Différentes réalités et contextes actuels mondiaux font en sorte que de plus en plus de gens envisagent la migration comme projet de vie. La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’imaginaire migratoire comme facteur de mobilité, mais également comme facteur de modulation des réactions et du regard qu’entretiendra le migrant en rapport avec son vécu migratoire. Ainsi, la réflexion s’amorce en Afrique de l’Ouest, tandis que de jeunes Africains instruits et qualifiés élaborent un projet de migration volontaire vers le Canada, plus précisément dans la région du Québec. C’est investi de leur désir de l’Ailleurs, des représentations de l’Occident, de leur besoin de se réaliser et de l’impossibilité qu’ils rencontrent à accéder à la vie professionnelle souhaitée en Afrique qu’ils migrent vers le Canada. Quoiqu’ils soient dotés d’une détermination et d’un optimisme considérable, la rencontre entre l’imaginé et le quotidien de la vie au Québec comme immigrant et comme émigrant n’est pas toujours facile. Elle viendra révéler la profondeur du rêve, des mythes et des ambitions; les failles intérieures individuelles, les valeurs et les ambivalences de chacun, mais surtout la capacité qu’aura l’individu à revoir son imaginaire, à effectuer la réappropriation de son expérience migratoire et à élaborer de nouveaux projets. L’écart vécu par le sujet entre l’imaginé et le rencontré nous questionnera sur ce que véhiculent les messages et les images en circulation sur le Canada et l’Occident. Aussi, il témoignera de la prédominance de la préparation factuelle et psychologique de l’individu pour anticiper et mieux accueillir les réalités du parcours migratoire. / Different realities and contexts in today’s world are causing more and more people to consider migration as a life plan. This study is interested in their imagined migration as a mobility factor, but also as a modulation factor in the reactions and views of migrants in relation to their migration experience. Thus, this study begins in West Africa, where young educated and qualified Africans eagerly plan their migration to Canada, and Quebec in particular. Their migration to Canada is fuelled by a longing to go abroad, representations of the West, their quest for self-fulfillment and the impossibility of achieving their desired career plans in Africa. Although they are filled with a great deal of determination and optimism, the clash between what they imagined and the reality of daily life in Quebec as immigrants and emigrants is not always easy. This study will not only reveal the depth of their dreams, myths and ambitions, but their individual flaws, values and uncertainties, and above all, their ability to re-examine their imagined migration, reclaim the migration experience and make new plans. The difference between the imagined experience and the actual experience will lead us to question what conveys the messages and images that circulate about Canada and the West. Moreover, it will demonstrate the predominance of the factual and psychological preparation undertaken by individuals to anticipate and more readily accept the realities of the migration experience.

The federal income tax system in the United States depends upon a high degree of voluntary compliance. The IRS estimates that the voluntary compliance level is declining and that this tax compliance gap cost the government an estimated $90.5 billion in 1981. Between 1979 and 1982, Congress made several changes in the tax laws designed to improve tax compliance. Extensive data was collected by the IRS for 1979 and 1982 through the random sample audits of approximately 50,000 taxpayers on the Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP), which is conducted every three years. During the period 1979 through 1982, Congress lowered the marginal tax rates, added some fairly severe penalties, for both taxpayers and paid return preparers, and increased information reporting requirements for certain types of income. In this research, it was hypothesized that voluntary compliance should increase in response to lower marginal rates, a higher risk of detection due to additional reporting requirements, and increased penalties. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test these hypotheses, using 1979 and 1982 TCMP data. Because of the requirements for taxpayer confidentiality, it was necessary for the IRS to run the data and provide the aggregate data results for the research. The results provided insight into the effectiveness of tax compliance legislation. While the overall voluntary compliance level (VCL) increased from 1979 to 1982 by 1.53 per cent, the VCL increase for taxpayers in high marginal rates was much smaller (.42 percent) than the overall increase. This is very inconsistent with the notion that high marginal rates are driving noncompliance, and suggests that marginal rates may not be strong determinants of compliance. Probably other factors, such as opportunity for evasion, may be more important. There was little change from 1979 to 1982 of the compliance of returns done by paid return preparers. Because of the timing of many TEFRA provisions (effective in 1983), further research for years after 1982 is needed.

