published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Background: Although physical inactivity has been linked with numerous chronic health conditions and overall mortality, the majority of English adults report insufficient physical activity. To increase population physical activity levels, researchers have called for more community-level interventions. To evaluate these complex public health interventions, innovative study designs are required. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate whether a community-level physical activity intervention—‘Devon Active Villages’—increased the activity levels of rural communities. Methods: The Devon Active Villages intervention provided villages with 12 weeks of physical activity opportunities for all age groups. Community engagement helped tailor activity programmes for each village; communities were then supported for a further 12 months. 128 rural villages from south-west England were randomised to receive the intervention in one of four time periods, as part of a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial. Data collection consisted of a postal survey of a random sample of adults (≥18 years), at baseline, and after each of the four intervention periods. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of adults who reported sufficient physical activity to meet the current guidelines (≥150mins of moderate-and-vigorous, or ≥75mins of vigorous-intensity activity per week). The number of minutes spent in moderate-and-vigorous activity per week was analysed as a secondary outcome. Using data from all five periods, a comparison of study outcomes between intervention and control arms was performed, allowing for time period (as a fixed effect), and the random effect induced by correlation of outcomes (clustering) within villages. Additionally, the baseline data were analysed separately using logistic and linear regression models to examine the correlates of physical activity behaviour in rural adults. Results: Baseline study: 2415 adults completed the postal survey (response rate 37.7%). The following factors both increased the odds of meeting the recommended activity guidelines and were associated with more leisure-time physical activity: being male, in good health, greater commitment to being more active, favourable activity social norms, greater physical activity habit, and recent use of recreational facilities. In addition, there was evidence that younger age, lower body mass index, having a physical occupation, dog ownership, inconvenience of public transport, and using recreational facilities outside the local village were associated with greater reported leisure-time physical activity. Main study: 10,412 adults (4693 intervention, 5719 control) completed the postal survey (response rate 32.2%). The intervention did not increase the odds of adults meeting the physical activity guideline, although there was weak evidence of an increase in the minutes of moderate-and-vigorous-intensity activity per week. The ineffectiveness of the intervention may have been due to its low penetration—only 16% of intervention participants reported being aware of the intervention, and just 4% reported participating in intervention events. Conclusions: Baseline study: This study highlights potentially important correlates of physical activity that could be the focus of interventions targeting rural populations, and demonstrates the need to examine rural adults separately from their urban counterparts. Main study: A community-level physical activity intervention providing tailored physical activity opportunities to rural villages did not improve physical activity levels in adults. Greater penetration of such interventions needs to be achieved for them to have any chance of increasing the prevalence of physical activity at the community level.

Esta pesquisa teve como foco o estudo de caso da Companhia Nitro Química Brasileira instalada no bairro de São Miguel Paulista em São Paulo pelo Grupo Votorantim e Klabin Irmãos e Cia; dos espaços e arquitetura que gerou e de sua política de benefícios sociais com foco no papel das vilas operárias e equipamentos implantados pela fábrica para uso de seus trabalhadores. Buscou analisar a configuração espacial da fábrica e de seu núcleo residencial, estudando a arquitetura das instalações fabris, vilas operárias e equipamentos de suporte aos trabalhadores, considerando o programa dessas edificações, o tipo de habitações oferecidas, as formas de obtenção desse benefício e os funcionários contemplados; registrando a construção e transformação desses espaços e o papel da indústria e de suas vilas junto aos trabalhadores e na ocupação e configuração urbana do bairro onde foi implantado. / This essay focused on the study case of the Companhia Nitro Química Brasileira settled in São Miguel Paulista district in São Paulo by Votorantim Group and Klabin Irmãos e Cia; on the spaces and architecture that generated and on its social policy benefits, with the focus on the labourer villages and equipments established by the factory for the use of its employees. It intended to analyze the factory spatial configuration and its residential center, studying the architecture of the industrial installation, labourer villages and support equipments of workers, considerating the program of these constructions, the kind of the habitation offered, the ways of acquirement of this benefit and the contemplated employees; registering the construction and the transformation of theses spaces and the role of the industry and its villages to the workers and on the occupation and the urban configuration of the district where it was implanted.

