A deficiência parcial ou total ou defeitos funcionais no fator VIII (FVIII) resultam na doença hereditária hemofilia A (HA), geralmente causada por mutações heterogêneas no gene do FVIII (F8). Embora mais de 1200 mutações no gene do F8 tenham sido descritas, dados sobre o espectro dessas mutações na população do Sul do Brasil são insuficientes e o estudo das mesmas possibilita uma melhor compreensão da genética molecular da doença nessa população. Além disso, ao estimar o efeito que uma mutação exerce em uma proteína, obtem-se subsídios para uma melhor avaliação de sua função, bem como das interações entre ela e estruturas afins. Os objetivos desse estudo foram identificar as mutações gênicas em pacientes com HA leve ou moderada do Rio Grande do Sul e posterior análise do papel dessas mutações na determinação da doença e presença de inibidores. Um total de 76 pacientes não-relacionados do sexo masculino, com HA leve (n=55) ou moderada (n=21) foram incluídos no estudo. Todos os 26 éxons do F8, as regiões 5’não-traduzida e 3’não-traduzida, as junções éxon-intron e a região promotora foram amplificadas por PCR e analisadas por sequenciamento direto. Foram examinados também 100 cromossomos normais de doadores de banco de sangue para excluir mudanças polimórficas como causadoras da doença. Todas as sequências do F8 dos pacientes foram comparadas com a sequência referência (NCBI: NG_005114.1), utilizando o software CodonCode Aligner implementado no Mega 5.04. As mutações encontradas foram comparadas com as do banco de dados The Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure, Test and Resource Site (HAMSTeRS) e a conservação dos aminoácidos mutados também foi verificada. A detecção de mutações em sítios de processamento foi realizada pelo programa de predição de sítios de processamento (Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project) e para a análise do efeito das mutações de sentido trocado foram utilizados três preditores: PolyPhen-2 (Polymorphism Phenotyping), Site Direct Mutator (SDM) e Have yOur Protein Explained (HOPE). A localização das mutações na estrutura do FVIII foi realizada no programa PyMol e para a visualização da superfície eletrostática dos domínios A foi utilizado o programa GRASP2. Quando nenhuma mutação foi encontrada, foi executada a análise de Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). Quanto às mutações recorrentes, a análise de haplótipos foi feita a fim de investigar se elas surgiram nessa população através de vários eventos mutacionais distintos ou através de efeito fundador. Foi identificada a mutação causadora da doença em 69 (91%) pacientes, que apresentaram 33 mutações diferentes: 27 de sentido trocado, uma pequena deleção, duas pequenas duplicações e três mudanças em sítios de processamento. Sete mutações de sentido trocado e duas em sítios de processamento não tinham sido previamente descritas no HAMSTeRS e não foram identificadas na literatura. Todas as últimas foram consideradas patogênicas; a mutação p.Val266Met, muito próxima a um sítio de ligação ao cobre, pode diminuir a interação entre os domínios A2 e A3 do FVIII; a mutação p. Met567Lys pode afetar um sítio de ligação ao fator IX; as mutações p.Arg1764Gly, p.Tyr1786Phe e p.Tyr1792Cys podem afetar a ligação ao fator IX e ao Fator von Willebrand. Nove mutações recorrentes foram encontradas, uma delas nunca descrita anteriormente (p.Tyr1786Phe). A análise de haplótipos sugere que essa mutação tenha se originado na população brasileira como um único evento em um ancestral comum. Um dos indivíduos desenvolveu inibidores. Foi feita, também, uma avaliação geral sobre o papel das mutações no F8 na formação de inibidores em pacientes graves estudados em investigação anterior, verificando-se associações significativas tanto no que se refere aos domínios em que as mutações ocorreram, quanto aos tipos de mutações encontrados. Os dados desses estudos são úteis no diagnóstico e prevenção precoce de inibidores na hemofilia A, bem como na detecção de mulheres heterozigotas na população do sul do Brasil. Espera-se oferecer um melhor manejo aos pacientes, fornecer aconselhamento genético e suporte psicológico/emocional para as famílias dos afetados. / Factor VIII (FVIII) partial or total deficiency, or functional defects, result in the hereditary disease haemophilia A (HA), generally caused by heterogeneous mutations in the FVIII gene (F8). Although more than 1200 F8 mutations have been reported, data regarding these mutations are insufficient in southern Brazilian populations and their study provides a better understanding of the molecular genetics of the disease in this population. Furthermore, after evaluating the effect that a mutation has on a protein, we can do a better assessment of its function, as well as of the interactions between the mutated protein and related structures. The objectives of this study were to identify gene mutations in patients with mild and moderate HA living in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and to analyze the role of these mutations in disease determination and presence of inhibitors. A total of 76 unrelated male patients with mild (n = 55) or moderate (n = 21) HA were included in the study. All F8 26 exons, the 5 'UTR and 3' UTR, intron-exon junctions and the promoter region were amplified by PCR and analyzed by direct sequencing. We also examined 100 blood bank donors’ normal