Moment 22 är skriven av Lilian Gillegård och Alexandra Adler. Uppsatsens syfte är att utveckla och fördjupa förståelsen för hur samverkan mellan ideella organisationer och offentlig verksamhet kan se ut kring hemlöshet. Vidare består syftet av att undersöka dessa verksamheters olika metoder och arbetssätt i deras arbete med hemlöshet. Utifrån ett governance-perspektiv och en organisationsteori formades ett antal analytiska frågor för att undersöka detta. Studien bygger på tio intervjutillfällen med individer som arbetar inom frivilliga organisationer i Stockholm och stadsdelsförvaltningar inom Stockholms stad. Resultatet visar att stadsdelsförvaltningar och frivilliga organisationer har fokus på förebyggande arbete och konsekvenser av hemlöshet. Vidare visar resultatet att samarbeten mellan dessa kan se olika ut och det råder även vissa brister. När det gäller nära samarbeten mellan stadsdelsförvaltningarna och frivilliga organisationer är det ibland svårt att urskilja vem som faktiskt är ansvarig och vem som styr verksamheten. När det handlar om samarbete  med övriga myndigheter som exempelvis vårdenheter kan det förekomma oenighet om vem som har ansvaret för klienten i fråga. Våra respondenter påstår att det uppstår ett så kallat ”moment 22” läge och klienten kan då inte få den rätta hjälpen. / The aim of this essay is to develop and deepen the understanding on how voluntary organizations and public sector cooperate when working with homelessness. Furthermore, to investigate these organizations different methods and approaches used in their work with homelessness. A number of analytical questions were formed based on a governance perspective and an organizational theory. The study is based on ten interviews carried out on individuals that work in voluntary organizations in Stockholm and district administrations in Stockholms stad.  The results show that the district administrations and voluntary organizations focus on the preventions and the consequences of homelessness. Furthermore, the result shows that the cooperation has several appearances which have some flaws. As for the close co-operation between the district administrations and the voluntary organizations, it is sometime difficult to ascertain who is responsible and who controls the organization. When it comes to collaboration with other agencies such as health care units, there may be disagreements regarding who takes the responsibility of the client. Our respondents describe this act as a ”catch 22” situation where the client does not get the right help.

The problem of this research was to investigate David Sills' explanation of membership attrition in voluntary associations. Using the membership population of the Dallas Association for Retarded Citizens from 1969 through 1974, a survey was conducted to determine whether the organizational characteristics of bureaucracy, minority rule, and goal displacement are associated with membership attrition in a selected voluntary association. The findings of this study support Sills' ideas about the association of goal displacement and minority rule with membership attrition in voluntary associations. Bureaucratization, however, was not found to be related to membership attrition.

Historic preservation and urban renewal are often thought to be polar opposites. Where one seeks to preserve, the other generally seeks to destroy in order to rebuild. While the programs appear on the surface to be in opposition, this Thesis seeks to demonstrate that there is a fundamental connection between the underlying legal principles of historic zoning and urban renewal. To that end, the jurisprudence involving historic zoning and aesthetic regulations before and after the seminal urban renewal case of Berman v. Parker has been collected and analyzed. This analysis revealed that courts were hesitant to support aesthetic, and by extension would have been unlikely to support historic zoning, prior to the Supreme Court’s validation of urban renewal programs in Berman. For example, in 1949 the Supreme Court of Massachusetts stated that specifically stated that a zoning regulation cannot be enacted solely to preserve the beauty of a community. In Berman, however, the United States Supreme Court justified urban renewal on the basis that governments should be able to condemn and regulate property for the creation of a more attractive community. An analysis of the jurisprudence following Berman indicated that courts were more likely to uphold aesthetic or historic zoning ordinances. For example, in a 1955 opinion, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts cited Berman and stated that, because construction of aesthetically or historically incompatible structures could destroy the historic character of a town, historic zoning ordinances fell within the scope of the police power. In short, the cases identified by this Thesis ultimately indicated that Berman had an impact on the acceptance of aesthetic and historic zoning. Therefore, they suggest that the programs of historic zoning and urban renewal, while seemingly in opposition, share fundamental legal roots.

