of gene expression was found at the 2nd day of the venom production cycle. A differential gene expression analysis was performed also with venom glands of B.jararaca treated with reserpine. Although previous results reported that venom glands under effect of reserpine are not able to produce venom, we found that 51% of upregulated clones of the venom gland treated with reserpine (4dR) are toxins. Moreover, most of the non-toxins clones were involved with transcription and translation processes, showing that these processes are not affected by the inhibition of the sympathetic system. The analysis of gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that in the venom gland treated with reserpine (4dR) the toxins are normally produced, and the genes responsive for unfolded protein response (UPR) are upregulated. We also performed the next generation sequencing to produce a transcriptomic profile (RNA-seq) of normal venom gland (4d) and venom gland treated with reserpine (4dR). The comparison between the transcripts of toxins found at 4d and 4dR transcriptomes revealed no qualitative or quantitative differences, confirming that the toxins transcription are independent of the activation of &alpha;1- and &beta;-adrenoceptors. The enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology terms revealed that the unfolded protein response are activated at 4dR venom gland and the membrane trafficking are possibly inhibited. We also identify many isoforms of Ras family small GTPases (Rab proteins) that has a key role ate regulation of membrane trafficking. At present work we showed that the transcriptional control of the toxins in the venom gland are independent of the activation by &alpha;1- and &beta;-adrenoceptors, however, the adrenoceptors seems to be necessary to activate the secretory pathway. The inhibition of the activation of &alpha;1- and &beta;-adrenoceptor by reserpine seems to be recruiting an unfolded protein response, probably due to the accumulation of proteins at the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
124

Mecanismos envolvidos na ação hemorrágica de metaloproteinases de venenos de serpentes. / Mechanisms involved in the hemorrhage induced by snake venom metalloproteinases.

Baldo, Cristiani 11 September 2009 (has links)
Com o objetivo de estudar as diferenças de potencial hemorrágico entre metaloproteinases de venenos de serpentes (SVMPs), compararamos a ação da jararagina, toxina hemorrágica da classe P-III, e da BnP1, SVMP da classe P-I fracamente hemorrágica, quanto à ação em proteínas de matriz extracelular (MEC), células endoteliais e distribuição na MEC e endotélio. Nos ensaios de ligação em fase sólida, apenas a jararagina e a jarararagina-C (domínios tipo disintegrina e rico em cisteínas) se ligaram ao colágeno I e IV. Em HUVECs, a jararagina e BnP1 induziram apoptose, mas em modelo de pele, apenas a jararagina induziu intensa hemorragia, acompanhada de degradação do colágeno fibrilar e colágeno IV na região da hipoderme. A jararagina e jararagina-C localizaram-se na parede dos capilares sangüíneos co-localizando-se como o colágeno IV. Esses resultados sugerem que a ligação ao colágeno é importante para a hemorragia induzida pelas SVMPs da classe P-III, promovendo seu acúmulo nas proximidades dos vasos sanguíneos tornando a catalise dos componentes da MEC mais eficiente. / In order to enlighten the mechanisms of hemorrhage induced by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), the effects of jararhagin, a highly hemorrhagic P-III SVMP and BnP1, a weakly hemorrhagic P-I SVMP, on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, endothelial cells, and distribution in MEC and endothelium, was compared. In solid phase assay, only jararhagin and jararhagin-C (disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains) bond to collagen I and IV. In HUVECs, jararhagin and BnP1 induced apoptosis, but in skin model only jararhagin induced intense hemorrhage with degradation of the fibrillar collagen and collagen I, in hypodermis region. Jararhagin and jararhagin-C concentrated in blood vessels walls, co-localizing with collagen IV. These results suggest that the collagen binding is important to hemorrhage induced by P-III SVMPs, promoting their accumulation near to the blood vessels, making the catalysis of the basement membrane components more efficient.
125

Busca por polipeptídeos bioativos derivados da degradação do cininogênio, fibrinogênio e fibronectina pela bothropasina e Bothrops protease A. / Search for bioactive derived degradation polypeptides of kininogen, fibrinogen and fibronectin by bothropasin and Bothrops protease A.