O Estado de São Paulo centraliza, hoje, a maior e mais complexa rede urbana do hemisfério sul, apresentando uma rica e diversificada gama de formas de urbanização. Os principais estudos sobre a constituição e o desenvolvimento do interior do Estado privilegiaram aspectos dominantes como o ciclo do café, os imigrantes, as ferrovias e, mais recentemente, a industrialização das cidades médias, relegando para segundo plano a heterogeneidade que ocorre na forma de ocupação de um território, mesmo dentro de uma pequena região. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar as formas de desenvolvimento urbano que ocorreram nas áreas que ficaram à margem do ciclo econômico cafeeiro na região de Botucatu. Nestas áreas, ocorreram formas diferentes de urbanização, raramente estudadas, fruto de um desenvolvimento local lento e influenciado por fatores advindos da vizinhança economicamente dinâmica. Como conclusão e discussão foram apresentadas as formas de urbanização resultantes deste processo e os desafios no planejamento de longo prazo nas áreas estudadas. / The São Paulo State focus today, the greater and more complex urban net of South hemisphere, showing a rich and diversified variety of urbanization forms. The main studies about the hinterland of São Paulo State usually privileged the dominant aspects as the coffee cycle, the immigrants, the railways and more recently, the industrialization of the medium size cities, relegating for second plain the heterogeneity that occurs in the form of territory occupation even in a little region. The aim of this study was to present the forms of urban development occurred in the areas that had been scorned by the coffee plantations economic cycle, in the Botucatu region. In this areas, different forms of urbanization had occurred, results of a local slow development and influenced by external factors caused by the economically dynamic neighborhood. As results and discussion had been showed the urbanization forms of this process and the challenges in long term planning for studied areas.

A presente tese consiste em analisar e compreender os projetos e arranjos tipológicos de unidades habitacionais destinadas às classes operárias construídos no Estado de São Paulo entre o final do século XIX e meados do XX, período que configura o primeiro ciclo industrial moderno brasileiro. As unidades eram edificadas basicamente por empreiteiros interessados no lucro dos aluguéis e por empresários paternalistas que ofereciam moradia aos seus funcionários. Para melhor compreender como os projetos de vilas operárias se disseminaram pelo território paulista, realizou-se uma investigação mais ampla, na qual foram estudadas as origens da habitação operária na Inglaterra - país pioneiro no processo de industrialização - e seus ecos na Europa, em países como França, Alemanha, Itália e Portugal. As evidências indicam que quando da transferência dos trabalhadores rurais para as cidades, seus habitantes levaram consigo hábitos e modelos de moradia como os cottages ingleses, que já eram insalubres no campo e considerados em áreas urbanas como focos de contágio de doenças. Diversas teorias sociais utópicas, planos urbanísticos e iniciativas públicas, filantrópicas e empresariais foram desenvolvidas para se compreender e para corrigir como o processo de construção de uma política habitacional se configurou na Europa. Uma extensa investigação sobre a habitação operária de Lisboa, a partir do estudo de 50 pátios e vilas, foi também realizada com o objetivo de verificar e constatar as influências de modelos habitacionais operários portugueses no Brasil. Autores portugueses classificam as tipologias das vilas operárias edificadas no período estudado em Lisboa da seguinte forma: casas geminadas, vilas em carreira e em bloco, vilas formando pátio, vilas construídas atrás de prédios, vilas formando ruas, vilas de escala urbana, vilas integradas nas fábricas e os bairros sociais. A partir do conhecimento sobre as tipologias e políticas habitacionais europeias foram realizados o estudo e a análise das primeiras habitações destinadas aos trabalhadores brasileiros, partindo da zona rural com as senzalas (habitação destinada aos trabalhadores escravos) e sua evolução para as colônias rurais (destinadas aos imigrantes que substituíram o trabalho escravo), com a percepção da influência direta de modelos trazidos da África e da Europa, principalmente da Itália, na constituição dos projetos habitacionais - os quais também se deram nas cidades com a edificação de inúmeras vilas operárias. Foi possível identificar em território paulista semelhanças muito significativas com o processo de industrialização de Lisboa e também as mesmas tipologias habitacionais encontradas na capital portuguesa e classificadas por autores portugueses. Assim como foram encontradas nas cidades europeias, na maioria dos casos (salvo as habitações informais como os cortiços), os projetos a partir da intervenção governamental, passaram a ser influenciados por uma intenção panóptica de controle e vigilância com vistas a um lar saneado para um morador consciente de seus deveres e obrigações sociais. Também, foi possível perceber que os projetos de unidades habitacionais paulistas se desenvolveram com influência direta das diversas teorias sociais, planos urbanísticos e políticas habitacionais europeias, incluindo arranjo tipológico e espacial, além da dificuldade de acesso por conta de valores altos de aluguéis. / This thesis is to analyze and understand the typological design and arrangement of housing units built for the working classes in the state of São Paulo in the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, a period that sets the first modern Brazilian industrial cycle. The units were built by contractors primarily interested in profit from rents and paternalistic employers that offered housing to their employees. To