Mutation rate of influenza viruses is up to a hundred times higher, when compared to other viruses. Thanks to the speed of mutational changes, influenza is considered as the strongest member of the group of potential pandemics agents. In order to prevent the occurrence and spread of pandemic, which could have impact on worldwide population, we need methods for rapid detection of each subtype of influenza viruses. One of the most progressive way of detection of biomolecules are electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The aim of the thesis was to design sensors and biosensors for influenza virus detection, especially avian influenza H5N1, that are based on the isolation of two different parts of influenza virion using paramagnetic particles, coupled with subsequent electrochemical detection of isolated target molecules. We designed and optimized methods for isolation and detection of influenza antigen (hemagglutinin) and influenza nucleic acid (DNA oligonucleotide derived from genomic RNA of influenza). In both cases, quantum dots (QDs) were used as the label of target molecules for electrochemical detection. Two fast, sensitive and low-cost method for isolation and electrochemical detection by square-wave voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were applied.

The dissertation is focused on the effect of three antivirals (acyclovir, rimanatadine or zidovudine) for their potencial use in the process of chemotherapy in the combination of meristem culture method as a possible method for Onion yellow stripe virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, Garlic common laten virus and Shallot latent virus eradication in in vitro conditions. Antivirals were always applied separately into cultivation media and two amounts of antivirals (25 or 50 mg.l-1) were used. The treatment time was two weeks. Meristem culture only was a control method. Murashige and Skood medium was used for all variants. During the first year, young plants of the variety D Alsace Freres cultivated in vitro were treated with chemotherapy. These plants had been treated with the meristem culture only in the past but the treatment had not been successful. The virus presence was detected with the ELISA method. Rimantadine variant in the amount of 50 mg.l-1 was the most effective variant for the monitored virus elimination. More sensitive method reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was optimized for monitored viruses in the next parts of this work. Garlic common latent virus (GCLV) primers were designed as well. During the second year, the chemotherapy was applied on explants with the size 0.8 mm during meristem culture. Explants of the varieties Blanin, Sukoradský and Japo, however, did not regenerate and the chemotherapy could not be evaluated. In the next two years of the work, the chemotherapy was applied on individual cloves of the Unikát variety. Whilst detecting the presence of viruses in plants prior the treatment, it was established that only one plant was free from all the monitored viruses. After treatment, acyclovir variant in amount of 25 mg.l-1 was evaluated as the most effective variant for the virus complex elimination, and also from the economical point of view. Real-Time PCR method for virus detection has been started in the dissertation. The detection of GCLV was optimized from the start. Isolates which had been negative for the GCLV presence after RT-PCR were tested with Real-Time PCR. A higher percentage of GCLV positive plants were detected with Real-Time PCR. Real-Time PCR optimization for other viruses will be the objective of futur experiments.

This thesis is focused on the issue of microflora of packaged cut meat. It is characterized by significant external and internal factors that influence growth and the proliferation of microorganisms. The next part is a brief description of groups of microorganisms causing spoilage of packaged meat and microorganisms causing disease from food. There are mentioned methods of prolonging the shelf life of meat, the most substantial part of which is devoted to the possibilities of meat packaging, the functions of packaging, plastic materials and possible migration of substances from them are also mentioned. The experimental part of the thesis is focused on the comparison of differently packaged samples of pork meat from the point of view of important groups of microorganisms. A significant part is the comparison of color changes during storage of differently packaged meat measured on a spectrophotometer.

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This thesis is aimed on internet security, gaining the anonymity and creating a guide to increase self defense of internet users. The goal of this paper is to describe the types of cyber attacks that can be done on internet users and to describe circular flow of information about users on internet and its use by third parties. Additional goal is to design the ways of reaching the anonymity on internet and to provide a guide to increase a self defense of the users. This thesis gradually describes creation of internet, world-wide-web and web standards, which is important for understanding the vulnerability of today's internet. Thesis is complemented by enumeration of relevant protocols of ISO/OSI model, which has share on user's everyday communication. Next part pass to attacks itself both technical based (e.g. Man-In-The-Middle) and social based (e.g. Phishing). This paper also aims on collecting the data of internet users by third parties and on the ways how to prevent it and reach the anonymity on the internet. End of this paper belongs to the list of security steps for standard internet users, by which they will be able to minimize the risk to minimum. Final chapter presents online blog that was created to enhance awareness of internet users.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze an instance of the GlobeImposter ransomware extracted from an affected device. The first part outlines various types of malware and ransomware and includes a description of encryption mechanisms and key distribution systems. It also discusses possible approaches of static and dynamic analysis of malware samples and requirements for test environments. The practical part describes the source of the malware sample, the physical and virtual test environment and the results of the static and dynamic analysis of the GlobeImposter ransomware. The final part discusses the results and the possibility of implementing a decryptor for the analyzed GlobeImposter ransomware.

This thesis deals with barriers and factors critical for development of viruses, leishmania and gregarines in sand flies. First, we focused on life cycle of sand fly-borne phleboviruses, especially possible routes of sand fly infection. As a laboratory model we chose Massilia virus (MASV), species closely related to Toscana virus, which is main causative agent of summer meningitis in Mediterranean area. We tested different ways of infection by MASV in various developmental stages of Phlebotomus perniciosus; infection of (i) first (L1) and fourth (L4) instar larvae through larval food, (ii) females by blood meal, (iii) both sexes by sugar meal. Infection of L1 and L4 by larval food and subsequent transstadial MASV transmission to adults were not efficient; from 875 adults only three were MASV-positive. Infection through bloodmeal led to high infection rate before defecation, nevertheless, post defecation the infection rate declined and only 5 out of 27 females were MASV-positive. The most efficient infection way was through the sugar meal: 72% of females (88 out of 122) and 51% of males (58 out of 113) were detected as MASV-positive. Moreover, both males and females infected by this way released MASV particles into the drop of sugar which stayed infectious for next 24 hours for other naïve sand...

The aim of this master thesis is to create a proposal of a project entitled Viral and bacterial infections which can be used for biology education at upper primary schools or at the corresponding levels of gymnasiums respectively. The demands of the society evolve dynamically. As a consequence, the needs emerge to equip pupils not only with knowledge but also to nurture the development of their practical skills and to shape their sets of values. The project method is an example of an educational method wherein the potential resides to cultivate a broad spectrum of key competencies with a view to enabling pupils to find their subsequent use in the society. In the theoretical part, the history of the project method is presented. Moreover, the various arguments in favour of and against this method are discussed. Furthermore, this part of the thesis contains characterisation of the contemporary educational system as well as the fundamental descriptions of selected viral and bacterial infections. The practical part concerns the achievement of the main goal of this thesis, that is the creation of the project proposal entitled Viral and bacterial infections. The proposed project is shaped in accordance with the requirements of the Framework Educational Programme, bearing in mind the acquisition of the key...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to display the world after apocalypse in a particular movie The Steel Spring based on the novel "Stalsprangert" by Per Wahloo. This thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and own proposal. The theoretical part deals with the definiton of science fiction genre and display of the world after apocalypse in a cinematography. I decided to analyze a few selected movies to show the diversity of different creative approaches of this topic. In the analysis I focused on the visual side, the use of different atmosphere and locations in the films. In the second part I used gained knowledge from analysis to make my own movie proposal of the The Steel Spring.

The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the influence of mite Varroa destructor on the health of honeybees and the occurrence of viral diseases of bees. The presence of Nosema was also explored. The occurrence of deformed wing virus and acute bee paralysis virus was detected by RT-PCR method. Coprological examination proved the incidence of spore Nosema spp.