chromosomes to exlude polymorphic changes as causal to the disease. F8 patients’ sequences were compared with the reference sequence (NCBI: NG_005114.1) using the CodonCode Aligner software implemented in Mega 5.04. The mutations found were compared with those present in The Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure, Test and Resource Site (HAMSTeRS) database and the conservation of the mutated amino acids was also verified. Splice site mutations were detected using the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project splice site prediction program, and for the analysis of missense mutation effects three predictors were used: PolyPhen-2 (Polymorphism Phenotyping), Site Direct Mutator (SDM) and Have yOur Protein Explained (HOPE). The mutations were localized in the FVIII structure by PyMOL and the FVIII A domains eletrostatic surface was visualized using GRASP2. When no mutation was found, the Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed. As for the recurrent mutations, haplotype analyses were conducted to investigate whether they emerged in this population through several distinct mutational events or from a founder effect. We identified the disease causing mutation in 69 (91%) patients, who showed 33 different mutations: 27 missense, one small deletion, two small duplications and three splice site changes. Seven missense and two splice site mutations had not been previously reported in HAMSTeRS and were not identified in any literature search. The latter were all considered pathogenic; p.Val266Met is located near a copper binding site and may decrease the interaction between the FVIII A2 and A3 domains; p. Met567Lys can affect a factor IX binding site; p.Arg1764Gly, p.Tyr1786Phe and p.Tyr1792Cys can affect factor IX and von Willebrand Factor binding sites. Nine recurrent mutations were found, one of them (p.Tyr1786Phe) never described before. Haplotype analysis suggests that this mutation originated in the Brazilian population as a single event in a common ancestor. One of the subjects developed inhibitors. A general evaluation was also made about the role of F8 mutations in the development of inhibitors in severe patients studied in a previous investigation, and significant associations were found both in relation to the domains where the mutations occurred, as well as in the mutations found. The data of these studies will be useful in the diagnosis and early prevention of inhibitors in haemophilia A, and in the detection of female carriers in the southern Brazilian population. We hope to offer a better monitoring to the patients, to give genetic counseling, and psychological/emotional support to the families of affected persons.

A deficiência parcial ou total ou defeitos funcionais no fator VIII (FVIII) resultam na doença hereditária hemofilia A (HA), geralmente causada por mutações heterogêneas no gene do FVIII (F8). Embora mais de 1200 mutações no gene do F8 tenham sido descritas, dados sobre o espectro dessas mutações na população do Sul do Brasil são insuficientes e o estudo das mesmas possibilita uma melhor compreensão da genética molecular da doença nessa população. Além disso, ao estimar o efeito que uma mutação exerce em uma proteína, obtem-se subsídios para uma melhor avaliação de sua função, bem como das interações entre ela e estruturas afins. Os objetivos desse estudo foram identificar as mutações gênicas em pacientes com HA leve ou moderada do Rio Grande do Sul e posterior análise do papel dessas mutações na determinação da doença e presença de inibidores. Um total de 76 pacientes não-relacionados do sexo masculino, com HA leve (n=55) ou moderada (n=21) foram incluídos no estudo. Todos os 26 éxons do F8, as regiões 5’não-traduzida e 3’não-traduzida, as junções éxon-intron e a região promotora foram amplificadas por PCR e analisadas por sequenciamento direto. Foram examinados também 100 cromossomos normais de doadores de banco de sangue para excluir mudanças polimórficas como causadoras da doença. Todas as sequências do F8 dos pacientes foram comparadas com a sequência referência (NCBI: NG_005114.1), utilizando o software CodonCode Aligner implementado no Mega 5.04. As mutações encontradas foram comparadas com as do banco de dados The Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure, Test and Resource Site (HAMSTeRS) e a conservação dos aminoácidos mutados também foi verificada. A detecção de mutações em sítios de processamento foi realizada pelo programa de predição de sítios de processamento (Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project) e para a análise do efeito das mutações de sentido trocado foram utilizados três preditores: PolyPhen-2 (Polymorphism Phenotyping), Site Direct Mutator (SDM) e Have yOur Protein Explained (HOPE). A localização das mutações na estrutura do FVIII foi realizada no programa PyMol e para a visualização da superfície eletrostática dos domínios A foi utilizado o programa GRASP2. Quando nenhuma mutação foi encontrada, foi executada a análise de Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). Quanto às mutações recorrentes, a análise de haplótipos foi feita a fim de investigar se elas surgiram nessa população através de vários eventos mutacionais distintos ou através de efeito fundador. Foi identificada a mutação causadora da doença em 69 (91%) pacientes, que apresentaram 33 mutações diferentes: 27 de sentido trocado, uma