better understand how projects working villages were disseminated by the state territory, there was a wider investigation in which we studied the origins of working class housing in England - pioneer in the industrialization process - and its echoes in Europe, in countries as France, Germany, Italy and Portugal. Evidence indicates that when the transfer of rural workers to the cities, their inhabitants brought with habits and patterns of housing as the English cottages, which were considered unhealthy in the field and in urban areas as outbreaks of contagious diseases. Several theories utopian social, urban planning and public initiatives, philanthropic and business have been developed to understand and how to correct the process of building a housing policy took shape in Europe. An extensive research on housing working Lisbon, from the study of 50 patios and villages, was also conducted in order to check and verify the influences of Portuguese workers housing models in Brazil. Portuguese authors classify the types of workers\' villages built in the period studied in Lisbon as follows: row houses, and villages in career block, forming courtyard villas, villas built behind buildings, streets forming villages, towns, urban scale, integrated villages in factories and housing estates. From the knowledge of the types and European housing policies were carried out the study and analysis of the first housing for Brazilian workers, starting with the rural slave quarters (housing intended for slave laborers) and their evolution to the rural settlements (aimed at immigrants that replaced slave labor), with perception of the direct influence of models brought from Africa and Europe, especially Italy, in the constitution of housing projects - which also gave the cities with the construction of many workers\' villages. It was possible to identify similarities in São Paulo territory very significant to the process of industrialization of Lisbon and also the same housing typologies found in the Portuguese capital and classified by Portuguese authors. As was found in European cities, in most cases (except for informal housing as tenements), projects from government intervention began to be influenced by an intention panoptic control and monitoring with a view to a home for a sanitized residents aware of their duties and social obligations. Also, it was revealed that the projects paulistas housing units developed with the direct influence of various social theories, urban planning and housing policies in Europe, including typological and spatial arrangement, besides the difficulty of access due to high levels of rents.

Le delta du fleuve Rouge est un espace densément peuplé, vulnérable et dans lequel des villages de métier organisés en clusters se sont développés à partir du XIe siècle en raison du sous-emploi rural lié à la riziculture en zone de mousson. Ha Noi, la capitale vietnamienne est située à l’apex de ce delta.Suite à l’effondrement de l’URSS, à la perte de vitesse des coopératives, et aux réformes économiques de la fin des années 1980 (Đổi mới), on assiste, dans les villages de métier, à une résurgence de l’activité artisanale qui se modernise et s’industrialise. L’essor que connaît alors cette industrie rurale spontanée s’accompagne d’externalités négatives de plus en plus dommageables pour la santé humaine et pour l’environnement.A partir des années 2000, la région du delta du fleuve Rouge s’engage dans un processus de métropolisation. Le modèle de ville qui est promu fait fi de l’existant et s’impose aux périphéries de Ha Noi. La concurrence dans l’accès à l’espace et la pression foncière résultant de ce « projet métropolitain » aggravent la situation environnementale dans les villages de métier qui s’urbanisent in situ.Parallèlement à cette « double transition » économique et urbaine, le Vietnam reste administré par un système léniniste dont l’appareil d’Etat est organisé de haut en bas, ce qui apparaît être en dissonance avec le développement économique.Ainsi, cette recherche tente, à travers l’observation de conflits relatifs à la gouvernance de l’environnement au niveau local, de montrer que la dégradation de l’environnement varie dans ses mécanismes, enjeux, configurations et représentations d’acteurs en fonction du type de périphérie métropolitaine concerné. / The Red River delta is a highly populated and vulnerable area with craft villages organized in clusters since the 11th century, because of the under employment related to the rice-growing activity in monsoon zones. Hanoi, the Vietnamese capital, is located at the delta’s apex.After the USSR collapsed and following the decline of cooperatives and the economic reforms in the late 80’s (Đổi mới), it has been observed, in craft villages, a resurgence of craft activities, getting more and more modern and industrialized. This rising rural industry generated negative externalities, threatening public health and environment at the same time. From the 2000’s on, the Red River delta region turned into a metropolization process. The promoted city model ignored the existing settlements and imposed on Ha noi’s surrounding areas. Land competition and real estate pressure resulting from this metropolization project worsened the existing environmental issues in these craft villages that kept on urbanizing in situ.At the same time as this economical and urban transition, Vietnam was still governed by a Leninist system, with a statehood superstructure organized from top to bottom, whereas the speed of economic development seemed in need of a more flexible system.Through the observation of local conflicts related to environmental governance, this research aims at proving that environmental degradation fluctuates in its mechanisms, stakes, configurations and stakeholders’ representations, in accordance with the type of metropolis suburbs concerned.

