In the past few decades, there has been increasing concern towards the potential effects of industrial pollutants on our eco-system. Each country has developed and enacted stringent environmental regulatory standards to address this concern. Several studies conducted in the general area of regulatory impact show significant direct impact of these regulations on organizations. Pharmaceutical industry in particular, due to the generation of variety of hazardous waste during operations, is one among the highly regulated industrial sector globally. The financial liabilities and resource shortages associated while incorporating abatement technologies and related procedural changes make Pharmaceutical Small and Medium Enterprises (PSMEs) highly vulnerable to these regulatory compliance standards. This study aims to investigate two aspects of environment regulation compliance in the PSMEs, namely To identify the nature and magnitude of vulnerabilities encountered by the PSMEs in India while complying with environmental regulations, and To explore and to analyze the adaptation mechanisms followed by the PSMEs in India, while complying with environmental regulations. Literature explorations in the area of environmental regulation, enforcement, compliance, pharmaceutical industry and SMEs, gave limited studies with focus on India. Hence a questionnaire based survey was administered online and face to face. The sampling design followed was stratified random and the total sample size taken for the final analysis was 71. The survey targeted the senior executive officers of pharmaceutical firms across India. Unstructured discussions and interactions with experts in the field were also carried out to understand the gravity of each concern. Data was analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for exploring and prioritizing vulnerability concerns, factor analysis for identifying the general adaptation mechanisms and systems practiced, and cluster analysis for assessing the underlying relationship among vulnerability concerns and adaptation patterns of firms under study. Findings of the analysis highlighted several significant drivers of the interaction between the PSMEs and the environment regulations. Some of them are as follows: One, conforming to literature finding, our study also found manufacturing related problems as the most significant concern for the PSMEs. However, unlike the Western countries, it was the poor quality of raw material available in the market that causes the main concern, and not the need for intensive capital investment in abatement technologies. Investigations revealed the steady global market decline for this sub-sector and the need for new innovations to meet the changing global trends. Two, marketing was a significantly higher concern for the PSMEs than regulator and regulatory management. Marketing has special relevance in the pharmaceutical industry as it deals with health and life saving issues for the people, and this got highlighted in our results. Three, the study found external management factors as the most followed coping / adaptation mechanism pursued by the PSMEs. Conforming to literature findings, our study also demonstrated smaller firms as significantly more vulnerable to adaptation in comparison with medium scale firms. The study also highlighted the attempt at balancing the local and global by the Indian PSMEs. While the process orientation was towards meeting international standards, the management of resources, marketing and regulatory requirements had a focus on the local pressures. The study provides some insight into the vulnerabilities and adaptation efforts of the Indian PSMEs and brings out the relevant strategic interventions needed from government, regulatory organizations and industry associations to develop a more sustainable business environment for the Indian PSMEs.

Passive network reconstruction is the process of learning a structured (networked) representation of a dynamic system through the use of known information about the structure of the system as well as data collected by observing the inputs into a system along with the resultant outputs. This work demonstrates an improvement on an existing network reconstruction algorithm so that the algorithm is capable of consistently and perfectly reconstructing a network when system inputs and outputs are measured without error. This work then extends the improved network reconstruction algorithm so that it functions even in the presence of noise as well as the situation where inputs into the system are unknown. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the capability of the new extended algorithms by reconstructing financial networks from stock market data, and then performing an analysis to understand the vulnerabilities of the reconstructed network to destabilization through localized attacks. The creation of these improved and extended algorithms has opened many theoretical questions, paving the way for future research into network reconstruction.

No description available.

