Les abeilles en libre vol montrent des capacités cognitives visuelles remarquables mais les bases neurales sous-jacentes ne peuvent pas être étudiées chez des insectes en vol. À l'inverse, le cerveau des abeilles immobilisées est accessible mais ne permet pas d'explorer l'apprentissage visuel. Pour dépasser cette limite, notre objectif a été d'établir un dispositif de réalité virtuelle pour pouvoir tester l'apprentissage visuel sur des abeilles attachées. Dans un premier temps, les abeilles ont été testées sur leur capacité à discriminer des couleurs en s'appuyant sur les renforcements positifs ou négatifs qui leur étaient associés. Ces expériences ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de la vision active dans la réalité virtuelle et l'importance de la phototaxie dans ce type de système. Grâce à ce dispositif, un apprentissage non élémentaire en réalité virtuelle, le patterning négatif, a été mis en place. Ainsi il a été montré que les abeilles étaient capables de résoudre cette tache en réalité virtuelle malgré sa complexité. Enfin, en s'appuyant sur le protocole de discrimination de couleurs, l'activation du cerveau a été étudiée au cours d'un test de mémoire des couleurs en analysant l'expression de gènes considérés comme des marqueurs de l'activité neurale. Les résultats de cette thèse, fournissant deux protocoles de réalité virtuelle solides pour étudier les apprentissages visuels élémentaires et non élémentaires, constituent une avancée considérable vers la possibilité de comprendre les bases neurales sous-jacentes à ces apprentissages chez l'abeille qu'ils soient simples ou complexes. / Free flying bees are known for their impressive visual cognition abilities, but the neural bases underlying those are poorly studied because of the difficulty to explore the brain in a flying insect. Conversely, it is possible to have access to the brain with tethered bees but, until now, no studies explored visual learning. To bypass this limitation, our aim was to establish a virtual reality device to test visual learning in tethered bees. First, bees were tested for their abilities to learn to discriminate colors according to the reinforcement associated to each of them. These experiments allowed to highlight the role of the active vision in virtual reality and the importance of phototaxis in this kind of device. Driven by these good results, we explored the non- elementary visual learning in bees and, more specifically, the negative patterning. The results suggest that bees were able to resolve this task in virtual reality despite its complexity. Finally, using the protocol of color discrimination, the brain activation has been explored during a color memory recall thanks to a quantification of immediate early genes considered as neural markers. This thesis provides two solid virtual reality protocols to study elementary and non-elementary visual learning in honey bees. This constitutes a huge advance and will allow to go further towards the understanding of the neural bases of simple and complex visual learning.

Visual media are of great importance to designers. Understanding a new design, for example, often means understanding a drawing. From the perspective of artificial intelligence, this implies that automated knowledge acquisition in computer-aided design can productively occur using drawings as a knowledge source. However, this requires machines that are able to interpret design drawings. I view the task of interpreting drawings as one of constructing a teleological model of the design depicted in the drawings, where the model enables causal and functional inferences about the depicted design. I have developed a novel analogical method for constructing a teleological model of a mechanical device from an unlabelled 2D line drawing. The source case is organized in a Drawing Shape Structure Behavior Function (DSSBF) abstraction hierarchy. This knowledge organization enables the analogical mapping and transfer to occur at multiple levels of abstraction. Given a target drawing and a relevant source case, my method of compositional analogy first constructs a graphical representation of the lines and the intersections in the target drawing, then uses the mappings at the level of line intersections to transfer the shape representations from the source case to the target. It next uses the mappings at the level of shapes to transfer the structural model of the device from the source to the target. Finally, the mappings from the source to the target structural model enable the transfer of behaviors and the functional specification from source to target, completing the analogy and yielding a complete DSSBF model of the input drawing. The Archytas system implements this method of compositional analogy and evaluates it in the domain of kinematic devices such as piston and crankshaft devices, door latches, and pulley systems.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal conocer los usos que se les da a las herramientas tecnológicas en los procesos de lectoescritura de niños de 5 años del jardín Karol Wojtyla para lograr un enfoque creativo de la educación. Asimismo, se buscó describir el uso que se les da a las tecnologías para lograr los objetivos de aprendizaje en la lectoescritura e identificar procesos creativos en los niños. En relación a la metodología, se hizo el estudio cualitativo del caso de los niños de 5 años del jardín Karol Wojtyla. En este se llevaron a cabo sesiones de observación de los niños y entrevistas a profundidad con los padres de familia. El trabajo de campo comprobó que las herramientas tecnológicas se utilizan en todas las actividades de aprendizaje e introducción de conceptos que se realizan en clase. Las actividades de lectoescritura que utilizan la pizarra y el software son las de silabeo y de identificación y entonación de palabras. Sin embargo, el uso que se le da a las herramientas es de carácter colectivo y la interacción/participación directa de los niños se da en una actividad posterior. / Trabajos de investigación

This descriptive study utilizes methods and materials not found in traditional high school computer applications classes. Four classes were involved in this preliminary descriptive study. Seventy students in periods four, six, and seven were tested to determine their learning style preference. The emphasis for style was based on one of three perceptual responses: auditory, visual, and emotive. Third period received the teacher's traditional instruction for computer applications. Fourth period received no special treatment other than being tested for and made aware of learning styles. Students tested in the sixth and seventh periods were either individually assigned or allowed to choose a treatment that differed from the normal classroom instruction. Data included student assignments, teacher made tests, and teacher observations. The results for the treated classes showed greater consistency in assignments completed and higher test scores for treated students.