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O estudo pretende subsidiar o processo de tomada de decisão na concepção e planejamento de infraestruturas de apoio a grandes empreendimentos por parte dos empreendedores, dentro de uma política que considere as possibilidades de promover o desenvolvimento regional a partir deste marco, representado pela introdução maciça de investimentos. O trabalho enfoca principalmente o caso de usinas hidrelétricas, fazendo um paralelo com infraestruturas de apoio a minerações. Pretende-se tornar mais claras as consequencias da política adotada pelo setor no planejamento e implantação de vilas residenciais e alojamentos sobre o meio socioeconomico no qual se inserem. / The study aims to contribute to the decision making process on the conception and planning of support infrastructures of large projects, adopting a policy that considers the possibilities of promoting regional development induced by the massive introduction of investiments. The main focus is on hydroelectric power plants compared to mining projects. It is aimed to clarify the consequences of each different policy on the socioeconomic environment.

O propósito desta pesquisa foi estudar a história social das vilas ferroviárias da Companhia Paulista e contribuir para a discussão sobre a preservação das mesmas. Dentre as diversas companhias ferroviárias espalhadas pelo estado de São Paulo, elegeu-se a Companhia Paulista, a primeira formada com capital nacional e com grande penetração geográfica, política, econômica e social. E dentre as suas vilas, foram escolhidas somente seis como estudo de caso - Itirapina, Brotas, Dois Córregos, Jaú, São Carlos e Rincão - ainda não analisadas, e que apresentavam um número considerável de casas e se localizavam geograficamente próximas, no \"coração\" do estado de São Paulo. O recorte temporal é o da própria Companhia que inicia-se em 1868, e termina em 1961, como empresa privada. Como métodos empregados a pesquisa utilizou- se de fontes primárias - especialmente os Relatórios da Companhia Paulista - e como fontes secundárias, houve duas vertentes que se procurou conjugar: uma referente às vilas ferroviárias, a Companhia Paulista e seus trabalhadores e, outra vertente referente às questões de preservação. Foram de fundamental importância as visitas de campo às respectivas cidades, na verificação do estado de conservação, sua morfologia urbana e a aplicabilidade de propostas pensadas para sua preservação. Igualmente importantes foram às visitas técnicas realizadas para analisar e comparar o encaminhamento dado ao patrimônio industrial ferroviário e urbano nos diferentes países. As vilas ferroviárias tomadas de maneira isolada parecem ser insignificantes, contudo, ao estudar a história social da Companhia Paulista e principalmente a de seus trabalhadores, as vilas passam a adquirir outro significado. Desse modo, o valor das vilas ferroviárias é melhor entendido com a apreciação dos processos históricos mais amplos. Um dos caminhos possíveis encontrados para a re-significação encontra apoio no conceito de paisagem cultural, assim como no conceito de áreas de conservação ou conservação integrada. Os conceitos se complementam e ambos auxiliam a gestão do patrimônio. E a partir do conceito de áreas de conservação, encontra-se a leitura morfotipológica. Ao invés de uma leitura estilística das vilas ferroviárias, optou-se por fazer tal leitura, mais ligada ao tecido urbano, aliada é claro, à investigação da história social destes espaços, que acreditamos que dá sustentação e significação para uma política de preservação, na busca de encontrar o caráter do lugar, e ao mesmo tempo conectar o passado à dimensão contemporânea que devem ter as políticas de preservação. Espera-se assim ter cumprido com os objetivos, de valorizar novamente as vilas ferroviárias e o mundo do trabalho dentro da história e das políticas de preservação. / The aim of this research was to study the social history of the railway worker villages of the \"Companhia Paulista\" and to contribute to the discussion about their preservation. Among many railway companies spread in the São Paulo state, the \"Companhia Paulista\" was chosen because it was the first company to be founded with national capital and due to its geographical, political, economic and social influence. Among its villages, only six of them were chosen as cases of study - \"Itirapina\", \"Brotas\", \"Dois Córregos\", \"Jaú\", \"São Carlos\" e \"Rincão\" - villages not yet analysed, which showed a considerable number of houses and were located geographically close to each other, \"in the heart of\" São Paulo state. The time frame of the research was given by the company life time itself, with start in 1868 and end in 