pequena deleção, duas pequenas duplicações e três mudanças em sítios de processamento. Sete mutações de sentido trocado e duas em sítios de processamento não tinham sido previamente descritas no HAMSTeRS e não foram identificadas na literatura. Todas as últimas foram consideradas patogênicas; a mutação p.Val266Met, muito próxima a um sítio de ligação ao cobre, pode diminuir a interação entre os domínios A2 e A3 do FVIII; a mutação p. Met567Lys pode afetar um sítio de ligação ao fator IX; as mutações p.Arg1764Gly, p.Tyr1786Phe e p.Tyr1792Cys podem afetar a ligação ao fator IX e ao Fator von Willebrand. Nove mutações recorrentes foram encontradas, uma delas nunca descrita anteriormente (p.Tyr1786Phe). A análise de haplótipos sugere que essa mutação tenha se originado na população brasileira como um único evento em um ancestral comum. Um dos indivíduos desenvolveu inibidores. Foi feita, também, uma avaliação geral sobre o papel das mutações no F8 na formação de inibidores em pacientes graves estudados em investigação anterior, verificando-se associações significativas tanto no que se refere aos domínios em que as mutações ocorreram, quanto aos tipos de mutações encontrados. Os dados desses estudos são úteis no diagnóstico e prevenção precoce de inibidores na hemofilia A, bem como na detecção de mulheres heterozigotas na população do sul do Brasil. Espera-se oferecer um melhor manejo aos pacientes, fornecer aconselhamento genético e suporte psicológico/emocional para as famílias dos afetados. / Factor VIII (FVIII) partial or total deficiency, or functional defects, result in the hereditary disease haemophilia A (HA), generally caused by heterogeneous mutations in the FVIII gene (F8). Although more than 1200 F8 mutations have been reported, data regarding these mutations are insufficient in southern Brazilian populations and their study provides a better understanding of the molecular genetics of the disease in this population. Furthermore, after evaluating the effect that a mutation has on a protein, we can do a better assessment of its function, as well as of the interactions between the mutated protein and related structures. The objectives of this study were to identify gene mutations in patients with mild and moderate HA living in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and to analyze the role of these mutations in disease determination and presence of inhibitors. A total of 76 unrelated male patients with mild (n = 55) or moderate (n = 21) HA were included in the study. All F8 26 exons, the 5 'UTR and 3' UTR, intron-exon junctions and the promoter region were amplified by PCR and analyzed by direct sequencing. We also examined 100 blood bank donors’ normal chromosomes to exlude polymorphic changes as causal to the disease. F8 patients’ sequences were compared with the reference sequence (NCBI: NG_005114.1) using the CodonCode Aligner software implemented in Mega 5.04. The mutations found were compared with those present in The Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure, Test and Resource Site (HAMSTeRS) database and the conservation of the mutated amino acids was also verified. Splice site mutations were detected using the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project splice site prediction program, and for the analysis of missense mutation effects three predictors were used: PolyPhen-2 (Polymorphism Phenotyping), Site Direct Mutator (SDM) and Have yOur Protein Explained (HOPE). The mutations were localized in the FVIII structure by PyMOL and the FVIII A domains eletrostatic surface was visualized using GRASP2. When no mutation was found, the Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed. As for the recurrent mutations, haplotype analyses were conducted to investigate whether they emerged in this population through several distinct mutational events or from a founder effect. We identified the disease causing mutation in 69 (91%) patients, who showed 33 different mutations: 27 missense, one small deletion, two small duplications and three splice site changes. Seven missense and two splice site mutations had not been previously reported in HAMSTeRS and were not identified in any literature search. The latter were all considered pathogenic; p.Val266Met is located near a copper binding site and may decrease the interaction between the FVIII A2 and A3 domains; p. Met567Lys can affect a factor IX binding site; p.Arg1764Gly, p.Tyr1786Phe and p.Tyr1792Cys can affect factor IX and von Willebrand Factor binding sites. Nine recurrent mutations were found, one of them (p.Tyr1786Phe) never described before. Haplotype analysis suggests that this mutation originated in the Brazilian population as a single event in a common ancestor. One of the subjects developed inhibitors. A general evaluation was also made about the role of F8 mutations in the development of inhibitors in severe patients studied in a previous investigation, and significant associations were found both in relation to the domains where the mutations occurred, as well as in the mutations found. The data of these studies will be useful in the diagnosis and early prevention of inhibitors in haemophilia A, and in the detection of female carriers in the southern Brazilian population. We hope to offer a better monitoring to the patients, to give genetic counseling, and psychological/emotional support to the families of affected persons.

