A presente dissertação de mestrado envolve o estudo da perda da pressão e dos padrões para escoamentos água/ar em um canal retangular segundo inclinações a partir do plano horizontal de -90° a 90°. Também foi avaliado o efeito nestes parâmetros de rotacionar a seção de testes em torno de seu eixo axial segundo ângulos de 45° e 60°, determinados a partir da condição de suas faces superior e inferior posicionadas horizontalmente. O texto se inicia com a apresentação de um amplo estudo da literatura sobre métodos de previsão de padrões de escoamento e perda de pressão durante escoamentos bifásicos no interior de dutos. Em seguida é descrito o aparato experimental projetado e construído para este estudo. Tal descrição inclui o detalhamento da seção de testes, que consiste em um canal retangular de seção transversal com dimensões de 6,0 x 6,5 mm². Resultados foram levantados para vazões mássicas entre 90 e 760 kg/m²s, correspondendo a velocidades superficiais entre 0,03 a 19,42 m/s e 0,1 a 0,76 m/s, para, respectivamente as fases gás e líquido. Mapas de escoamento foram desenvolvidos com base em imagens capturadas por câmera de alta velocidade, e também com base na técnica de agrupamento de dados k-means. Os escoamentos foram classificados segundo os padrões bolhas, intermitente e anular. As características hidrodinâmicas e as transições entre estes padrões foram significativamente alteradas pela inclinação do canal. Constatou-se também significativa influência da rotação em torno do eixo do canal, favorecendo efeitos de estratificação no escoamento. As transições obtidas experimentalmente foram comparadas com os métodos de previsão disponíveis na literatura. Os métodos de Taitel e Dukler (1976), para escoamento horizontal, e Taitel et al. (1980) para escoamento vertical ascendente, apresentaram as melhores previsões dos dados experimentais. Com o objetivo de estimar a parcela gravitacional da perda de pressão, levantou-se resultados para a fração de vazio superficial avaliada com base na velocidade média de bolhas alongadas e no tratamento de imagens no caso do escoamento em bolhas. Resultados de perda de pressão por atrito foram comparados com vinte métodos de previsão da literatura. As correlações de Mishima e Hibiki (1996) e Zhang et al. (2010) proporcionaram as melhores previsões para escoamento horizontal. Para escoamentos inclinados, comparou-se 25 métodos da literatura para a determinação da perda de pressão por atrito com os resultados de perda de pressão experimentais, com a perda de pressão gravitacional estimada considerando 20 métodos para a fração de vazio superficial. Desta análise constatou-se que a combinação dos métodos de Mishima e Hibiki (1996) e Zhang et al. (2010) para a previsão da parcela de perda de pressão devido ao atrito e o método de Spedding e Chen (1984) para previsão da fração de vazio superficial, utilizado para a determinação da parcela gravitacional, proporcionam previsões satisfatórias dos dados experimentais. / The present dissertation concerns a study on pressure drop and flow patterns for air/water flows inside a rectangular channel positioned according to inclination angles, relative to the horizontal plane, from -90° to 90°. The effects on flow patterns and pressure drop of rotating the test section relative to its longitudinal axis according to angles of 45° and 60° are also evaluated. Initially, a broad review of the literature concerning experimental studies and predictive methods for flow pattern and pressure drop inside channels is presented. Then, the experimental facility developed for this study is described. In this description, the test section, consisting of a rectangular channel with cross-sectional area of 6.0 x 6.5 mm² is detailed. Experimental data were obtained for mass velocities from 90 to 760 kg/m²s, corresponding to gas and liquid superficial velocities from 0.03 to 19.4 m/s and from 0.1 to 0.76 m/s, respectively. Flow patterns maps were developed based on the following approaches: analyses of two-phase flow images from a high speed video camera; and using the k-means clustering algorithm based on pressure drop and optical signals. The bubbly, intermittent and annular flow patterns were characterized. From the analyses of the data, it was found that the flow pattern transitions are significantly affected by the flow inclination and channel rotation. Two-phase flow stratification effects are enhanced by rotating the channels. Among the flow pattern predictive method evaluated in the present study, Taitel and Dukler (1976), for horizontal channels, and Taitel et al. (1980), for upward flow, provided the best predictions of the data obtained in the present study. In order of estimating the gravitational parcel of the pressure drop, superficial void fraction results were obtained based on the mean velocity of elongated bubbles, for intermittent flow, and on the image processing of bubbles, for bubbly flow. Experimental results for frictional pressure drop were compared against 20 predictive methods available in the literature. The methods of Mishima e Hibiki (1996) and Zhang et al. (2010) performed the best for horizontal flows. The frictional pressure drop predictions were also evaluated for inclined flows by comparing the measured total pressure drop against the corresponding calculated values based on the combination of 25 frictional pressure drop predictive methods and the gravitational parcel of pressure drop estimated according to 20 predictive methods for superficial void fraction. From this analysis, it was found that the combination of Mishima e Hibiki (1996) and Zhang et al. (2010) methods for frictional pressure drop with the method of Spedding e Chen (1984), for void fraction, used to determine the gravitational parcel, provide satisfactory predictions of the experimental data.