1961 as a private enterprise. The methods employed were the investigation of primary sources - especially the \"Companhia Paulista\" annual reports - and secondary sources, which were divided into two parts that we sought to combine: one refers to railway worker villages, the \"Companhia\" and its workers, and the other one refers to the preservation issues. The field visits to the aforementioned cities were important for the verification of their conservation status, their urban morphology as well as for the analysis of the applicability of the proposals to their preservation. The technical visits made were similarly important to analyse and compare the solution given to the industrial railway and urban heritage in different countries. Taken into an isolated view, the railway villages seem insignificant, however, as we study the accompanying social history of the \"Companhia Paulista\" and mainly of its workers, the villages acquire a whole new meaning. Thus in this way, the value of the railway worker villages is better understood with the analysis of broader historical processes. One of the possible ways found to the \"re-meaning\" is supported by the cultural landscape concept as well as the concept of conservation areas or integrated conservation. The concepts complement one another and both help in the heritage management. From the concept of conservation areas, the morphotypological analysis emerges. Instead of a stylistic analysis of the railway worker villages, we preferred the present type of analysis, more related to the \"urban fabric\" and connected to the investigation of the social history of these places, which we believe sustain and give meaning to the preservation policies, in the search of the \"character of the place\", while at the same time trying to connect the past to the contemporary dimension, which should have the preservation policies. We hope that with this research we have accomplished the following purposes: once again give value to the railway worker villages and the associated world of labour inside history and inside the preservation policies.

These results have implications for VC organizers as well as VC researchers. For researchers, the interpersonal relationship perspective of VC participation not only offers a comprehensive theoretical framework but also opens a new perspective for future research. / This dissertation contributes to virtual community research by proposing and empirically validating an exploratory theoretical framework from the interpersonal relationship perspective using two interpersonal behavior theories---the Triandis interpersonal behavior model and FIRO (Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation) to explain two types of VC participation---BOI (Behavior to Obtain Information) and BGI (Behavior to Give Information). Data was collected in three representative Chinese VCs. Data analysis results showed that the two interpersonal relationship theories are effective in explaining VC participation. Specifically, 53% of the variance of BOI and 41% of the variance of BGI are explained by the Triandis model. VC participation habit is found to have the largest positive effect on BOI and BGI. BOI also has a positive effect on BGI. The conclusion from the FIRO theory is that the three dimensions of FIRO---inclusion, control, and affection---constructed in two directions, wanted and expressed, significantly influence VC participation. Wanted and expressed inclusion have positive effects on both BOI and BGI; expressed control has a positive effect on BGI, and wanted control has a positive effect on both BOI and BGI; and expressed affection has a positive effect on BGI, and wanted affection has a positive effect on both BOI and BGI. / Virtual communities (VCs) have emerged as one of the most popular Internet services during the last decade and have been effective tools in knowledge management, customer relationship management, and other business related functions. The growth of VCs is crucial to VC operation, which mainly depends on the members and their participation. Only after the aggregation of a critical mass of members can VCs accumulate invaluable information and diversity to generate revenue for the VC organizers. Thus, understanding of VC participation is of importance to VC organizers. Although VC participation has been explored from diverse perspectives, few studies can offer a comprehensive theoretical framework to explain why people participate in VCs. / Li Honglei. / "September 2006." / Adviser: Siu King Vincent Lai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-08, Section: A, page: 3482. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-169). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.