Xenophobia in South Africa is a social-political ill. Despite the huge xenophobic attack that took place in May 2008 leaving so many people homeless, wounded and dead, xenophobia still continues to occur in several ways all over South Africa. Its roots can be traced back to the period of apartheid when black South Africans suffered various types of racial discrimination and other forms of subjugation from the hands of their white compatriots, who form a tiny minority of the country‘s population. It would appear that having forced their way out of the period of apartheid, Black South Africans have created a brutal culture of hostility towards 'foreigners' from the rest of Africa. In their search for higher education, students from the rest of the continent have been attracted to South Africa by its excellent social infrastructure and the relative buoyancy of its economy. These migrant students are faced with various challenges in their daily activities both on and off campus. The most salient of this would seem to be their experience of xenophobia. A case in point is the female African students at UKZN. This is in addition to the basic fact that women are, almost by definition, a vulnerable group. The violence that many women experience is caused by numerous identities such as race, class, sexual orientation, HIV status, disability and other markers of difference. These markers not only increase female vulnerability but they also limit their access to legal redress and health and psychosocial services. This phenomenon often gives men an advantage over women in society. Such forms of discrimination need to be investigated and interrogated within the context of xenophobia. Though there has not been any further major attack in the aftermath of the 2008 xenophobic violence, the sporadic experiences amongst, for example, foreign female African students at UKZN, if ignored, may gradually lead to a violent outbreak. This study attempts to capture and critically analyse the understanding of these students on the subject of xenophobia, their experiences and the probable effects xenophobia has, so far, had on their stay in South Africa. The study also seeks to understand how these students respond to the attacks and if they are aware of policies made by the government or university authorities to assist them. Based on the interviews, the study recommends how to eradicate xenophobia, given that existing policies seem to be working only in presumption. It further elaborates on the gender dynamics of xenophobia and concludes on the feelings of xenophilia (experience of love by foreigners from the local South Africans) by the students despite the existence of xenophobia in South Africa. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

O objeto deste estudo foi o processo de construção da resiliência em mulheres que vivenciaram violência sexual. A violência sexual contra a mulher é um problema antigo no mundo, onde o Brasil dispõe de elevadas estatísticas. As justificativas para a violência contra a mulher constroem-se sob normas e preceitos sociais de gênero, os quais definem as diferenças nos papéis e responsabilidades dos homens e das mulheres na sociedade e na família. As consequências físicas e psicológicas para a mulher em situação de violência sexual são alarmantes, podendo ocasionar traumas por longo prazo ou até mesmo para a vida inteira, impedindo-a de retomar seus direitos humanos e de se reinserirem em suas famílias e na sociedade. Entretanto, após a vivência de uma violência algumas mulheres têm seus comportamentos transformados a fim de retomarem o curso de suas vidas. Tais comportamentos dizem respeito à postura resiliente diante à violência sexual vivida e à sua superação. Reconhecendo este comportamento como uma nova possibilidade de promoção da saúde dessas mulheres, traçou-se como objetivo geral do estudo compreender o processo de construção da resiliência em mulheres que vivenciaram violência sexual. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, realizada através da coleta da história de vida com seis mulheres que vivenciaram violência sexual atendidas em um hospital municipal do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), referência no atendimento dessas mulheres. Os dados produzidos foram interpretados à luz da modalidade temática da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Deste processo emergiram duas categorias: A violência sexual vivida expressa nas atitudes do cotidiano: sentimentos e emoções e A resiliência de mulheres em situação de violência sexual. Na primeira categoria identificaram-se as atitudes, sentimentos e emoções decorrentes da adversidade. Destacaram-se os sentimentos de medo, tristeza, culpa e perda como sendo as principais mudanças ocorridas com a violência. Na segunda categoria emergiram elementos existentes na vida das mulheres que vivenciaram violência sexual e que favoreceram no processo de construção da resiliência, sendo os aspectos individuais, familiares e sociais. A pesquisa considerou que a resiliência é elemento fundamental na promoção da saúde das mulheres que vivenciaram violência sexual assim como uma oportunidade de melhoria de sua