Silva, Cristiane Castilho Fernandes da 12 January 2017 (has links)
Estudamos a ação das proteases bothropasina e Bothrops protease A, do veneno da serpente Bothrops jararaca, sobre o fibrinogênio (FBG), fibronectina (FN) e cininogênio (HK), como ferramenta para geração de peptídeos bioativos. As sequências primárias dos produtos de digestão foram identificadas por espectrometria de massas, com as buscas direcionadas por peptídeos em comum gerados pelas duas proteases. Foram encontradas oito sequências em comum provenientes do FBG e onze, da FN. Apenas a bothropasina clivou o HK, liberando desArg9BK. Foram sintetizados peptídeos derivados do FBG (FBG1-6) e da FN (FN1-4), além de des-Arg9-BK. Oito peptídeos apresentam potencial atividade antiangiogênica predita in silico. Observamos a inibição da elastase (28-20%) causada por FBG1-2-5-6. A melhor inibição da trombina foi de 17%, por FBG1. Contudo, a maioria dos peptídeos intensificou sua atividade. Por fim, este trabalho sugere que as proteases de veneno de serpentes podem ser usadas como ferramentas para processar componentes do plasma, visando à busca por peptídeos bioativos. / We studied the action of the proteases bothropasin and Bothrops protease A purified from the venom of snake Bothrops jararaca upon fibrinogen (FBG), fibronectin (FN) and kininogen (HK), as a tool to generate bioactive peptides. The primary sequences of the digestion products were identified by mass spectrometry and we focused the search for common peptides released by both proteases simultaneously. Sequences in common released by both proteases were found, being eight peptides from FBG, and 11 from FN. Only bothropasin was able to cleave HK releasing des-Arg9-BK. Peptides from fibrinogen (FBG1-6) and from fibronectin (FN1-4), as well as the des-Arg9-BK were synthetized. Eight peptides have potential antiangiogenic predicted in silico. We observed the inhibition of elastase (28-20%) caused by FBG1-2-5-6. The best inhibition of thrombin was 17% by FBG1. However, most of the peptides intensified its activity. Finally, this work suggests that the snake venom protease can be used as tools to process plasma components in order to search for bioactive peptides.
126

Caracterização funcional e estrutural de uma metaloprotease hemorrágica isolada da peçonha de \'Bothrops jararacussu\'. / Functional and structural characterization of a hemorrhagic metalloprotease isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom

Mazzi, Maurício Ventura 19 August 2005 (has links)
Neste trabalho descrevemos o isolamento, a caracterização funcional e estrutural de uma metaloprotease hemorrágica, denominada BjussuMP-I. A proteína foi isolada da peçonha de Bothrops jararacussu por combinação de dois passos cromatográficos, utilizando filtração molecular em Sephacryl S-200, equilibrada em tampão Tris-HCl (0,01 M, pH 7,0) seguida de cromatografia de interação hidrofóbica em Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, equilibrada em tampão Tris-HCl (0,01 M, pH 7,6 mais NaCl 4 M) e eluída com gradiente de NaCl (4-0 M) a 25°C no mesmo tampão. BjussuMP-I é uma proteína com massa molecular de 60 kDa e pI 5,6, a qual induziu hemorragia após injeção intradérmica em camundongos, com uma dose hemorrágica mínima (DHM) de 4,5 g. A atividade hemorrágica da BjussuMP-I foi totalmente inibida após incubação com um agente quelante (EDTA), confirmando a dependência de metal da enzima para esse efeito. BjussuMP-I possui atividade proteolítica sobre a caseína e fibrinogênio e nenhum efeito sobre a gelatina. Por outro lado, demonstrou alta especificidade pela cadeia do fibrinogênio enquanto que a cadeia somente foi hidrolisada na presença de altas concentrações da metaloprotease. A protease foi ativa sobre o fibrinogênio em pH neutro e alcalino e inativada a 75 °C. A dependência de metal da enzima foi demonstrada pela inibição exercida por EDTA, EGTA e 1,10 fenantrolina. Verificou-se uma inibição parcial pelo ?-mercaptoetanol e PMSF, enquanto que leupeptina e aprotinina não afetaram a atividade fibrinogenolítica. A enzima foi ativada na presença de íons Ca++ e Mg++, sendo inibida por Mn++, Fe++, Zn++, Co++ e Ni++. Além disso, baixas concentrações da enzima produziram lise no coágulo de fibrina. BjussuMP-I também demonstrou inibição da agregação plaquetária induzida por colágeno e ADP e atividade bactericida sobre Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Verificou-se que as atividades hemorrágica e proteolítica da BjussuMP-I foram neutralizadas pelo diterpenóide clerodane (Bt-CD) de Bacharis trimera. Também se observou uma inibição total do efeito hemorrágico, utilizando o extrato aquoso de Pentaclethra macroloba (EPema). A enzima foi reconhecida por anticorpos antineuwiedase, com uma reação de identidade imunológica parcial. A seqüência completa do cDNA da BjussuMP-I com 1540 pb codificou para uma proteína de 547 resíduos de aminoácidos, que conservou os domínios comuns a metaloproteases hemorrágicas de alto peso molecular da classe PIII: (i) pré-pró-peptideo, (ii) metaloprotease, (iii) disintegrina-símile e (iv) domínio rico em cisteína. / In this study the isolation, functional and structural characterization of a hemorrhagic metalloprotease, named BjussuMP-I is reported. The protein was isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom by a combination of two chromatographic steps, using gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 (0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH7.6 buffer) and Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B chromatography (0.01 M Tris-HCl plus 4 M NaCl, pH7.6 buffer) followed by a concentration gradient from 4 to 0 M NaCl at 25°C in the same buffer. BjussuMP-I is a 60 kDa protein with a pI 5.6, which induced hemorrhage after intradermal injection in mice with a minimum hemorrhagic dose (MHD) of 4.5 g. The hemorrhagic activity of BjussuMP-I was totally abolished after incubation with a chelating agent (EDTA), corroborating the metal-dependence of this effect. BjussuMP-I shows proteolytic activity on casein, collagen and fibrinogen, although no effect on gelatin was observed. In addition, it presented a high specificity toward the -chain of fibrinogen, while the -chain was only hydrolyzed at high concentrations of the metalloprotease. The protease was active against fibrinogen in neutral and alkaline pH and was inactivated at 75°C. The metal dependence of the enzyme was confirmed through inhibition by EDTA, EGTA and 1,10 phenantroline. A partial inhibition was observed with -mercaptoetanol and PMSF, while leupeptin and aprotinin did not inhibit the fibrinogenolytic activity. The enzyme was active in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++ and it was inhibited by Mn++, Fe++, Zn++, Co++ and Ni++. In addition, low concentrations of the enzyme presented lyses in fibrin plate after 12 h of incubation. BjussuMP-I also displayed inhibitory effect on collagen- and ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation, as well as bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It was reported that both hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities of BjussuMP-I were neutralized by the clerodane diterpenoide (Bt-CD) from Bacharis trimera. Full inhibition of hemorrhage was also observed by using aqueous extract from Pentaclethra macroloba (EPema). The enzyme was recognized by anti-neuwiedase antibodies in a reaction of partial immunologic identity. The complete cDNA sequence of BjussuMP-I with 1540 pb encoded open reading frames of 547 amino acid residues which conserved the common domains of P-III high molecular weight hemorrhagic metalloproteases: (i) pre-pro-peptide, (ii) metalloprotease, (iii) disintegrin-like and (iv) rich cysteine domain.
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A Systematic Review of the Soricimorph Eulipotyphla (Soricidae: Mammalia) from the Gray Fossil Site (Hemphillian), Tennessee

Doby, Joshua 01 May 2015 (has links)
Due in part to the incompleteness of the Cenozoic fossil record in the eastern U.S., the evolution and immigration of shrews (Soricidae) is not well understood. A rich soricid fauna from the Gray Fossil Site (GFS), Washington County, TN, has enabled many new inferences to be made. There are 7 new species in 6 genera: Paenelimnoecus, “Blarinella”, Petenyia, Tregosorex, Crusafontina, and Gen et sp. nov. GFS species of the genera Paenelimnoecus, “Blarinella”, and Petenyia are the first occurrence of each genus in the New World. Tregosorex, Crusafontina, and the N.A. taxon Limnoecus all have their latest documented occurrence at the GFS, extending their temporal range by at least 1 million years. “Blarinella” sp. nov. has a complete lateral groove in the inferior incisor, providing the earliest evidence for venom in soricids by at least 4 million years. GFS taxa also provide insight into the evolution of both Soricini and Blarinini.
128