The study sought to explore and describe the breastfeeding practices of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive postnatal clients’ non-commitment to exclusive breastfeeding in George Mukhari Hospital, South Africa. A non-experimental quantitative design was used. Inferences drawn from the study were that HIV positive clients that opted for exclusive breastfeeding did not commit for fear of transmission of HIV to the baby and exclusive breastfeeding was stopped before the recommended 6 months. Most of the respondents’ partners did not come for counselling. There was lack of emotional support by staff after testing. Health education and emotional support of HIV positive clients has to be intensified. / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)

Malgré une baisse importante de nouvelles infections, l’Afrique subsaharienne et la région des Caraïbes demeurent fortement touchées par l’épidémie du VIH/sida. La diaspora vivant ailleurs en Occident n’est pas épargnée : les communautés originaires de ces pays étant surreprésentées dans la cohorte des personnes vivant avec le VIH. De plus, ces individus rencontrent des difficultés spécifiques en matière d’accès au conseil et dépistage du VIH. Compte tenu l’importance de l’accessibilité à ce service dans la lutte contre le VIH, il devient crucial de mieux en cerner les enjeux. Fort de ces différents constats, le projet « Moi je fais le test » dont l’objectif était d’augmenter l’accès au conseil et dépistage du VIH a été déployé à Montréal en 2010. Notant le peu d’interventions recensées faisant la promotion du dépistage du VIH dans les communautés originaires de pays à forte prévalence pour le VIH, l’objectif de la présente évaluation est double : documenter le projet et évaluer l’implantation de ce dernier. L’évaluation réalisée sous la forme d’une étude de cas sera articulée autour de deux pôles : la théorie de changement sous-tendant le projet ainsi que le processus d’implantation. Les perspectives rapportées par les partenaires du projet de même que les éléments liés à l’implantation démontrent la complexité de mener des actions conjointes, même de tailles modestes. Dans la mesure où les approches combinées de prévention du VIH sont encouragées, l’évaluation du présent projet illustre de façon éloquente les défis du déploiement de projet similaires à l’échelle nationale et internationale. / Despite a significant reduction in new infections, sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean remain strongly affected by the HIV/aids pandemic. Caribbean and African diaspora communities living elsewhere in the West are also strongly impacted. There is an overrepresentation of individuals originating from these countries in the cohorts of people living with HIV. Moreover, individuals in these communities face specific challenges when trying to access voluntary counseling and testing services for HIV. These services are essential in trying to fight the HIV pandemic, thus, getting a better understanding of the issues at stake is crucial. Based on these observations, the “Moi je fais le test” project whose main objective was to increase HIV counseling and testing, was conducted in Montreal in 2010. Few interventions specifically addressing the needs of these communities in accessing voluntary counseling and testing for HIV have been reported, as such, the current evaluation has a double mandate: documenting the project and evaluating its implementation. The evaluation is conducted as a case study and is structured around two axes: the theory of change underlying the project and the implementation process. Key elements in the implementation process as well as the perspectives of the partners demonstrate how complex it is to conduct a project collaboratively, even modest in size. Insofar as combination HIV prevention strategies have been promoted, the evaluation demonstrates the many challenges that could be encountered in developing similar projects in national and international settings.