qualidade de vida, uma vez que reduz os agravos decorrentes dessa violência e incorpora sentido de vida, serenidade, autoconfiança, autossuficiência e perseverança na vida da mulher. Contudo, a resiliência para ser desenvolvida precisa além dos aspectos individuais da mulher, uma rede de apoio familiar e social significativa e eficaz. A consulta de Enfermagem estabelecida nos princípios da humanização, integralidade e dialogicidade entre profissional e a mulher, seja nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família ou nos ambientes ambulatoriais e hospitalares, caracteriza-se como campo fértil na promoção e apoio a essa rede familiar e social. A enfermeira torna-se facilitadora na construção da resiliência em mulheres em situação de violência sexual, onde é preciso oferecer escuta sensível e sem preconceitos, incentivar a construção de sentido de vida, a recuperação da autoestima e autoconfiança e de sua reinserção social. / The object of this study was the process of building resilience in women who experienced sexual violence. Sexual violence against women is an old problem in the world, where Brazil has the highest statistics. The justifications for violence against women are built in norms and social precepts of gender, which define the differences in roles and responsibilities of men and women in society and family. The physical and psychological consequences for women in situations of sexual violence are alarming and can cause injury by long-term or even for life, preventing her from resuming their human rights and his reintroduce the family and society. However, after the experience of violence some women have changed their behavior in order to resume the course of their lives. These behaviors relate to resilient stance on sexual violence experienced, which concerns the overcoming of adversity. Recognizing this behavior as a new opportunity to promote the health of these women, traced to the general objective of the study: understanding the process of building resilience in women who experienced sexual violence. Developed an exploratory qualitative approach, carried out by collecting life history with six women who experienced sexual violence treated at a municipal hospital in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), a reference to meet these women. The data obtained were interpreted in the light of a thematic content analysis of Bardin. From this process emerged two categories: sexual violence experienced in the expressed attitudes of everyday life: feelings and emotions and the resilience of women in situations of sexual violence. In the first category identified the attitudes, feelings and emotions arising from adversity. The highlights were the feelings of fear, sadness, guilt and loss as the main changes to the violence. In the second category emerged existing elements in the lives of women who experienced sexual violence and who favored the process of building resilience, and individual aspects, and social allowances. The research found that resilience is a key element in promoting the health of women who experienced sexual violence as well as an opportunity to improve their quality of life, as it reduces the damages resulting from such violence and incorporates the sense of life, serenity, confidence, self-reliance and perseverance in the life of the woman. However, the resilience need to be developed than the individual aspects of the woman, a network of family and social support meaningful and effective. Consultation with nursing established on the principles of humanization, integrity and capacity for dialogue between professionals and women, whether in Strategies Family Health or hospital outpatient settings and is characterized as a fertile ground to promote and support the family and social network. The nurse becomes a facilitator in building the resilience of women in situations of sexual violence, where you need to provide sensitive listening and without bias, promoting the construction of meaning in life, recover their selfesteem and self-confidence and its re-insertion social.

Background: Men´s violence against women in relationship is a global healthproblem. 30% of all women in the world have at some point been exposed to violence in relationships. The problem tends to increase despite attempts to prevent the problem. Aim: The aim of this study is to achieve a deeper knowledge of prevention work to prevent violence against women in relationships. Methods: The study is based on six individual qualitative interviews with criminal investigative within the police and therapists in prison. Crime prevention models are used to analyze the qualitative interviews. Results: The results from this study show that poor self-esteem is a major risk factor for men´s violence against women in relationships. The criminal investigative och therapist agreed that the problem must be tackled at an early age. Conclusion: We need to start working and strengthening individs poor self-esteem at an early age through social crime prevention. When men have reached the stage where they are subject of the judiciary, the violence has often lasted a long time and the men have extensive problems.