Les récentes avancées technologiques des matériels d’acquisition de données ont permis de réduire le temps d’acquisition d’image en tomographie électrique, ce qui offre des opportunités pour l’étude des écoulements diphasiques transitoires. Parmi les nombreux atouts de cette technique d’imagerie d’écoulements diphasiques, on peut citer son caractère non-intrusif, sa haute fréquence d’acquisition et son faible coût. Un ensemble d’électrodes placées sur le pourtour d’une conduite servent à transmettre une excitation électrique au milieu et à le sonder. Ainsi, la distribution des phases perturbe les champs électriques de manière caractéristique. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer le potentiel de la tomographie d’impédance électrique rapide. La première étape consiste au développement d’un prototype de capteur et à l’évaluation de sa performance par des essais simplifiés. L’architecture du système utilise un contrôle en potentiel du signal d’excitation et ne nécessite donc pas d’implémenter un module de conversion tension-courant. La seconde étape est la reconstruction de l’image à partir des données mesurées. L’approche qui a été considérée est de supposer une image approchée de la distribution des phases grâce à une identification du régime d’écoulement. Ainsi, le défi de résoudre un problème inverse fortement non-linéaire est simplifié. Une méthode d’identification de régimes d’écoulements horizontaux eau-air a été élaborée avec un module de tomographie de capacitance électrique et une boucle d’essais hydrauliques déjà éprouvés. Cette technique est en cours d’adaptation au prototype de tomographie d’impédance électrique rapide et en amélioration grâce à l’inclusion des régimes d’écoulements verticaux. En parallèle, une méthode de reconstruction d’image a été développée, basée sur l’algorithme NOSER et un postulat pseudo-2D. L’analyse des images reconstruites à partir d’un set d’expériences de référence procure un aperçu des avantages et des défauts de la méthode et du prototype. / Recent developments with data acquisition equipment have reduced the time required for image acquisition with electrical tomography, thereby bringing new opportunities for the study of fast-evolving two-phase flows. Amongst the numerous advantages of this imaging technique for multiphase flow related research are non-intrusiveness, high acquisition rates, low-cost and improved safety. A set of electrodes placed on the periphery of the pipe to be imaged is used to impose an electrical excitation and measure the system response. The distribution of phases inside the study volume distorts the electrical field in a characteristic manner. The objective of this thesis is to assess the potential of electrical impedance tomography at high acquisition rate. The first stage consists in developing a prototype sensor and assessing its performance with simplistic experiments. The system architecture employs voltage control of the excitation and therefore does not require the implementation of the conventional voltage-to-current converter module. A novel data collection method, the full scan strategy, is considered and provides correcting factors for the parasitic impedances in the system. The second stage is the image reconstruction from the measurement data. The approach considered in the thesis is to assume that flow regime identification techniques may provide valuable information on the phase distribution that can be injected in the inverse problem for imaging, thereby tackling the challenge of the non-linearity of the inverse problem. A method for horizontal air-water flow regime identification has been elaborated with an electrical capacitance tomography sensor and multiphase flow rig tried and tested. It is being adapted to the fast electrical impedance tomography prototype and upgraded to include vertical flow regimes. In parallel, an image reconstruction method has been developed based on the NOSER algorithm and a pseudo-2D postulate. The analysis of the reconstructed images for a set of benchmark experiments provide insights on the merits and deficiencies of the algorithm and of the prototype.