This essay explores the challenges that we as teachers in the extended school can face whenimplementing sustainable special educational methods. With a specific focus on the TEACCHmethod and the use of visual support in communication. Our intention is that we, based on ourstories and experiences, will investigate what can hinder this development work and whetherthere are any success factors for us as leaders at the after-school center. The primary questionsare ”What is it that makes it so difficult to implement sustainable development work withTEACCH in the work teams?” and ”What kind of leaders do we need to be to be able to leadthis sustainable development work?”. As a research method, we use the essay form as we,through the reflexive writing, among other things want to see who we are as leaders andwhich leaders we need to be in an effective development work. In our reflection, we explorewhat knowledge we at the after-school center need to have in the treatment of students in needof special knowledge and understanding. We also reflect on how we gain new importantknowledge and how we as leaders convey that knowledge. / Denna essä utforskar de utmaningar vi som lärare i fritidshem kan möta vid implementeringav hållbara specialpedagogiska arbetssätt. Detta med fokus på tydliggörande pedagogik ochbilder som visuellt stöd i kommunikation. Syftet är att vi, utifrån våra berättelser ocherfarenheter, ska undersöka vad som kan försvåra detta utvecklingsarbete och om det finnsnågra framgångsfaktorer för oss som ledare på fritidshemmet. De primära frågorna är ”Vad ärdet som gör att det är så svårt att implementera ett hållbart utvecklingsarbete medtydliggörande pedagogik i arbetslagen?” och ”Vilka typer av ledare behöver vi vara för attkunna leda detta hållbara utvecklingsarbete?”. Som undersökningsmetod använder vi oss avessäformen då vi, genom det reflexiva skrivandet, bland annat vill få syn på vilka vi är somledare och vilka ledare vi behöver vara i ett effektivt utvecklingsarbete. I vår reflektionutforskar vi vilken kunskap vi på fritidshemmet behöver ha i bemötandet av elever i behov avsärskild kunskap och förståelse. Vi reflekterar även över hur vi får ny viktig kunskap och hurvi som ledare förmedlar den kunskapen.

Nowadays, interactive visualizations have been one of the most used tools in Big Data fields for the purpose of searching for relationships and structured information in large datasets of unstructured information. In this project, these tools are applied to extract structured information from students following Self-Regulated Learning (SRL). By means of an interactive graph, we are able to study the paths that the students follow in the learning materials. Our visualization supports the investigation of patterns of behaviour of the students, which later could be used, for example, to adapt the study program to the student’s needs in a dynamic way or offer guidance if necessary.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / All branches of anatomy (gross anatomy, histology, neuroanatomy, and embryology) involve significant amounts of visual identification. Understanding the spatial relationship and visual representations of anatomical structures forms the basis for much of anatomy education, particularly in laboratory courses. Students in these courses frequently struggle with the visual aspects of identification, and many lack the metacognitive awareness to identify this problem. The research presented here details a series of experiments designed to elucidate the factors involved in students’ difficulties with studying the visual aspects of anatomy. All of the research projects discussed involved surveying students about their specific study habits. Student populations surveyed include first-year medical students and undergraduates in anatomy, physiology. These populations were surveyed about their study habits in each course, and their level of familiarity with visual learning. Additionally some populations were given a mental rotation test to assess their spatial abilities. These survey data were then correlated with course grades in an effort to determine the most successful study strategies. Active learning approaches (including student-produced drawings) were most strongly correlated with high course grades. However, efforts to teach lower-performing students active learning skills did not produce significant results, possibly due to the lack of a metacognitive component in this instruction. The results of each project indicate a lack of good study skills among students at all levels of anatomy instruction, and highlight the need for more instruction in how to study for anatomy, including metacognitive awareness, especially focused on the visual aspects of the course.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the use of visual images in print texts produced for language teaching and learning. It tested the manner in which learners from different cultural contexts relate to selected visual images in language textbooks prepared for use in secondary schools. More specifically it aimed to gain clarity on how certain visual elements, relevant to the illustration of people, contribute to encouraging students to access their learning material. The research aimed to gain insight into the way in which visuals can be bridges or barriers to reading and thus also to learning in learner-centred language education in a multilingual/multicultural South African context.

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The aim of this thesis was to investigate the use of visual images in print texts produced for language teaching and learning. It tested the manner in which learners from different cultural contexts relate to selected visual images in language textbooks prepared for use in secondary schools. More specifically it aimed to gain clarity on how certain visual elements, relevant to the illustration of people, contribute to encouraging students to access their learning material. The research aimed to gain insight into the way in which visuals can be bridges or barriers to reading and thus also to learning in learner-centred language education in a multilingual/multicultural South African context.