Women have recurrently faced the adaptive problem of rape over evolutionary history. Little research has investigated the potential evolved psychological mechanisms for rape avoidance that women may possess. Here I review evolutionary perspectives on rape avoidance. I follow this review with the results of two studies conducted to design a measure of women's rape avoidance, known as the Rape Avoidance Inventory (RAI). Study 1A included 99 women who self-reported acts they do or might do specifically to avoid being raped. Study 1B included 144 women who filled out a preliminary inventory of rape avoidance behaviors. I used their responses to construct the RAI. In Study 3, I develop and test a number of hypotheses derived from evolutionary psychological theory, using data derived from the sample of women in Study 1B. I conclude by discussing limitations and possible future directions for rape avoidance research. / by William F. McKibbin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-15T12:33:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Léa Gomes da Cruz Soares.pdf: 1752433 bytes, checksum: 1ca512806f38bd32a9ae0d089d9e650c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T12:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Léa Gomes da Cruz Soares.pdf: 1752433 bytes, checksum: 1ca512806f38bd32a9ae0d089d9e650c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present dissertation has as an object of study the women, trans women and transvestites in the situation of violence in the city of Santo André: coping strategy. It consists of the foundations of dialectical historical materialism and the feminist foundations, will be held an interlocution with the poststructuralist theory of gender, sexual diversity, itself. Being that studying the issue of women and the LGBT population, especially transgender women and transvestites in the situation of violence, implies directly the denial of rights since it does not have their needs met. The general objective of this research will be to verify the reasons that distance women from domestic violence, Trans Women, and Transvestites from the world of work. Its specific objective is to characterize Gender, Work, Violence and social movement; identify and characterize Women in Situation of Domestic Violence, Trans Women, and transvestites and map out existing services. The methodological procedures in the research will have as a proposal to work the descriptive and qualitative method will use semi-structured interviews. In order to present the relations between everyday life and gender relations, this reflection will be developed from referenced concepts, in relation to the issues raised in our daily practice, since we directly serve women and Trans women and transvestites in a situation of violence, in a context of struggles and confrontations / A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo as mulheres, mulheres trans e travestis em situação de violência na cidade de Santo André: estratégia de enfrentamento. Consiste nos fundamentos do materialismo histórico dialético e nos fundamentos feministas, será realizada uma interlocução com a teoria “pósestruturalista”, discussão de gênero, de diversidade sexual, para atender as necessidades do próprio objeto. Sendo que estudar a questão da mulher e a população LGBT, em especial as mulheres trans e as travestis em situação de violência, implica diretamente na negação dos seus direitos, uma vez que não têm suas necessidades atendidas. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa será verificar os motivos que distanciam as mulheres em situação de violência doméstica, as Mulheres Trans e as Travestis do mundo do trabalho. Tem como objetivo específico: caracterizar Gênero, Trabalho, Violência e Movimento Social; identificar e caracterizar as Mulheres em Situação de Violência Doméstica, as Mulheres Trans e as travestis e mapear os serviços existentes. Os procedimentos metodológicos na pesquisa terão como proposta trabalhar o método descritivo e qualitativo, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas. Com o objetivo de apresentar as relações entre a cotidianidade e as relações de gênero, essa reflexão será desenvolvida a partir de conceitos referenciados, no tocante às questões rebatidas em nosso cotidiano da prática, uma vez que atendemos diretamente as mulheres e as mulheres trans e as travestis em situação de violência, num contexto de lutas e enfrentamentos