Background. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, are newly emerging pathogens of public health importance. Currently no nationally representative or mandatory surveillance or reporting system exists to examine trends of these important pathogens. Objective. The purpose of the current study was to estimate trends in overall microbial burden and carbapenem resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae and to understand the extent to which hospitals which report to voluntary surveillance systems represent all hospitals in the United States. Design. We conducted a descriptive study to compare the hospitals participating in voluntary reporting systems of the University HealthSystem Consortium and the National Healthcare Safety Network with the Healthcare Utilization Project’s Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a nationally representative sample of hospital discharges. Methods. Descriptive analyses examined hospital characteristics (region, bed size, hospital control, teaching status, case mix index) and patient characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, admission source, admission type, discharge status, primary payer) of participant hospitals versus all US hospitals. ICD-9-CM codes identified discharges coded for E. coli and K. pneumoniae diagnoses; linear regression was used to evaluate trends in overall microbial burden of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in all US Hospitals and US Academic Centers. Trends in E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistance to carbapenem were also evaluated in hospitals participating in voluntary surveillance systems (n=13). Results. Between 2002 and 2007, slight increasing trends in burden of both E. coli and K. pneumoniae were observed (E. coli: slope = 0.0537; K. pneumoniae slope = 0.0168). Hospitals participating in voluntary surveillance systems are larger and care for fewer elderly patients than all US hospitals. Conclusions. These results suggest that hospitals that participate in voluntary surveillance systems like the National Healthcare Safety Network and the University HealthSystem Consortium may underrepresent trends in smaller hospitals, as well as those that treat elderly patients. Increasing overall burden of infection due to these isolates only reinforces the importance carbapenem resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. This important public health threat may warrant the creation of a national, mandatory reporting system for these and other antimicrobial resistant organisms.

Cette thèse vise à analyser les pratiques des entreprises françaises en matière d'offre d'information volontaire par Internet. Nous étudions dans un premier temps les déterminants de la stratégie de communication par voie électronique en fonction de la gouvernance des entreprises. Les résultats prouvent que l'offre d'information s'accroît lorsque la propriété de l'entreprise est plus dispersée. De plus, les entreprises à directoire et à conseil de surveillance diffusent moins d'informations sur leur site que celles dotées d'un conseil d'administration. Pour ces dernières, le cumul des fonctions de président et de directeur général a une influence négative sur l'offre d'information en ligne. D'ailleurs, la création des comités de surveillance au sein du conseil permet d'améliorer la transparence de l'information. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons l'influence de la publication d'information volontaire par Internet sur le marché financier français. Les résultats montrent l'existence d'un lien négatif entre la publication d'information en ligne et la fourchette de prix. Nous observons également qu'un niveau plus élevé de transparence par voie électronique réduit la volatilité des titres. Ces résultats ont pour signification économique que les entreprises peuvent réduire le degré d'asymétrie d'information et les risques sur les marchés financiers en renforçant la diffusion d'information en ligne. Dans un troisième temps, nous étudions la « tonalité » des publications financières trimestrielles pour avoir une vision plus complète des pratiques de communication par Internet. Nos résultats montrent d'abord que le degré d'optimisme d'une annonce financière s'avère être un bon indicateur de la performance future de l'entreprise. En outre, les annonces présentées sous un angle favorable conduisent les investisseurs à former de meilleures anticipations sur la valeur de l'entreprise. / The objective of this doctoral research is to study Internet-based disclosure practices in France. First, we examine the impact of corporate governance on Internet-based disclosure strategy. The results indicate that firms with more dispersed ownership disclose more information on the Internet; companies with a two-tier board system disseminate less information on their website than firms with a one-tier board; for companies in the one-tier system, we found that the level of Internet-based disclosure is negatively related to CEO-Chairman duality. Moreover, the creation of monitoring committees inside the board can improve online information transparency. Second, we examine the economic impact of Internet-based disclosure in the French capital market. The results show a negative relation between the amount of discretionary information published via Internet and the relative spread. We also observe that enhanced Internet-based disclosure can reduce the stock's volatility. These results indicate that quoted companies can reduce information asymmetry and investor uncertainty by enhancing information transparency via Internet. Third, we study the tone of financial announcements in order to complete our analysis of discretionary disclosure. Results from a content analysis show that the level of optimism in the tone of a financial announcement can be an indicator of future firm performance. Moreover, framing the financial announcement in a more optimistic angle causes investors to think positively about the future outlook of a firm.