Detta examensarbete består utav av två delar, en produktionsdel och denna slutreflektion. Produktionsdelen varade i 15 veckor och gick ut på att utveckla en spelprototyp. Spelprototypen är ämnad för spelkonsolen Xbox360, som är den nya generationens tv-spel. För att kunna utveckla till denna konsol måste man använda sig av XNA, som är ett utvecklingsverktyg ämnat specifikt för Xbox360 och ett måste om man vill kunna utveckla till denna konsol som icke licensierad spelutvecklare. Denna rapport är en sammanfattning av den arbetsprocess vi genomfört. In English: This degree final thesis consists of two parts, one production and this final reflection. The production part lasted over the span of 15 weeks and its goal was to develop a prototype for a game. This prototype was meant for the new generation gaming console, Xbox360. To be able to develop for this console one must use XNA. XNA is a software development kit for non-licensed developers. This document is a summary of the whole work process. / • Detta är en reflektionsdel till en digital medieproduktion.

Despite much discussion in the literature of uncertainties in relation to the innovation process, there is little knowledge of how they emerge in this process. This thesis accordingly aims to understand how uncertainty emerges in the innovation process and how firms address that uncertainty to create novelty from the process. Uncertainty is embedded in the innovation process (Jalonen, 2012), which implies that it is not only a factor affecting the innovation process but also an outcome of the process itself. To fulfil the purpose of this study, it is important to understand how the innovation process unfolds over time. It is well established that innovation is a process of recombining resources (Schumpeter, 1934) through the performing and linking of certain activities in sequence (Richardson, 1972; Dubois, 1994; Bankvall, 2011) by various actors (i.e., firms and organizations) in a network context (Håkansson and Olsen, 2012; Lampela, 2012; Love and Roper, 2001; Pittaway et al., 2004; Powell et al., 1996). To fulfil the purpose of this study, the following research question has been asked: How and why do actors undertake and link resource recombination activities in a network context, thereby managing uncertainties in the innovation process? The thesis investigates the innovation process in two companies. One of the companies had completed its innovation journey and the other had almost done so. The discussion gives a detailed account of: the activities these companies performed alone and jointly with their partners in a network context; the resources they exchanged with each other and recombined to bring new solutions to the market; the uncertainties created in the process of recombining the resources; and the activities they undertook in response to address these uncertainties. The innovation process in the case companies is analysed in light of a conceptual model developed here based on Dubois’ (1994) “end product related activity structure model”, Håkansson’s (1987) “ARA model/network model”, and Goldratt’s (1997) “critical chain concept”. This study identifies the conditions under which uncertainties emerged in the innovation process in the studied companies. One of the significant conditions was resource unavailability, which was caused by actors’ reluctance to share resources, prohibition by government policy, and the resources’ own conflicting conditions and internal resistance (Håkansson and Snehota, 1995; Håkansson and Waluszewski, 2002; Waluszewski, 2004). Resource unavailability caused inertial and repetitive activities and delayed the process of producing an outcome, having such an impact on the activities under the condition of path dependency (Arthur, 1994; David, 2000). Another observed condition was the actors’ lack of knowledge of resource combination (Jalonen, 2011). A type of uncertainty that seriously affects the outcome of the innovation process is the activity void, a situation in which no activity is taking place. Activity voids are created from resource unavailability either by an actor’s reluctance to share resources or by the outcome of combining conflicting resource properties. The outcome of the innovation process is therefore affected by the key actor’s attempt to reduce the activity void by making compromises at the three levels, interplay among which construct the process, i.e., actors, resources, and activities. To manage uncertainties, managers make many compromises when they perform and link various activities. Although the underlying motivation for making compromises is rational, it is boundedly rational (Simon, 1957) because by making compromises, managers forego expectations of having all the properties or of being able to plan, undertake, and link activities as intended. This study also reveals that sometimes actors prefer not to make compromises despite knowing that this might cost a great deal. Accordingly, the findings suggest that compromises made within a working relationship allow actors to produce novelty without deviating from the desired path by ensuring access to resources and partners’ abilities. On the contrary, compromises not made in the relationship can threaten actors’ ability to produce the desired novelty, as the exchange of partners’ resources and abilities is hindered in a poor relationship. Compromises made in resource configuration and activities threaten actors’ ability to produce the desired novelty by limiting their choices, while compromises not made in resource configuration and activities allow actors to produce the desired novelty without deviation.