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Magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali, kadangi Lietuvoje smurtas prieš moteris šeimoje yra plačiai paplitęs reiškinys. Tačiau mūsų šalyje apie šį reiškinį mažai kalbama ir rašoma. Darbe teoriniu aspektu nagrinėjama smurto prieš moteris šeimoje samprata, jo pagrindinės rūšys, veiksniai, lemiantys smurtą prieš moteris šeimoje. Nagrinėjami teoriniai aiškinimai apie smurtą prieš moteris šeimoje. Taip pat nagrinėjama smurtą šeimoje patyrusių moterų situacija Lietuvoje. Nustatytos pagrindinės problemos, su kuriomis susiduria moterys, patyrusios smurtą šeimoje. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktos moterys, patyrusios smurtą šeimoje. Iškelta hipotezė, kad moterys, gyvenančios neregistruotoje santuokoje smurtą patiria dažniau, nei ištekėjusios moterys, ir tas smurtas yra daugiau fizinio pobūdžio. Be to, smurtas žymiai daugiau paplitęs tose šeimose, kur vyro ir moters santykiai yra nelygiateisiai, t.y. kai vyrauja patriarchalinis šeimos tipas. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti smurto prieš moteris Lietuvos šeimose situaciją, ypatumus bei tendencijas ir nustatyti, su kokiomis problemomis dažniausiai susiduria smurto šeimoje aukos. Darbo tikslui įgyvendinti numatyti šie uždaviniai: aptarti teorinius smurto prieš moteris šeimoje aiškinimus, atskleisti smurto prieš moteris šeimoje paplitimą Lietuvoje, aptarti moterų – smurto šeimoje aukų situaciją ir pagrindines problemas, įvertinti smurto prieš moteris šeimoje pasekmes. Darbe taikyti teoriniai, empiriniai ir statistiniai tyrimo metodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The topic of the thesis is very relevant since in Lithuania violence against women in the family is a widely spread phenomenon. However in our country very little is spoken and written about this phenomenon. A concept of violence against women, its main kinds, factors determining violence against women in the family are discussed in the paper from the theoretical point of view. Theoretical explanations on violence against women in the family are analysed. A situation of women who experience violence in the family in Lithuania is discussed. The main problems are identified which are faced by women who experience violence in the family. The object of the research were women who experienced violence in the family. A hypothesis was raised that women who lived in unregistered marriage experienced violence more often than married woman and this violence was more of physical type. Besides, violence was much more spread in those families where relationship of a man and a woman was not based on an equality, i.e. when a patriarchal family type prevailed. The objective of the paper is to analyse the situation, peculiarities and tendencies of violence against women in the families in Lithuania and define which problems the victims of violence in families most often face. The following tasks were defined for the implementation of the thesis‘s objective: to discuss the theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of violence against women in the family, to analyse the present situation of... [to full text]

Išanalizvus Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių literatūrą apie vaikų smurtą prieš vaikus, buvo nustatyta, kad smurto paplitimas prieš vaikus yra didelis, tačiau stokojama duomenų apie vaikų patiriamą smurtą prieš vaikus. Remiantis oficialiai publikuotais Lietuvos institucijų statistiniais duomenimis, vaikų smurto prieš vaikus mastas yra nežinomas, nes stokojama duomenų apie smurtautoją. Atlikus oficialių, tačiau nepublikuojamų statistinių duomenų analizę, retrospektyvinę 1422 ligos istorijų analizę, apklausus 1525 ugdymo ir 320 gydymo įstaigų darbuotojus, buvo nustatyta, kad vaikų smurtas prieš vaikus svyravo nuo 45,1 proc. iki 93,7 proc. Paaiškėjo, kad statistinė informacija, kurią pateikia oficialūs informacijos šaltiniai Lietuvoje, skiriasi: nusikalstamų veikų prieš vaikus yra užfiksuota gerokai daugiau nei pateikta registruotų smurto prieš vaikus atvejų,o tai liudija apie nepakankamą institucijų bendradarbiavimą bei galimai nepakankamą reikiamos pagalbos nukentėjusiems nuo smurto organizavimą. Atlikta duomenų analizė atskleidė vaikų smurto prieš vaikus ypatumus ir skirtumus nuo suaugusiųjų vykdomo ar bendrojo smurto prieš vaikus. Kita vertus, apklausų metu nustatyta, kad daugiau nei penktadalis susidūrusiųjų su smurtu prieš vaikus apie jį praneša tik kartais ar iš viso apie jį nepraneša atsakingoms institucijoms, o kaip pagrindinė priežastis buvo neįsitikinimas, jog tai buvęs smurtas. Šio tyrimo metu pavyko nustatyti esamą ryšį tarp žinių apie smurtą ir pranešimo apie jį lygio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Analysis of the literature showed that violence against children remains a widely spread problem, however there is a lack of research on violence against children by children. According to the official statistics of violence in Lithuania, the magnitude of violence against children by children is unknown due to the absence of data on perpetrators. Analysis of the official but not public data, retrospective analysis of 1422 cases of history in hospital, data from surveys of 1525 employees from educational and 320 employees from healthcare institutions revealed big disparities in such violence from 45.1 to 93.7 per cent. It was found a high discrepancy in the statistics between offenses and violence against children in the official statistics: there were higher offensive acts against children than the number of registered violent cases. This reveals the lack of cooperation between institutions and possible gap in organising the adequate help for victims. This work discovered the peculiarities of violence against children by children and differences from violence when perpetrators were adults or from general violence. It was found from surveys that more than one fifth of respondents either seldom or never report cases of violence against children to the authorities while the major cause for under-reporting is not being sure of whether an act of violence against children. The results of this research revealed the evident link between the level of knowledge on violence and the... [to full text]