De nombreuses études de notre laboratoire ont montré le rôle prépondérant des neurones à histamine (HA) dans le contrôle de l'activation corticale et de l'éveil (Ev). Grâce aux divers modèles de souris knockout (KO), cette thèse a apporté de nouvelles données expérimentales confortant le rôle majeur de l’HA dans le contrôle de l’Ev. D’une part, la comparaison des phénotypes des souris sans HA de fond C57BL/6J à ceux observés précédemment chez les souris sans HA de fond 129/Sv nous a permis de confirmer que la somnolence et le déficit en Ev seraient bien dus à l’absence de l’HA. D’autre part, nous avons montré, grâce aux souris KO pour le gène du récepteur H3, qu’une neurotransmission histaminergique accrue et chronique pourrait, face aux divers défis comportementaux notamment le test de motivation, conduire à une extension exagérée de l’Ev semblable à une restriction volontaire du sommeil. En contrepartie, l’Ev serait déficitaire en absence de stimuli, même aux moments où l’activation corticale et comportementale est habituellement nécessaire (e.g., l’extinction lumineuse). Ces phénotypes ainsi que les perturbations comportementales et métaboliques rapportées (adiposité, obésité) chez la même souris suggèrent que ce modèle pourrait s’apparenter à un modèle de restriction chronique de sommeil. Enfin, nos premiers résultats semblent en mesure de montrer un rôle des récepteurs H2 dans la réactivité face au stress, notamment après un test de suspension. L’ensemble de ce travail contribue à la compréhension de la neurobiologie du système à HA et de sa régulation de l’Ev dans les conditions physiopathologiques / Studies from our laboratory have shown the major role of histamine (HA) neurons in the control of cortical activation and waking (W). Using knockout (KO) mouse models, this PhD study provides new experimental data further supporting the importance of HA in W control. First, the comparison of sleep-wake phenotypes of C57BL/6J mice lacking HA with those of the 129/Sv genetic background allowed us to confirm that somnolence and W deficit are due to the absence of HA rather than the interactions between the genetic background and deleted gene. Second, mice lacking H3-receptors showed signs of enhanced HA neurotransmission and vigilance, e.g., a greater extension of W or sleep restriction during behavioral tasks (new environment, locomotion, and motivation tests). During the baseline dark period, however, they displayed deficient W probably due to decreased HA cell activity and desensitized postsynaptic receptors. These data and the obesity phenotypes reported previously in this mouse suggest that chronic enhancement of HA transmission finally compromises the arousal system per se, leading to sleep-wake, behavioral and metabolic disorders similar to those caused by voluntary sleep restriction in humans. Finally, our preliminary results seem to indicate a role of H2- receptors in the reactivity facing stress, notably after a test of tail suspension. Together, our study contributes to the neurobiology of the HA system and its role in controlling W in pathophysiological conditions

Is luxury consumption incompatible with simple living? ... or not? For most of the people the question and the answer are obvious. On the first sight, it seems that there is no compatibility at all. How can luxury that is often connected and used as a synonym for opulence, excessive useless things and so on be even placed in one sentence with such a frugal concept as simple living? The purpose of this thesis is to define the framework and the issues that arise when putting the two concepts together. The findings of the thesis can be treated in deeper research that can follow and be inspired by this thesis. In order to prove and explain the analytical part, the findings are applied on real life examples. The theoretical part defines what luxury is, what its specific attributes are and why it stands apart from the "traditional" marketing approach. What is more, the impact of internalization and globalization on the luxury products and services is particular and cannot be treated in the same manner as for the mass consumption brands. The second analytical part treats the concept of simple living, the common misunderstandings and the philosophy of the concept. The two concepts are then put together in order to search for some for the points in common and the incompatibilities. The last chapter is dedicated to a practical illustration of the theory stated. Five star spa hotel and forest retreat Chateau Mcely is used as an example of luxury meeting simple living in some areas. The hotel is briefly introduced starting with the history of the building and then the modern history of the today's hotel after it was acquired by the actual owners, Inéz and James Cusumano. The mission statement and the principal idea of the project are detailed same as is the marketing mix of Chateau Mcely. And finally, the sustainability and ways of creating it are presented in order to underline the symbiosis of luxurious hotel and simple living, at least in some domains.

Ser bombero es una labor que conlleva diversos riesgos para la salud física y mental. Estudios previos sugieren que realizar la labor de bombero de manera voluntaria, y la carga laboral asumida como bombero, son dos factores que incrementan los riesgos de padecer síntomas de estrés post-traumático. Consecuentemente, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la relación entre los síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y la calidad de vida (CV) en una muestra de bomberos voluntarios de Lima Metropolitana con diferente nivel de carga laboral. Participaron 116 bomberos en actividad (84.5% hombres, M = 31.65 años, DE = 10.11, entre 18 y 66 años). Según el número de horas trabajadas, se dividió a la muestra en dos grupos: el grupo con carga laboral baja (n = 34, todos aquéllos que reportaron un máximo de 20 horas por semana) y el grupo con carga laboral alta (n = 82, más de 20 horas a la semana). Los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar los síntomas de TEPT y la CV, fueron La Escala del Impacto del Evento (IES-R) y el Índice de Calidad de Vida (ICV). En los resultados, se observó que todos los participantes reportaron bajos niveles de sintomatología de TEPT y correlaciones negativas entre sintomatología de TEPT y CV. Al comparar los dos grupos, el grupo de bomberos con alta carga laboral presentó mayores niveles de evitación, que el grupo con carga laboral baja. Se discuten las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio, además de proveerse recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones. / Being a firefighter is a labour that carries a diverse set of risks for physical and mental health. Previous studies suggest that carrying out the work of a voluntary firefighter and the workload assumed, are two factors that increase the risk of suffering symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Consequently, the current study had as an objective to examine the relationship between the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the quality of life (QoL) in a sample of voluntary firefighters of Metropolitan Lima with different levels of workload. 116 active firefighters participated (84.5% male, M = 31.65 years old, SD = 10.11, with ages that range from 18 to 66 years old). Regarding the amount of hours worked, the sample was divided in two groups: Low level workload group (n= 34, every person that reported a maximum of 20 hours of work per week) and the High level workload group (n=82, more than 20 hours of work per week). The instruments used to evaluate the symptoms of PTSD and QoL were the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) and the Quality of Life Index (QLI). In the results, it was observed that all participants reported low levels of PTSD symptomatology and negative correlations between PTSD symptomatology and QoL. When both groups are compared, the High level workload group presented higher levels of avoidance. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed, in addition to providing recommendations for future research. / Tesis