The ductile fracture process, which consists of the nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids, was extensively studied for materials deforming homogeneously. For materials with a non-homogeneous deformation behavior, such as those having hexagonal closed packed (HCP) crystal structure, experimental and numerical data is lacking. Therefore, the fracture properties of materials with such HCP structure, like titanium (used in aerospace and biomedical applications), zirconium (nuclear industry) and magnesium (manufacturing industry) are not well understood. The main research objective of this Ph.D. thesis is to better understand the mechanisms governing fracture in commercially pure (CP) titanium. In particular, the effect of grain orientation on void growth is investigated. The fracture process of CP titanium was visualized in model materials containing artificial holes. These model materials were fabricated using a femtosecond laser coupled with a diffusion bonding technique to obtain voids in the interior of titanium samples. Diffusion bonding was carried out either above or below the phase transformation temperature resulting in different microstructures. Changes in void dimensions during in-situ straining were recorded in three dimensions using x-ray computed tomography. Void growth obtained experimentally was compared with the Rice and Tracey model which predicted well the average void growth. However, a large scatter in void growth was observed experimentally and was explained in terms of differences in grain orientation which was confirmed by crystal plasticity simulations. It was also shown that grain orientation has a stronger effect on void growth than intervoid spacing and material strength. Intervoid spacing, however, appears to control whether the intervoid ligament failure is ductile or brittle. While this study showed a good agreement between experiments and simulations on average, there is no direct void growth comparison for particular grain orientations. In a follow-up study, an experimental approach was developed to directly relate the growth of a void to its underlying grain orientation. This is achieved by first annealing CP titanium samples below the α-β phase transformation temperature, then performing electron backscatter diffraction iii (EBSD) and finally diffusion bonding the samples together. Samples were then tested in x-ray tomography. This study showed the importance of the local state of strain on void growth. Crystal plasticity simulations that take into account the particular grain orientation and the local state of strain were found to predict well experimental void growth. Crystal plasticity simulations confirmed that the orientation of the voidcontaining grain is more important than the orientation of surrounding grains and more important than the volume fraction of voids, in order to determine void growth. This thesis on the growth and coalescence of voids is important to validate and improve the predictions of ductile fracture models and to design new materials with improved fracture properties.

Lors de l'élaboration de pièces métalliques de grandes dimensions, la présence interne de pores est habituellement observée. Ces défauts internes sont généralement refermés lors des premières passes de transformation à chaud. Il y a cependant à l‘heure actuelle un manque de connaissance sur les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de cette refermeture, et par conséquent aucune prédiction précise possible et un taux de rebut assez important. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de refermeture en identifiant les paramètres procédés, matériaux et morphologiques clés lors de la refermeture. Ce travail s'est déroulé dans le cadre d'un consortium industriel impliquant six partenaires. La problématique industrielle est donc particulièrement variée en termes de matériaux, de procédés et d'états initiaux de pores.Une étude approfondie des modèles existants dans la littérature est d'abord présentée. Les deux familles d'approches utilisées sont discutées : l'approche explicite en champ complet, et l'approche micro-analytique. Il est montré que ces deux approches ne sont pas suffisantes pour établir un modèle de prédiction dont la précision réponde aux enjeux industriels.Une nouvelle approche est donc proposée dans cette thèse à l'échelle mésoscopique. Les mécanismes de refermeture sont étudiés à l'échelle d'un volume élémentaire représentatif (VER), permettant une description 3D particulièrement précise des mécanismes