Išanalizvus Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių literatūrą apie vaikų smurtą prieš vaikus, buvo nustatyta, kad smurto paplitimas prieš vaikus yra didelis, tačiau stokojama duomenų apie vaikų patiriamą smurtą prieš vaikus. Remiantis oficialiai publikuotais Lietuvos institucijų statistiniais duomenimis, vaikų smurto prieš vaikus mastas yra nežinomas, nes stokojama duomenų apie smurtautoją. Atlikus oficialių, tačiau nepublikuojamų statistinių duomenų analizę, retrospektyvinę 1422 ligos istorijų analizę, apklausus 1525 ugdymo ir 320 gydymo įstaigų darbuotojus, buvo nustatyta, kad vaikų smurtas prieš vaikus svyravo nuo 45,1 proc. iki 93,7 proc. Paaiškėjo, kad statistinė informacija, kurią pateikia oficialūs informacijos šaltiniai Lietuvoje, skiriasi: nusikalstamų veikų prieš vaikus yra užfiksuota gerokai daugiau nei pateikta registruotų smurto prieš vaikus atvejų,o tai liudija apie nepakankamą institucijų bendradarbiavimą bei galimai nepakankamą reikiamos pagalbos nukentėjusiems nuo smurto organizavimą. Atlikta duomenų analizė atskleidė vaikų smurto prieš vaikus ypatumus ir skirtumus nuo suaugusiųjų vykdomo ar bendrojo smurto prieš vaikus. Kita vertus, apklausų metu nustatyta, kad daugiau nei penktadalis susidūrusiųjų su smurtu prieš vaikus apie jį praneša tik kartais ar iš viso apie jį nepraneša atsakingoms institucijoms, o kaip pagrindinė priežastis buvo neįsitikinimas, jog tai buvęs smurtas. Šio tyrimo metu pavyko nustatyti esamą ryšį tarp žinių apie smurtą ir pranešimo apie jį lygio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Analysis of the literature showed that violence against children remains a widely spread problem, however there is a lack of research on violence against children by children. According to the official statistics of violence in Lithuania, the magnitude of violence against children by children is unknown due to the absence of data on perpetrators. Analysis of the official but not public data, retrospective analysis of 1422 cases of history in hospital, data from surveys of 1525 employees from educational and 320 employees from healthcare institutions revealed big disparities in such violence from 45.1 to 93.7 per cent. It was found a high discrepancy in the statistics between offenses and violence against children in the official statistics: there were higher offensive acts against children than the number of registered violent cases. This reveals the lack of cooperation between institutions and possible gap in organising the adequate help for victims. This work discovered the peculiarities of violence against children by children and differences from violence when perpetrators were adults or from general violence. It was found from surveys that more than one fifth of respondents either seldom or never report cases of violence against children to the authorities while the major cause for under-reporting is not being sure of whether an act of violence against children. The results of this research revealed the evident link between the level of knowledge on violence and the... [to full text]

Violence against women is an issue faced by women all over the world. Violence conducted by a partner or husband is the most common form of violence that women are targeted by. Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is internationally recognized as a human rights violation as well as a major global health issue. Economic empowerment is sometimes presented as means to reduce this violence. However, if it generates protection or increased risk is debated and contradictory findings characterize the research field. This study aims to contribute by testing the two main theories (the marital dependency theory and the relative resource theory) within a previously unstudied setting: the national level. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regressions find a negative relationship between female labor force participation and physical and sexual IPV prevalence among women. Support is thereby provided for the marital dependency theory. No relationship at all is found when focusing on attitudes towards physical IPVAW and the conclusion emphasis that economic empowerment is helpful but not sufficient as a national strategy to reduce intimate partner violence targeting women.