In 1534, the English Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy. This effectively stripped all of the authority the Pope held in England and gave it to Henry VIII. Also because of the Act of Supremacy Henry VIII gained a new title: Supreme Head of the Church of England. However, there was a problem. The Act of Supremacy only vaguely defined the new powers that had been given to the King. Consequently, what exactly his new powers were and their limits had to be established. The other issue that had to be dealt with was the establishment of the canons of the Church of England. It was a new church with no canons or rules in place other then the establishment of Henry VIII as Supreme Head of the Church of England The purpose of this thesis is to explore the use of Anabaptists and Sacramentaries in the formulation of the doctrine of the Church of England and the expansion of Henry VIII's power as Supreme Head of the Church of England. Henry was able to use the Anabaptists and Sacramentaries because they posed no real threat to the state but were easy tools to be manipulated. The main documents that will be dealt with are the November 1538 Royal Proclamation Prohibiting Unlicensed Printing of Scripture, Exiling Anabaptists, Depriving Married Clergy, Removing St. Thomas à Becket from Calendar, the trial of John Lambert, and the February 1539 Royal Proclamation Prescribing Rites and Ceremonies, Pardoning Anabaptists.

Thesis advisor: Matthew Monnig / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

No description available.

Factor VIII is a protein which has therapeutic applications for the treatment of Hemophilia A. Its deficiency, either qualitative or quantitative, results in Hemophilia A, a disorder affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 males. Currently, FVIII replacement therapy uses FVIII derived from plasma or cell culture. The current cost of this therapy is in excess of $150,000 per patient per year. Thus, alternative sources that are more economical are attractive. The present work focuses upon the characterization of recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) made in the milk of transgenic pigs. Two dimensional western analysis of rFVIII obtained from pig whey showed a range of FVIII species having different isoelectric points (pI) consistent with diverse glycosylation patterns. The pI of these diverse FVIII populations were accurately predicted using theoretical calculations based upon primary protein structure as variable biantennary glycosylation patterns having 0, 1, or 2 sialic acid groups present. Kinetic limitations in the adsorption of rFVIII to anion exchange media due to the nature of the complex milk environment were observed. rFVIII was purified quantitatively using batch equilibration of whey with DEAE Sepharose. This material showed proteolytic processing that was very similar to FVIII obtained from human plasma. Based upon these results, it was postulated that a dissociation of the light (A3C1C2) and heavy (A1A2B) chain due to a lack of vWF may be responsible for the low FVIII activity. / Master of Science

A Hemofilia A é uma doença sanguínea condicionada por gene localizado no cromossomo X. É causada pela deficiência parcial ou total da atividade do Fator VIII (FVIII), uma glicoproteína plasmática cuja função é necessária para a coagulação normal do sangue. Devido às dificuldades encontradas para o reconhecimento direto da mutação no gene F8, o diagnóstico das portadoras é feito de forma indireta, isto é, por análise de ligação com marcadores polimórficos localizados dentro ou próximos ao gene que permite determinar a co-segregação do haplótipo e da mutação na família sob estudo e, desta maneira, detectar o estado de portadora e, eventualmente, auxiliar no diagnóstico pré-natal. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o poder de alguns desses marcadores na diferenciação das populações e determinar o grau de sua informatividade para o diagnóstico e aconselhamento genético de famílias afetadas, bem como verificar o eventual uso forense de tais marcadores. Foram então determinadas as frequências alélicas e haplotípicas, diversidade genética, diferenciação populacional, desequilíbrio de ligação e composição ancestral de quatro microssatélites intragênicos (IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 22, IVS 25.3), localizados em introns do F8, e um extragênico (IKBKG) em amostras de populações brasileiras urbanas (indivíduos normais de São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul e Pernambuco), de quilombos (Mimbó, Sítio Velho e Gaucinha localizados no Estado do Piauí) e Ameríndios (Tikúna, Baníwa e Kashináwa). As análises, quando cabível, incluíram um grupo de pacientes hemofílicos. O DNA dos sítios polimórficos foi amplificado por PCR, os produtos separados em PAGE e corado por nitrato de prata. Para as análises estatísticas foram empregados programas já considerados de uso rotineiro. Os parâmetros de diversidade mostraram diferenças entre as amostras populacionais analisadas. Tais diferenças regionais nas frequências alélicas devem ser levadas em conta quando o diagnóstico indireto da Hemofilia A estiver sendo realizado. Com exceção do IKBKG, todos os demais microssatélites apresentaram altas taxas de heterozigose. Usando tais marcadores, o diagnóstico foi possível em 10 das 11 famílias analisadas. Os microssatélites IVS 22, IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 25.3 e IKBKG foram informativos em 63,6% (7/11), 54.5% (6/11), 54.5% (6/11), 45.5% (5/11) e 18.2% (2/11) dos casos, respectivamente, demonstrando a eficácia do uso desses microssatélites no diagnóstico pré-natal e na identificação de portadoras na população brasileira. / Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder conditioned by a gene located on the X chromosome and caused by partial or total deficiency of the Factor VIII (FVIII) activity, a plasma glycoprotein whose function is necessary for normal blood clotting. Due to difficulties faced on direct recognition of the F8 gene mutation, carrier diagnosis is done indirectly by linkage analysis with polymorphic markers located within or near the gene. These markers may determine the haplotype and the mutation co-segregation within the studied family, and thus detect the carrier status and possibly assist in prenatal diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the power of some of these markers in population differentiation and to determine their degree of informativeness for diagnosis and genetic counseling of affected families, as well as to verify the possible forensic use of such markers. We then determined the allele and haplotype frequencies, genetic diversity, population differentiation, linkage disequilibrium and ancestral composition in Brazilian urban (healthy individuals from São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco), quilombo remnant (Mimbó, Sítio Velho and Gaucinha in the State of Piauí) and Amerindian (Tikúna, Baníwa and Kashináwa) population samples by the analysis of four intragenic microsatellites (IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 22, IVS 25.3), located on F8 introns, and one extragenic (IKBKG ). When appropriated, the analysis included a group of hemophilic patients. DNA polymorphisms were detected by PCR, PAGE and silver nitrate staining. Statistical analysis was implemented by programs already considered in routine use. Diversity parameters showed differences among the populational samples analyzed. Such regional differences in allele frequencies must be taken into account when conduct the indirect diagnosis of Hemophilia A. Except for IKBKG, all other microsatellites showed high rates of heterozygosity. Using these markers, the diagnosis was possible in 10 of the 11 families analyzed. The microsatellites IVS 22, IVS 1, IVS 13, IVS 25.3 and IKBKG were informative in 63.6% (7 / 11), 54.5% (6 / 11), 54.5% (6 / 11), 45.5% (5 / 11 ) and 18.2% (2 / 11) of the cases, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the use of these microsatellites in prenatal diagnosis and on carrier identification in the Brazilian population.