locaux, tout en appliquant des conditions aux limites représentatives des états mécaniques mis en jeu à l'échelle macroscopique.Les mécanismes locaux ont été étudiés au moyen d'une vaste campagne de simulations éléments-finis 3D à l'échelle d'un VER. Les paramètres étudiés sont : les paramètres matériaux, la morphologie du pore, et le chargement thermomécanique subit durant la déformation. L'étude a montré que la morphologie et l'état de contraintes sont de premier ordre sur le comportement en refermeture, et que les paramètres matériaux sont de second ordre. Les influences des paramètres de premier ordre ont ensuite été quantifiées afin de proposer un modèle de prédiction de refermeture robuste. La morphologie du pore est exprimée par le biais de ses dimensions équivalentes (rapports d'élongations tridimensionnels) et de son orientation par rapport à la direction principale de déformation. L'état de contraintes est exprimé par le taux de triaxialité des contraintes.Le modèle a finalement été implémenté dans un code éléments finis de mise en forme et une validation sur cas industriels est présentée afin d'évaluer les bénéfices obtenus par ce nouveau modèle par rapport aux modèles de la littérature. Une validation expérimentale a également été menée par le biais d'essais d'écrasements d'échantillons poreux dont l'état de porosité a été mesuré par micro-tomographie aux rayons X avant et après les essais. / During production of large metal workpieces, an internal presence of voids is usually observed. Such internal defaults are generally closed up during the first passes of hot forming processes. Yet, there is at present a lack of knowledge regarding void closure mechanisms and there is no reliable model that can accurately predict void closure. The amount of non-deliverable products is consequently relatively high. The present work aims to better understand void closure mechanisms with respect to the involved materials, processes and voids' morphological parameters. This work was supported by an industrial consortium involving six partners. The industrial issues were thus particularly diversified in terms of materials, processes and initial void states.An extensive study regarding existing models in the literature is first presented. Two main approaches are discussed: the explicit full-field approach and the micro-analytical approach. It is shown that none of both approaches is sufficient to precisely predict void closure according to the industrial issues.A new approach is thus proposed at the mesoscale. Void closure mechanisms are studied using a representative volume element (RVE). Using this approach an accurate tridimensional description of the void state can be obtained at the RVE scale. Boundary conditions can also be imposed in order to accurately represent thermomechanical conditions from the macro-scale.Local mechanisms of void closure are studied using a large campaign of 3D finite element simulations at the RVE-scale. The studied parameters are: the materials parameters, the void's morphology and the thermomechanical loading that a void might undergo during hot forming processes. The study shows that both the void's morphology and the stress state exhibit a first-order influence on void closure. Materials parameters exhibit a second-order influence on void closure. A new reliable prediction model is thus proposed with respect to the first-order parameters. The void's morphology is quantitatively studied in terms of equivalent dimensions (tridimensional aspect ratios), and orientation (with respect to principal deformation direction). The stress state is expressed using the stress triaxiality ratio.The proposed model was finally implemented in a material forming finite element software. Validation cases are presented using industrial processes in order to highlight the benefits and limitations of this new model with respect to the existing models from the literature. An experimental validation was also performed using compression tests of porous samples. The samples were examined using X-ray micro-tomography before and after compression.

This diploma thesis deals with a defect detection with X-rays in the manufacturing procedure in the electrotechnical field. The work summarises the knowledge about technical possibilities of an X-ray device Cougar of YXlon company. Part of the work is focusing on scanning in 2D, 3D visualization and automatic analysis. The thesis describes inspection methods of a connector connection, the quality of a soldered joint and an encapsulated product.