Afin d’être représentatif d’un niveau d’effort musculaire, le signal électromyographique (EMG) est exprimé par rapport à une valeur d’activation maximale. Comme l’épaule est une structure articulaire et musculaire complexe, aucune contraction volontaire isométrique (CVMi) proposée dans la littérature ne permet d’activer maximalement un même muscle de l’épaule pour un groupe d’individus. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de développer une approche statistique permettant de déterminer les CVMi optimales afin de maximiser les niveaux d’activation d’un ensemble de muscles de l’épaule. L’amplitude du signal EMG de 12 muscles de l’épaule a été enregistrée chez 16 sujets alors qu’ils effectuaient 15 CVMi. Une première approche systématique a permis de déterminer les 4 CVMi parmi les 15 qui ensemble maximisent les niveaux d’activation pour les 12 muscles simultanément. Ces 4 contractions ont donné des niveaux d’activation supérieurs aux recommandations antérieures pour 4 muscles de l’épaule. Une seconde approche a permis de déterminer le nombre minimal de CVMi qui sont nécessaires afin de produire un niveau d’activation qui n’est pas significativement différent des valeurs d’activation maximales pour les 16 sujets. Pour 12 muscles de l’épaule, un total de 9 CVMi sont requises afin de produire des valeurs d’activation qui sont représentatives de l’effort maximal de tous les sujets. Ce mémoire a proposé deux approches originales, dont la première a maximisé les niveaux d’activation qui peuvent être produits à partir d’un nombre fixe de CVMi tandis que la deuxième a permis d’identifier le nombre minimal de CVMi nécessaire afin de produire des niveaux d’activation qui ne sont pas significativement différentes des valeurs d’activation maximales. Ces deux approches ont permis d’émettre des recommandations concernant les CVMi nécessaires à la normalisation de l’EMG afin de réduire les risques de sous-estimer l’effort maximal d’un ensemble d’individus. / As a means to provide information on the intensity of the muscle activity, the electromyographic (EMG) signal must be expressed as a percentage of a maximum activation value. Because of the anatomical complexity of the shoulder, no single maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) has been found to maximally activate the same muscle for a group of subjects. The objective of this study is to develop a statistical approach to determine the optimal MVICs that can maximise the activation levels for several shoulder muscles. The amplitude of the EMG signal of 12 shoulder muscles was recorded as 16 subjects performed 15 MVICs in standardised positions. A first systematic approach was used to determine the optimal 4 MVICs amongst 15 that could maximise the activation levels of 12 shoulder muscles simultaneously. The activation levels produced by these 4 MVICs were significantly higher than those produced by previous recommendations. A second approach was adopted to identify the minimum number of MVICs that were required to produce muscle activation levels that did not significantly differ from the maximum activation values. For 12 shoulder muscles, 9 MVICs were necessary to produce muscle activation levels that were representative of the maximum effort of all 16 subjects. This study proposed two novel approaches, the first of which maximised the EMG activation levels that can be produced by a fixed number of MVICs while the second approach identified the minimum number of MVICs required to produce EMG activation levels that were not significantly different from the maximum values of activation. These two approaches provided guidelines with regards to the MVICs that are necessary to normalize the EMG signals of 12 shoulder muscles while reducing the risks of underestimating the maximum capacity of each individual.

This diploma thesis is concerned with medium-term benefits of peer mentorng programs from the point of resilience and social support to the care recipients- children and adolescents from risk environment or with risk factors influenced. Data of this study comes from International peer mentoring survey Big Brothers Big Sisters- Pět P in Czech republic. The study is important for its in-depth and longitudinal (1 year) survey of 7 mentoring couples. Thesis is secondary analysis of mentioned study and is interessed in concepts of resilience and social support in context of mentoring community intervences. Key words: Mentoring, Mentoring programs, Voluntary, Resilience, Social support, Social network, Social capital, Attachement Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

My thesis paper is focused on preparation of early school age children in fire sport. This sport is known as adult sport and only marginally. In theoretical part I want to bring near ideas of this sport. I deal with history of fire departments and children in these departments, next I am focused on fire game "Plamen"(Flame) and also trainer personality. Research is focused on searching and evaluation of informations about preparation early school age children in fire sport in Benešov district.