L’administration de Facteur VIII thérapeutique (FVIII) chez les patients hémophiles A entraine l’apparition d’anticorps anti-FVIII appelés « inhibiteurs » chez 30% des hémophiles A sévères. Ceci constitue alors une impasse thérapeutique. Si de nombreuses investigations ont permis de caractériser les effecteurs lymphocytaires T et B impliqués dans cette réponse immunitaire, elles n’ont toutefois pas permis de proposer aux patients des stratégies thérapeutiques pour prévenir l’apparition des inhibiteurs du FVIII. La première partie de ma thèse explore la possibilité de prévenir la réponse immunitaire anti-FVIII en inhibant la capture et l’apprêtement antigénique du FVIII par les cellules présentatrices de l’antigène (CPA). Il avait été montré précédemment que les deux structures hautement mannosylées du FVIII, sur les asparagines 239 et 2118, étaient reconnues par le CD206 exprimé par les cellules dendritiques humaines dérivées de monocytes, et que cette voie d’endocytose menait à l’apprêtement antigénique du FVIII. Je me suis donc intéressée à la possibilité de réduire l’immunogénicité du FVIII en éliminant ces deux glycosylations. La seconde partie de ma thèse porte sur la possibilité de prévenir ou d’éradiquer la réponse immunitaire anti-FVIII en inhibant une molécule de la signalisation du récepteur des lymphocytes B (LB) : la tyrosine kinase de Bruton (BTK). La BTK jouant un rôle central dans la signalisation des LB, l’inhibition de celle-ci a montré un intérêt thérapeutique dans le cas de certaines pathologies malignes et auto-immunes. J’ai donc exploré le potentiel thérapeutique d’un inhibiteur de la BTK dans la réponse immunitaire anti-FVIII. / Administration of therapeutic factor VIII (FVIII) to hemophilia A patients leads to the development of anti-FVIII antibodies called “inhibitors” in 30% of severe hemophilia A patients. Despite a well characterization of T and B effectors cells involved in this immune response, there is still no therapeutic strategy proposed to the patients to prevent the occurrence of FVIII inhibitors. The first part of my thesis explores the possibility to prevent the anti-FVIII immune response by blocking FVIII capture and processing by antigen presenting cells (APC). It has been previously demonstrated that the two highly mannosylated structures on FVIII, on asparagines 239 and 2118, were recognized by the CD206 expressed on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. This endocytic pathway led to FVIII processing and presentation to T cells. Therefore, I have investigated the possibility to reduce FVIII immunogenicity by eliminating those two glycosylations. The second part of my thesis focuses on the possibility to prevent or eradicate the anti-FVIII immune response by inhibiting a molecule involved in B cell receptor signaling: the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). BTK plays a key role in B cells signaling and inhibition of BTK has shown a great interest in B cell malignancies, but also in some auto-immune diseases. Therefore, I have investigated the therapeutic potential of a new BTK inhibitor against the development of the anti-FVIII immune response.

En 1534, le Parlement vota l’Acte de Suprématie qui achevait la rupture de l’Angleterre avec Rome et consacrait le roi comme chef de l’Église d’Angleterre. Si la reformes religieuses du roi et leur réception par les Anglais ont fait l’objet de multiples travaux, les conséquences du schisme et de la suprématie royale sur la prière publique n’ont pas été étudiées. Pourtant, le régime exigea aussitôt que toute référence aux titres et à l’autorité du pape soit supprimée de la liturgie et la prière publique fut activement employée pour promouvoir la suprématie royale. L’analyse des livres liturgiques en usage pendant la période permet de mesurer le degré de soumission du clergé anglais et révèle, en outre, que de nombreux prêtres se sont appliqués à adapter les textes liturgiques aux réformes henriciennes. Ainsi la suprématie royale, loin de n’être qu’un concept politique ou une solution institutionnelle apparaît comme une véritable doctrine religieuse. Mettre l’accent sur la liturgie permet de se situer au cœur d’une problématique essentielle du siècle de la Réforme : que faut-il faire pour être sauvé ? Les confessions de foi publiées à partir de 1536 avancent de nouvelles perspectives sur le sens des sacramentaux : leur dimension perfomative est niée au profit d’une interprétation symbolique. La mise en doute de l’efficacité de la parole liturgique s’étend aux sacrements qui deviennent le sujet de vifs débats au sein du clergé et du peuple. Les expérimentations liturgiques conduites dans les paroisses et la contestation du statut de la liturgie comme dépôt de la foi et moyen d’accès au salut contribuent à expliquer comment la Réforme s’implanta en Angleterre. / By passing the Act of Supremacy in 1534, Parliament enshrined the break with Rome and theroyal supremacy into the law of the land. The religious reforms which ensued and their impact on the English have already been examined, but the liturgical consequences of the schism and the king’s headship of the Church have not. Yet, the regime immediately required that the liturgy be rid of all mention of the pope and his authority while harnessing public prayer to promote the royal supremacy. Studying the liturgical books in use in the period affords the historian unprecedented access to the religious practices and beliefs in English parishes. Many priests had adapted the liturgy to the royal supremacy which this thesis argues had become a functional dogma of the Henrician church. The European Reformation movement of the mid-16th century is itself deeply concerned with the place of liturgical rituals in Christian life. Under Henry, the meaning and efficacy of the sacramentals was challenged. The liturgy of these ceremonies was no longer considered as a trustworthy deposit of the faith, and sacramental practice, which was no longer thought of as an essential means of s! alvation, became a battle ground between evangelicals and conservatives. The numerous liturgical experiments, both statebacked and initiated locally, in conjunction with the challenge to the traditionnal understanding of the liturgy, contribute to our understanding of how England gradually became a Protestant nation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-167).