A pharmacological characterisation of death adder (Acanthophis Spp.) venoms and toxins

Wickramaratna, Janith C. January 2003 (has links)
Abstract not available
129

Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Synaptic Acetylcholinesterase in Skeletal Muscle

Ruiz, Carlos Ariel 20 March 2009 (has links)
myotubesProper muscle function depends upon the fine tuning of the different molecular components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for rapidly terminating neurotransmission. Neuroscientists in the field have elucidated many aspects of synaptic AChE structure, function, and localization during the last 75 years. Nevertheless, how the enzyme is regulated and targeted to the NMJ is not completely understood. In skeletal muscle the synaptic AChE form derives from two separate genes encoding the catalytic and the collagenic tail (ColQ) subunits respectively. ColQ-AChE expression is regulated by muscle activity; however, how this regulation takes place remains poorly understood. We found that over or down-regulation of ColQ is sufficient to change the levels of AChE activity by promoting assembly of higher order oligomeric forms including the collagen-tailed forms. Furthermore, when peptides containing the Proline Rich Attachment Domain (PRAD), the region of ColQ that interacts with the AChE, are fed to muscle cells or cell lines expressing AChE, they are taken up by the cells and retrogradely transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi network where they induce assembly of newly synthesize AChE into tetramers. This results in an increase, as a consequence, in total cell associated AChE activity and active tetramer secretion, making synthetic PRAD peptides potential candidates for the treatment of organophosphate pesticides and nerve gas poisoning. To study the developmental regulation of ColQ-AChE we determined the levels of ColQ and ColQ mRNA in primary quail muscle cells in culture and as a function of muscle activity. Surprisingly, we found dissociation between transcription and translation of ColQ from its assembly into ColQ-AChE indicating the importance of posttranslational controls in the regulation of AChE folding and assembly. Furthermore, we found that the vast majority of the ColQ molecules in QMCs are not assembled into ColQ-AChE, suggesting that they can have alternative function(s). Finally, we found that the levels of ER molecular chaperones calnexin, calreticulin, and particularly protein disulfide isomerase are regulated by muscle activity and they correlate with the levels of ColQ-AChE. More importantly, our results suggest that newly synthesized proteins compete for chaperone assistance during the folding process.
130

Unraveling the origins of social parasitism in Megalomyrmex ants

Adams, Rachelle Martha Marie 06 August 2012 (has links)
Social parasitism, the exploitation of a society by other social organisms, has evolved independently numerous times within social animals. In this thesis, I integrate behavioral, evolutionary and chemical analyses to elucidate the evolution of social parasitism in Megalomyrmex ants. I examine host-parasite interactions in two Megalomyrmex species, identify venom alkaloids, and reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships between species. In Chapter 1, I analyze nest architecture and behavioral interactions between the ant host Cyphomyrmex cornutus and its parasite Megalomyrmex mondabora. This is the first detailed account of the natural history of this host and its social parasite. In Chapter 2, I report a one-year-long fitness experiment that tests whether Trachymyrmex cf. zeteki colonies suffer reduced fitness from an association with the social parasite Megalomyrmex symmetochus. I show that M. symmetochus parasites negatively impact host fitness though several mechanisms, including a) manipulation of the host worker grooming behavior; b) castration of host queens produced by the host colony, which then become workers; and c) reduction of garden size, host worker number, and host reproductive output. In Chapter 3, I determine that five venom alkaloids of Megalomyrmex are taxonomically informative to help differentiate cryptic species within the M. mondabora complex; new species in this complex need to be described in a future taxonomic revision. In Chapter 4, I reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of the genus Megalomyrmex with DNA sequence information. I conclude that the genus is monophyletic and corroborate two of the four species groups proposed by Brandão (1990) in a previous morphological revision. I also find evidence in support of Darwin’s Predation Hypothesis on the origin of social parasitism, which postulates that socialparasitic behaviors evolve from predatory behaviors. Lastly, I discuss promising future research directions on the evolution of social parasitism in the ant genus Megalomyrmex, which could serve as a model for the study of social parasitism in other lineages of social insects. / text

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