Cette thèse en essais propose une analyse des conséquences de différentes règlementations environnementales sur la croissance et le bien-être des agents économiques. Nous considérons trois instruments de régulation, correspondant à nos trois chapitres: les accords volontaires, les taxes pigouviennes et l'utilisation jointe taxe-subvention.Le premier thème de travail s'intéresse à la profitabilité de différents types d'accords volontaires visant à réduire la production d'un bien non-efficient en utilisation d'énergie. Nous définissons un accord volontaire optimal pour la société et analysons les effets de cet accord sur le marché de l'énergie. Notre conclusion est que l'accord entraîne une baisse de la quantité d'énergie d'équilibre et du prix. Cependant, un effet de détournement estimé à 30% se produit.Le deuxième thème de travail valide l'hypothèse de Porter, selon laquelle une règlementation environnementale stricte mais bien pensée peut engendrer des bénéfices sociaux et des bénéfices privés pour les firmes qui y sont soumises. Plus précisément, nous analysons les effets de l'instauration de différentes taxes environnementales dans le contexte particulier d'un lac superficiel. Nous montrons que l'instauration d'une taxe peut amener les agents économiques à converger vers un état stationnaire supérieur au sens de Pareto.Le troisième thème de travail s'attaque au paradoxe vert, qui énonce que les politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique peuvent provoquer, au contraire de leur objectif, une accélération du phénomène de réchauffement. Nous utilisons un modèle de ressources, combinant une ressource exhaustive, dont l'utilisation engendre des émissions polluantes et une ressource renouvelable, non polluante. L'équilibre sur le marché de l'énergie définit un temps d'arrêt endogène de la production de l'énergie sale, si le stock initial de cette énergie est faible. Si ce stock initial est important, l'économie converge vers un état stationnaire où la quantité produite d'énergie polluante est nulle. L'introduction d'une taxe sur l'énergie sale et d'une subvention à l'énergie propre entraîne une prolongation du régime d'utilisation jointe des deux énergies. A tout instant, la quantité d'énergie exhaustive consommée (et donc la pollution) diminue avec la règlementation environnementale. Nous réfutons le paradoxe vert. / This essay thesis proposes an analysis of the consequences of different environmental regulations on growth and on the economic agents' welfare. We consider three instruments of regulation, corresponding to our three chapters: voluntary agreements, pigovian taxes, and the joint use of tax and subsidy.The first work theme is devoted to the profitability of different voluntary agreement types, the aim of which is to reduce the production of the good which is not efficient in terms of energy use. We define a voluntary agreement optimal for society and analyse its effects on the energy market. Our conclusion is that the agreement leads to a decrease of the energy quantity and of the price. However an estimated leakage effect of 30% is likely to occur.The second work theme validates the Porter Hypothesis, in which a strict and well-thinking regulation can produce social benefits and private benefits for firms which are subject to the regulation. More precisely, we analyse the effects of the set up of different environmental taxes in the particular context of a shallow lake. We show that a tax set up can make the economic agents converge to a Pareto-superior steady state.The third work theme is concerned with the green paradox, which states that policies against global warming can cause an acceleration of the rise phenomenon, contrary to their objective. We use a resource model combining an exhaustible resource which creates polluting emissions, and a renewable, non-polluting, resource. The energy market equilibrium defines an endogenous stopping time of the dirty energy's production, if the initial stock of this energy is relatively weak. If this initial stock is high, the economy converges to a steady state in which the consumed quantity of polluting energy is null. The introduction of a tax on polluting energy and of a subsidy on clean energy leads to a prolongation of the joint use's system. At any time, the consumed quantity of polluting energy (and so the pollution) decreases with the environmental regulation. We refute the green paradox.

M.A. (Public Management and Governance) / The study deals with the effectiveness of the HIV/AIDS policy in City Power Johannesburg (CPJ). HIV/AIDS is a worldwide pandemic. Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst affected and very little is being done to suppress its destructive nature. All administrative spheres need to implement workplace policies, procedures and programs to curb and eventually eliminate any new infections and the spread of the pandemic. Whilst workplace policies are a statement of intent and are formulated to guide decision making, they are only effective when formulated, implemented, monitored and evaluated, and reviewed strategically. The methodological approach adopted in this study is qualitative by nature and interpretative. For this dissertation to achieve its purpose, the main study objectives were to determine the objectives of the current HIV/AIDS policy in CPJ, to determine how these objectives have been achieved and what measures could be taken if these objectives are not achieved? The dissertation proposed that in order to curb the pandemic in CPJ, the HIV/AIDS policy will only attain policy effectiveness if various interventions are implemented and adhered to.

Part-time faculty members represent the majority of faculty at public two-year postsecondary institutions. Utilizing part-time faculty enables two-year institutions to control their instructional costs and maintain scheduling flexibility. However, part-time faculty are diverse in regards to their employment preference, some prefer part-time employment while others would prefer a full-time position. Since retaining and attracting qualified and experienced part-time faculty members is essential, it is imperative that their satisfaction be understood. This study uses the 2004 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF: 04) to study faculty satisfaction. Faculty was disaggregated according to employment preference into full-time, involuntary part-time, and voluntary part-time in order to study the structure of satisfaction for each group and the factors that influence the satisfaction for each group. The factors studied were perception of equity, partial inclusion, demographic differences and academic discipline. I found that the structure of faculty satisfaction and the influence of variables on faculty satisfaction differ among full-time, involuntary part-time, and voluntary part-time faculty.