The paper describes a computer system for testing the coherence and adequacy of dictionaries. The system suits also well for retiieving lexical material in context from computerized text archives Results are presented from a series of tests made with Kamusi ya Kiswahlli Sanifu (KKS), a monolingual Swahili dictionary.. The test of the intemal coherence of KKS shows that the text itself contains several hundreds of such words, for which there is no entry in the dictionary. Examples and frequency numbers of the most often occurring words are given The adequacy of KKS was also tested with a corpus of nearly one million words, and it was found out that 1.32% of words in book texts were not recognized by KKS, and with newspaper texts the amount was 2.24% The higher number in newspaper texts is partly due to numerous names occurring in news articles Some statistical results are given on frequencies of wordforms not recognized by KKS The tests shows that although KKS covers the modern vocabulary quite well, there are several ru·eas where the dictionary should be improved The internal coherence is far from satisfactory, and there are more than a thousand such rather common words in prose text which rue not included into KKS The system described in this article is au effective tool for `detecting problems and for retrieving lexical data in context for missing words.

<p>Ova doktorska disertacija ima za cilj sticanje naučnog saznanja o nivou i<br />značaju uticaja verbalno-vizuelnog materijala sa sredstava vizuelnih komunikacija na<br />usvajanje vokabulara engleskog kao stranog jezika. Dosada&scaron;nja istraživanja vezana za<br />ovu temu se uglavnom usredsređuju na mlađi uzrast učenika, dok se ova disertacija<br />bavi proučavanjem pomenute pojave na univerzitetskom nivou ˗ kod studenata<br />engleskog jezika i književnosti.<br />Ovo istraživanje je bazirano na četiri izvora podataka: (1) upitniku koji su<br />popunili studenti prve, druge, treće i četvrte godine (N=71) s ciljem da omogući op&scaron;te<br />podatke o studentima i da se stekne uvid u njihova mi&scaron;ljenja i stavove o upotrebi<br />verbalno-vizuelnog materijala u nastavi vokabulara, kao i o značaju sredstava<br />vizuelnih komunikacija na usvajanje vokabulara engleskog kao stranog jezika; (2)<br />testu kao sastavnom delu eksperimenta sa paralelnim grupama, koji je sproveden na<br />uzorku studenata druge i četvrte godine (N=41) gde je verbalno-vizuelni materijal<br />kori&scaron;ćen kao eksperimentalni faktor; (3) izve&scaron;tajima koje su studenti eksperimentalnih<br />grupa imali obavezu da pi&scaron;u nakon obavljene nastave vokabulara kako bi na taj način<br />autorka dobila jasniju sliku i detaljnije podatke o sprovedenoj eksperimentalnoj<br />nastavi i (4) intervjuu koji je obavljen sa odabranim studentima iz eksperimentalnih i<br />kontrolnih grupa druge i četvrte godine (20 intervjua). Na ovaj način, istraživanjem<br />koje se oslanja na četiri izvora podataka, prikupljeni su detaljni podaci o pojavi koja<br />se istražuje, a time se obezbeđuje pouzdanost i validnost metodologije koja je<br />kori&scaron;ćena.<br />Rezultati istraživanja su analizirani kvantitativno i kvalitativno. Na osnovu<br />konačnih rezultata dobijenih analizom celokupnog materijala, može se zaključiti da je<br />uticaj verbalno-vizuelnog materijala sa sredstava vizuelnih komunikacija na usvajanje<br />vokabulara engleskog kao stranog jezika generalno pozitivan. Takođe, primećeno je<br />da je taj uticaj statistički značajan kod usvajanja značenja i pisanja reči, ali ne i kod<br />usvajanja oblika i manje-frekventnih reči. Iako su mi&scaron;ljenja i stavovi studenata o<br />značaju verbalno-vizuelnog materijala, kao i o sprovedenoj eksperimentalnoj nastavi<br />pozitivni, uočeno je da oni od svih strategija učenja vokabulara najređe koriste<br />strategije pamćenja koje podrazumevaju kori&scaron;ćenje verbalno-vizuelnog materijala.<br />Potencijal ovog istraživanja je u tome &scaron;to se daju predlozi za podučavanje vokabulara<br />engleskog kao stranog jezika sa upotrebom vi&scaron;e verbalno-vizuelnog materijala na<br />univerzitetskom nivou, sa ciljem da se pomogne studentima da &scaron;to lak&scaron;e i uspe&scaron;nije<br />usvoje nove reči, ali i u cilju postizanja kreativnijeg i zanimljivijeg okruženja u samoj<br />nastavi.</p> / <p>This thesis aims to explain the level and the importance of visual-verbal<br />material influence on EFL vocabulary acquisition. The previous studies on this topic<br />focus mainly on younger learners, while this thesis examines the research<br />phenomenon at the university level among English language and literature students.<br />The research is based on four data sources: (1) the questionnaire which was<br />completed by all the students (N=71) with the aim to provide general data of the<br />sample and to get the clearer picture about their thoughts and attitudes towards using<br />visual-verbal material in the classroom, as well as towards the importance and the<br />influence of visual communication on EFL vocabulary acquisition; (2) the test as a<br />part of the experiment with parallel groups, conducted with the second and the fourth<br />year students (N=41) where visual-verbal material was used as an experimental<br />factor; (3) the narratives which students of the two experimental groups were obliged<br />to write after vocabulary classes, in order to provide broad picture and more precise<br />data about the experimental classes, and (4) the interview with the selected students<br />from both year of study experimental and control groups (20 interviews). This kind of<br />research, based on these four data sources, was the way to collect the precise data<br />about the research phenomenon, and also to provide the reliability and the validity of<br />the used methodology.<br />The results of the research were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. On<br />the basis of the final results, it can be concluded that the influence of the visual-verbal<br />material on EFL vocabulary acquisition is generally positive. It is also noticed that the<br />influence on the acquisition of word meaning and spelling was statistically significant,<br />but the influence on acquisition of word form and low-frequency words was not<br />statistically significant. Although students&rsquo; attitudes towards the importance of visualverbal<br />material and conducted experimental classes are positive, it is noticed that<br />students very rarely use memory strategies (visual-verbal material usage). The<br />potential of this research lies in the prepositions of teaching EFL vocabulary at the<br />university level with more visual-verbal annotations, with the aim to help students in<br />easier and more successful acquisition of English language vocabulary, as well as in<br />order to help teachers in achieving more creative and more interesting surrounding for<br />EFL vocabulary classes.<br />&nbsp;</p>

Simulizi za ugonjwa zinatolewa na mgonjwa na mtu mmoja au wengi wanaoombwa naye wamsaidie wakashauriana hali ya maradhi. Kutambua ugonjwa ni kazi ya kawaida na siyo ya waganga au madaktari tu. Kama pengine, katika Afrika ya Mashariki wenyeji huwa na ujuzi wa kawaida juu ya maradhi, mwili, tiba, dawa za hospitali na za kienyeji. Kila jinsi ya tiba ina njia, lugha na mazoezi yake. Mfano ufuatao unaonyesha maana na matumizi ya dhana na tashbihi (metaphors) katika uganga wa kienyeji. Ni kazi yangu sasa ya kufasiri matumizi ya tashbihi na alama katika mawasiliano ambayo huitwa `simulizi za ugonjwa´, yaani illness narratives ambazo ni dhana ya utafiti katika mawasiliano ya kuganga.