Cybersecurity is an expanding and prominent field in the IT industry. As the amount of vulnerabilities and breaches continue to increase, there is a need to properly test these systems for internal weaknesses in order to prevent intruders proactively. Penetration testing is the act of emulating an adversary in order to test a system’s behaviour. However, due to the amount of possible vulnerabilities and attack methods that exists, the prospect of efficiently choosing a viable weakness to test or selecting a fairly adequate attack method becomes a cumbersome task for the penetration tester. The main objective of this thesis is to explore and show how the semantic data concept of Knowledge Graphs can assist a penetration tester during decision-making and vulnerability analysis. Such as providing insight to attacks a system could experience based on a set of discovered vulnerabilities, and emulate these attacks in order to test the system. Additionally, design aspects for developing a Knowledge Graph based penetration testing system are made and discussions on challenges and complications for the combined fields are also addressed. In this work, three design proposals are made based on inspiration from Knowledge Graph standards and related work. A prototype is also created, based on a penetration testing tool for web applications, OWASP ZAP. Which is then connected to a vulnerability database in order to gain access to various cybersecurity related data, such as attack descriptions on specific types of vulnerabilities. The analysis of the implemented prototype illustrates that Knowledge Graphs display potential for improving data extracted from a vulnerability scan. By connecting a Knowledge Graph to a vulnerability database, penetration testers can extract information and receive suggestions of attacks, reducing their cognitive burden. The drawbacks of this works prototype indicate that in order for a Knowledge Graph penetration testing system to work, the method of extracting information needs to be interfaced in a more user-friendly manner. Additionally, the reliance on specific standardizations create the need to develop several integration ­modules.

Genomförandet av en sårbarhetsanalys syftar till att identifiera svaga delar av ett system för att på effektivaste sätt förebygga och åtgärda eventuella brister i systemet. Ett sätt att identifiera de svaga delarna är att simulera olika scenarier genom att använda en matematisk modell. I den här studien byggs en matematisk modell upp med hjälp av optimeringslära, en gren inom matematiken som används för att hitta ett optimalt värde till en funktion under vissa begränsande villkor. Optimeringslära lämpar sig väl for att studera flöden, så som till exempel Stockholms kollektivtrafik. Stockholms kollektivtrafik kan ses som ett flöde av resenärer som så snabbt som möjligt vill ta sig från en punkt till en annan under begränsade villkor i form av utrymme, tid och förbindelser. Stockholms kollektivtrafik förenklas till ett system bestående av 34 noder, sammanlänkade genom SL:s spårtrafik Och stombusslinjer. Normalt trafikflöde simuleras och används som referensfall För fyra olika scenarier med begränsningar i trafiken. De fyra scenarierna är: • Kapacitetsbegränsningar på sträckan mellan Slussen och T-Centralen • Kapacitetsbegränsningar på sträckan mellan Skanstull och Gullmarsplan • Kapacitetsbegränsningar på sträckan mellan Fridhemsplan och Alvik • Inga fungerande tvärförbindelser Resultatet från simuleringarna visar att Stockholms kollektivtrafik generellt har bra resiliens men att systemet är väldigt beroende av T-Centralen och Stockholm Central som en stor del av resenärerna passerar. Efter känslighetsanalys dras slutsatsen att den matematiska modellen genererar trovärdiga resultat och optimeringslära visar sig vara ett bra verktyg vid sårbarhetsanalys av flöden. / The purpose of performing a vulnerability analysis is to identify security deficiencies in a system and to reduce the risk of harmful events in an efficient manner. One way to identify vulnerabilities is to simulate different scenarios by using a mathematical model. In this study an optimization model is used, which means that an optimal value is found for a function under some certain limiting constraints. Optimization is a good choice when dealing with flow problems, such as the public transportation system in Stockholm. The public transportation system in Stockholm can be viewed as a flow of travelers that want to move as quickly as possible from one place to another while constrained by limited capacity, time and connections. The public transportation system is simplified into 34 nodes, connected through the major routes, in form of commuter trains, subways, trams and buses. Normal traffic flow is simulated and used as a reference for  our scenarios with certain limitations in the traffic flow. The four different scenarios are: • Capacity limitations between Slussen and T-Centralen • Capacity limitations between Skanstull and Gullmarsplan • Capacity limitations between Fridhemsplan and Alvik • Non working transverse route. The simulation results prove that the Stockholm public transportation system has good resilience. However, the system is very dependent on the specific nodes T-Centralen and Stockholm Central, through which an extensive number of travelers pass by each day. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the result to ensure that the mathematical model generates credible results, and optimization theory proves to be a good tool for investigating the vulnerability of flows. / <p>www.ima.kth.se</p>