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Gründungstrends bei neu gegründeten Vereinen in Österreich von 2006-2017. Vereine haben ihre Anfänge zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Sie sind in Österreich die häufigste Rechtsform für Organisationen im Bereich der Zivilgesellschaft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mithilfe von Text-Mining-Verfahren die Namen neu gegründeter Vereine analysiert. Anschließend werden Kategorien gebildet und anhand der vorkommenden Worthäufigkeiten Trends dargestellt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum diverse Förderungsvereine, Vereine in den Bereichen Kunst und Kultur sowie Sparvereine zu den häufigsten Neugründungen zählten. Zudem wird ersichtlich, dass Neugründungstrends oftmals mit politischen und gesellschaftlichen Vorgängen zusammenhängen. / Series: Working Papers / Institute for Nonprofit Management

Student Number : 0312394F - MPH research report - School of Public Health - Faculty of Health Sciences / Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was first isolated from human blood in 1983 at the Pasteur Institute, Paris. Currently there is no cure for HIV and control efforts emphasize prevention. One of the components of the Global Strategy put forward to preventing HIV transmission is HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) (Ginwalla, Grant & Day:2002). Taxi drivers are part of the Ugandan population at special risk of acquiring this virus. It was therefore necessary to carry out a study in this group of people to assess how much they knew about HIV/VCT services. Study Objectives To establish the level of knowledge amongst the taxi drivers about the availability and accessibility of HIV VCT services in Kampala. To identify factors that influence the taxi drivers in Kampala, Uganda to access the VCT services. Methods and materials A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used to carry out the study amongst 400 taxi drivers who consented to participate and operated within and around the city of Kampala during 2004. A structured questionnaire to record variables that included, age, sex, marital status, level of education, level of knowledge of VCT, factors that enhance VCT uptake, factors that inhibit VCT uptake, history of having ever had VCT, and knowledge of spouse or sexual partner’s HIV serostatus, was used. Data was entered into EPI-INFO 6 computer program and descriptive and analytic investigation using proportion or percentages to compare the level of knowledge generated was used. Findings/Results A total of 399 taxi drivers with 52.8% of them aged between 26 – 35 years participated in the study. 68.8% lived within 6 km of the city centre. All were married and 78.8% had one spouse. 0.75% were lady drivers. 55% of the participants had attained secondary school level of education. 69% of the taxi drivers knew that HIV/AIDS was the commonest health problem in the country and 57.4% of the participants mentioned HIV testing as the only way one would ascertain their serostatus. 94.2% had heard about HIV/VCT mainly from the media and as much as 98.7% of the taxi drivers knew a place where such services could be got. 82.2% confirmed that these places were accessible and 85.9% said that the services were not expensive. However, 57.3% of the participants preferred getting these services where they were known in order to get genuine results and subsequent support. The 26% who opposed this idea sighted confidentiality as the main obstacle. Despite the knowledge level about HIV/VCT amongst the participants, 68.3% of the communal taxi drivers were willing to go for the service and only 16.1% had actually taken the test. Out of the 399 participants 59.6% felt that they could share their serostatus with their spouses. Conclusion The taxi drivers are knowledgeable about HIV/VCT services and these findings lie within the overall range of knowledge of the population in urban Uganda. The HIV/VCT services are accessible and affordable to the taxi drivers but the fear to receive the unexpected results and the consequences of having positive results hinder the taxi drivers from seeking the VCT services. The majority of taxi drivers preferred to go to HIV/VCT service points where they were known. This factor could have contributed to the small number of taxi drivers that had taken the test. Probably few suitable service points to go to had been identified by these taxi drivers. Recommendations The government and other organizations that provide care in the field of HIV should organize sensitization seminars for taxi drivers to address issues aimed at allaying their anxiety or fear to receive positive results. Also, there is a need to intensify counselling services for the taxi drivers by establishing counselling centres close to the two taxi parks in the City. HIV/VCT service centres should be integrated with other health services so that people who seek either of the services can gain from both. This will encourage more taxi drivers to come to these centres.