There are many large-scale contacting methods for gas reactions requiring a solid catalyst. The catalytic gas-solid Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) is one of the popular methods in industry. In FBRs the bulk of the gas throughput is present as lean bubbles, mostly deprived of solids, bubbling through a solids-rich emulsion phase. The movement of gas into and out of the emulsion often dictates the performance of an FBR. During the past five decades major contributions have been made towards the understanding of FBRs, although numerous gaps still exist, especially at higher bubbling regime velocities. This work follows an integrated approach for the simultaneous measurement of hydrodynamics and reactor performance. Hydrodynamics are measured using fast X-Ray Tomography (XRT), pressure analysis techniques and an optical fibre probe. Reactor performance is measured by utilizing the ozone decomposition reaction. Performance is quantified using a basic two-phase reactor model with an apparent overall interphase mass transfer (K0) parameter. Two 14 cm (ID) fluidized bed columns are used, one setup supporting the ozone decomposition reaction and the other installed within a fast XRT facility. Special emphasis is placed on superficial velocities (U0) spanning the entire bubbling regime up to the onset of the turbulent regime (Uc). The particle types employed are Geldart B sand particles and highly dense ferro-silicon (FeSi) particles. Fines are added to both particle types, resulting in a total of four particle systems (sand baseline; sand with fines; FeSi baseline; FeSi with fines). Time constraints on the XRT equipment limited the tomography measurements to the sand baseline particle system. The hydrodynamics of the other particle systems were limited to the pressure signal and optical probe measurements of the ozone decomposition setup. The results of the sand baseline system suggest that a distinction should be made between the low-interaction bubbling regime and the high-interaction bubbling regime. A change in mass transfer behaviour occurs around a U0/Uc value of 0.25. Reactor performance increases up to U0/Uc = 0.7, after which a decreasing trend is observed. An empirical correlation is proposed for the specific interphase mass transfer (kbe) of the higher velocity bubbling regime. This correlation is based on the integration of the hydrodynamics determined by means of XRT and reactor performance: 4-12 The hydrodynamic parameter β gives the best fit for the entire velocity range with an average error of 8%, although it is not recommended for U0/Uc<0.17. It is observed that the classical approach of penetration theory for interphase mass transfer, performs exceptionally well at low velocities (U0/Uc<0.34). The addition of fines to the FeSi particle type decreases the overall reactor performance, despite decreased bubble sizes. The solids fraction, however, unexpectedly increases with the addition of fines and a collapse of the emulsion phase is measured. It is therefore postulated that though flow in the emulsion phase is much higher for the FeSi baseline system and decreases with the addition of fines. For the sand particle type, the behaviour expected from literature is observed: reactor performance increases, bubble sizes decrease and the solids fraction decreases. Very distinct hydrodynamic behaviour is observed for all the fluidization regimes with XRT. Probability density distributions show there are still two phases present in the turbulent regime and that the emulsion-phase solids fraction remains independent of velocity until fast fluidization sets in. The turbulent regime has unique hydrodynamic behaviour, although voids appear to be a transient structure between the structures of the bubbling and fast fluidization regimes. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

No description available.

Standardmäßig erfolgt die Datenaufbereitung der Neutronenwirkungsquerschnitte für Reaktorkernrechnungen mit 2D-Zellcodes. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen 3D-Zellcode zu entwickeln, mit diesem Code 3D-Effekte zu untersuchen und die Notwendigkeit einer 3D-Datenaufbereitung der Neutronenwirkungsquerschnitte zu bewerten. Zur Berechnung des Neutronentransports wurde die Methode der Erststoßwahrscheinlichkeiten, die mit der Ray-Tracing-Methode berechnet werden, gewählt. Die mathematischen Algorithmen wurden in den 2D/3D-Zellcode TransRay umgesetzt. Für den Geometrieteil des Programms wurde das Geometriemodul eines Monte-Carlo-Codes genutzt. Das Ray-Tracing in 3D wurde auf Grund der hohen Rechenzeiten parallelisiert. Das Programm TransRay wurde an 2D-Testaufgaben verifiziert. Für einen Druckwasser-Referenzreaktor wurden folgende 3D-Probleme untersucht: Ein teilweise eingetauchter Regelstab und Void (Vakuum oder Dampf) um einen Brennstab als Modell einer Dampfblase. Alle Probleme wurden zum Vergleich auch mit den Programmen HELIOS (2D) und MCNP (3D) nachgerechnet. Die Abhängigkeit des Multiplikationsfaktors und der gemittelten Zweigruppenquerschnitte von der Eintauchtiefe des Regelstabes bzw. von der Höhe der Dampfblase wurden untersucht. Die 3D berechneten Zweigruppenquerschnitte wurden mit drei üblichen Näherungen verglichen: Lineare Interpolation, Interpolation mit Flusswichtung und Homogenisierung. Am 3D-Problem des Regelstabes zeigte sich, dass die Interpolation mit Flusswichtung eine gute Näherung ist. Demnach ist hier eine 3D-Datenaufbereitung nicht notwendig. Beim Testfall des einzelnen Brennstabs, der von Void umgeben ist, erwiesen sich die drei Näherungen für die Zweigruppenquerschnitte als unzureichend. Demnach ist eine 3D-Datenaufbereitung notwendig. Die einzelne Brennstabzelle mit Void kann als der Grenzfall eines Reaktors angesehen werden, in dem sich eine Phasengrenzfläche herausgebildet hat.