O acidente ofídico foi incluído recentemente no grupo das doenças negligenciadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Este agravo afeta principalmente os pobres que vivem nas zonas rurais, onde, em geral, os serviços de saúde são insuficientes, com capacidade resolutiva limitada e os anti-venenos podem ser de limitada distribuição (WHO, 2007). Justifica-se, portanto, o presente estudo, tendo em vista a importância epidemiológica dos acidentes ofídicos, que podem conduzir à morte e à incapacidade, além de produzir relevante sofrimento físico daqueles que padecem destes acidentes. O estudo, descritivo transversal, teve como referencial teórico, o conceito de vulnerabilidade. Foram entrevistados 21 pacientes internados no Hospital Vital Brazil (HVB) do Instituto Butantan da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 2010 a 2012, por meio de instrumento com perguntas abertas e fechadas. A maior parcela dos sujeitos era constituída por pessoas do sexo masculino (95,2%), na faixa etária entre 21 a 30 anos e 51 a 60 (23,8%), casados (%) e que viviam com familiares (57,1%). Eram procedentes principalmente do nordeste (33,3%), todos possuíam moradia de alvenaria e usavam serviço público de saúde (81%). O acidente ocorreu, em maior prevalência no pé (42,9%) ou mão (38,1%). Foram evidenciados potencias condições de vulnerabilidade, em termos das características pessoas e relativas às condições de vida/trabalho, tais como: escolaridade precária, baixa qualificação profissional, trabalho informal, desemprego, insuficiência de renda para viver, falta de água encanada, esgoto e coleta regular de lixo, além da não participação em grupos da comunidade. No momento da ocorrência do acidente, tais sujeitos encontraram-se trabalhando (52,4%) ou em atividade de lazer (47,6%). As perguntas abertas foram objeto de análise por meio de técnica apropriada de análise de discurso e revelaram que a maior parte realizou procedimentos inadequados no local da picada (66,7%) e houve demora superior a 3 horas até a admissão no HVB. Foram também identificadas condições que comprometeram a acessibilidade dos pacientes ao tratamento, como ter que percorrer mais do que uma unidade de saúde para diagnóstico correto e/ou disponibilidade de soro. Conclui-se que é necessário atentar para tais elementos que integra a vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática, por parte da assistência e implementação de políticas sociais e de saúde adequadas, aprimorando, portanto, o Programa Nacional de Controle de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos e reduzindo a morbi-letalidade e seqüelas decorrentes desses acidentes / The snakebite accident has been recently included in the group of neglected diseases by the World Health Organization This injury affects mostly the poor people who live in rural areas, where, in general, health services are inadequate, with limited problem-solving capacity and anti-poisons may be of limited distribution (WHO, 2007). Justified, therefore, this study, in view of the epidemiological importance of snakebite accidents that can lead to death and disability, as well as producing relevant physical suffering of those suffering from these accidents. The study, cross-sectional, had the theoretical reference, the vulnerability concept. The 21 patients have been interviewed at the Hospital Vital Brazil (HVB) do Instituto Butantan da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, in the period from 2010-2012, by means of an instrument with open and closed questions. The largest portion of the subjects consisted of males (95.2%), aged 21-30 years and 51-60 (23.8%), married (%) and living with family members (57, 1%). They were mainly from the northeast (33.3%), all lived in brick houses and used the public health service (81%). The accident occurred at a higher prevalence in the foot (42.9%) or hand (38.1%). There have been highlighted potential vulnerability conditions, in terms of personal characteristics and regarding to work / life conditions , such as poor education, low professional qualification, informal work, unemployment, insufficient income to live, lack of running water, sewage and regular garbage collection, as well as non-participation in community groups. At the time of the accident, these individuals were working (52.4%) or were at recreational activity (47.6%). Open questions have been considered by the appropriate technique of analysis of discourse and revealed that the most inadequate procedures performed at the bite site (66.7%) and that there was delay of more than three hours until admission at HVB. There have also been identified conditions that compromised the patients accessibility to treatment, such as having to travel to more than one health facility for proper diagnosis and / or availability of serum. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider such elements that integrate individual, social and programmatic vulnerability by the assistance and implementation of appropriate social and health policies, improving thus the National Program for Control of Accidents Caused by Venomous Animals and reducing morbidity and mortality and sequelae resulting from these accidents

O acidente ofídico foi incluído recentemente no grupo das doenças negligenciadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Este agravo afeta principalmente os pobres que vivem nas zonas rurais, onde, em geral, os serviços de saúde são insuficientes, com capacidade resolutiva limitada e os anti-venenos podem ser de limitada distribuição (WHO, 2007). Justifica-se, portanto, o presente estudo, tendo em vista a importância epidemiológica dos acidentes ofídicos, que podem conduzir à morte e à incapacidade, além de produzir relevante sofrimento físico daqueles que padecem destes acidentes. O estudo, descritivo transversal, teve como referencial teórico, o conceito de vulnerabilidade. Foram entrevistados 21 pacientes internados no Hospital Vital Brazil (HVB) do Instituto Butantan da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 2010 a 2012, por meio de instrumento com perguntas abertas e fechadas. A maior parcela dos sujeitos era constituída por pessoas do sexo masculino (95,2%), na faixa etária entre 21 a 30 anos e 51 a 60 (23,8%), casados (%) e que viviam com familiares (57,1%). Eram procedentes principalmente do nordeste (33,3%), todos possuíam moradia de alvenaria e usavam serviço público de saúde (81%). O acidente ocorreu, em maior prevalência no pé (42,9%) ou mão (38,1%). Foram evidenciados potencias condições de vulnerabilidade, em termos das características pessoas e relativas às condições de vida/trabalho, tais como: escolaridade precária, baixa qualificação profissional, trabalho informal, desemprego, insuficiência de renda para viver, falta de água encanada, esgoto e coleta regular de lixo, além da não participação em grupos da comunidade. No momento da ocorrência do acidente, tais sujeitos encontraram-se trabalhando (52,4%) ou em atividade de lazer (47,6%). As perguntas abertas foram objeto de análise por meio de técnica apropriada de análise de discurso e revelaram que a maior parte realizou procedimentos inadequados no local da picada (66,7%) e houve demora superior a 3 horas até a admissão no HVB. Foram também identificadas condições que comprometeram a acessibilidade dos pacientes ao tratamento, como ter que percorrer mais do que uma unidade de saúde para diagnóstico correto e/ou disponibilidade de soro. Conclui-se que é necessário atentar para tais elementos que integra a vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática, por parte da assistência e implementação de políticas sociais e de saúde adequadas, aprimorando, portanto, o Programa Nacional de Controle de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos e reduzindo a morbi-letalidade e seqüelas decorrentes desses acidentes / The snakebite accident has been recently included in the group of neglected diseases by the World Health Organization This injury affects mostly the poor people who live in rural areas, where, in general, health services are inadequate, with limited problem-solving capacity and anti-poisons may be of limited distribution (WHO, 2007). Justified, therefore, this study, in view of the epidemiological importance of snakebite accidents that can lead to death and disability, as well as producing relevant physical suffering of those suffering from these accidents. The study, cross-sectional, had the theoretical reference, the vulnerability concept. The 21 patients have been interviewed at the Hospital Vital Brazil (HVB) do Instituto Butantan da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, in the period from 2010-2012, by means of an instrument with open and closed questions. The largest portion of the subjects consisted of males (95.2%), aged 21-30 years and 51-60 (23.8%), married (%) and living with family members (57, 1%). They were mainly from the northeast (33.3%), all lived in brick houses and used the public health service (81%). The accident occurred at a higher prevalence in the foot (42.9%) or hand (38.1%). There have been highlighted potential vulnerability conditions, in terms of personal characteristics and regarding to work / life conditions , such as poor education, low professional qualification, informal work, unemployment, insufficient income to live, lack of running water, sewage and regular garbage collection, as well as non-participation in community groups. At the time of the accident, these individuals were working (52.4%) or were at recreational activity (47.6%). Open questions have been considered by the appropriate technique of analysis of discourse and revealed that the most inadequate procedures performed at the bite site (66.7%) and that there was delay of more than three hours until admission at HVB. There have also been identified conditions that compromised the patients accessibility to treatment, such as having to travel to more than one health facility for proper diagnosis and / or availability of serum. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider such elements that integrate individual, social and programmatic vulnerability by the assistance and implementation of appropriate social and health policies, improving thus the National Program for Control of Accidents Caused by Venomous Animals and reducing morbidity and mortality and sequelae resulting from these accidents

This thesis is an investigation of the multi-dimensional impact of disaster on community engagement with respect to capacity and vulnerability factors. The historic community of Goderich, Ontario, ravaged by an F3 tornado August 21, 2011, was the study population. A mixed-methods approach utilizing surveys, semi-structured interviews, and key informant interviews was employed in an effort to yield a more confident set of data and help facilitate understanding. Testing results revealed that the community was very aware of its capacities and vulnerabilities and utilized the disaster situation to affect positive change in these conditions. However, disaster itself was only found to stimulate engagement patterns in its immediate aftermath. Therefore, while disaster does not adversely affect community engagement, it also does not encourage sustained engagement activity. It does, however, stimulate extended associations of connection to the community, which may hold the key to long-term engagement motivation.

The intensifying nature and extent of disasters together with the associated devastation and astronomical costs required to manage the rippling effects of disasters, enunciates the national and international focus on disaster risk reduction. Further the ever evolving and complex dynamics of risk as the decisive contributor to disasters has heightened the urgency to pursue effective disaster risk assessment as a prerequisite to inform the disaster risk management planning and disaster risk reduction intervention processes. A structured and systematic approach to disaster risk assessment assists in maintaining rigour thus promoting the quality and validity of the process and its outcomes. Appropriate models serve as valuable tools in enabling this methodological perspective to undertake disaster risk assessment. The nonexistence of an appropriate disaster risk assessment model in South Africa has initiated the emphasis and purpose of this study thereby underscoring the critical need for the development of an effective, holistic and integrated disaster risk assessment model for local government in South Africa. In spear heading the process towards the development of an appropriate disaster risk assessment model, the research commenced with establishing and asserting the fundamental link between disaster risk assessment and disaster risk reduction as an avenue to contextualise and ground the key issues in effective disaster risk reduction. The exploratory analysis engaged in presenting a theoretical construct of disaster risk assessment examined the core components informing the disaster risk assessment process. This discussion led to the comparative review of three disaster risk assessment models viz the Community-Wide Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (CVCA) Model, the Community-Based Risk Reduction Model and the South African Disaster Risk Assessment Model interrogating the significant characteristics, structure and application of the models. The results of the comparison of the above three models provided the necessary insight for the development of the disaster risk assessment model for local government in South Africa. Further influenced by the outcomes of the applied research on the critical analysis of the current disaster risk assessment practice within the four selected municipalities representing local government in South Africa; viz eThekwini Metropolitan, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan, Bojanala District and Stellenbosch local Municipalities. Through the data coding, classification and interpretive process, constructive and correlated research findings were immanent guiding the final development of the integrated disaster risk assessment model for local government in South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The intensifying nature and extent of disasters together with the associated devastation and astronomical costs required to manage the rippling effects of disasters, enunciates the national and international focus on disaster risk reduction. Further the ever evolving and complex dynamics of risk as the decisive contributor to disasters has heightened the urgency to pursue effective disaster risk assessment as a prerequisite to inform the disaster risk management planning and disaster risk reduction intervention processes. A structured and systematic approach to disaster risk assessment assists in maintaining rigour thus promoting the quality and validity of the process and its outcomes. Appropriate models serve as valuable tools in enabling this methodological perspective to undertake disaster risk assessment. The nonexistence of an appropriate disaster risk assessment model in South Africa has initiated the emphasis and purpose of this study thereby underscoring the critical need for the development of an effective, holistic and integrated disaster risk assessment model for local government in South Africa. In spear heading the process towards the development of an appropriate disaster risk assessment model, the research commenced with establishing and asserting the fundamental link between disaster risk assessment and disaster risk reduction as an avenue to contextualise and ground the key issues in effective disaster risk reduction. The exploratory analysis engaged in presenting a theoretical construct of disaster risk assessment examined the core components informing the disaster risk assessment process. This discussion led to the comparative review of three disaster risk assessment models viz the Community-Wide Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (CVCA) Model, the Community-Based Risk Reduction Model and the South African Disaster Risk Assessment Model interrogating the significant characteristics, structure and application of the models. The results of the comparison of the above three models provided the necessary insight for the development of the disaster risk assessment model for local government in South Africa. Further influenced by the outcomes of the applied research on the critical analysis of the current disaster risk assessment practice within the four selected municipalities representing local government in South Africa; viz eThekwini Metropolitan, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan, Bojanala District and Stellenbosch local Municipalities. Through the data coding, classification and interpretive process, constructive and correlated research findings were immanent guiding the final development of the integrated disaster risk assessment model for local government in South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012