No description available.

No description available.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Analytical Chemistry Candidate: Vendula Kucharčíková Supervisor: Burkhard Horstkotte, Ph.D. Consultant: Doc. PharmDr. Hana Sklenářová, Ph.D. Title of thesis: Comparison of manual and dynamic extractions of selected transition metals from solid samples The analysis of trace metals in soil is a subject of study in many laboratories. Due to large industrial areas soil can be highly contaminated. This work focused on two easy methods - manual extraction and single flow extraction with the same extractant -acetic acid. Two methods, two concentrations of acetic acid (0.11 M and 0.43 M), and two samples were used to evaluate, which conditions were more effective. As a detection device inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry was selected and two different wavelengths were used to prevent interferences. Manual extraction was more time-consuming and less reproducible than the dynamic extraction. Higher concentration of acetic acid extracted a larger amount of metals and the extraction showed higher reproducibility of the results. In both soils the contaminations with Cu outreached the permitted level for this metal (according to the requirement of the government of the Balearic Islands) and are potentially...

The thesis has focused on the separation of proanthocyanidins (Pas) in beer, raw beer material and beer intermediates (wort, hopped wort, green beer) by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometric detection. A chromatographic column XSELECT HSS T3 was used for separation of individual proanthocyanidins. Mobile phase was formed by a mixture of 0,1% formic acid in water (A) and 0,1% formic acid in acetonitril (B), separation was conducted in gradient mode. Calibration range for catechin and procyanidin B1 a B2 was linear in the range from 10 µg.l-1 to 200 µg.l-1 and for epicatechin from 5 µg.l-1 to 200 µg.l-1 . Limit of quantitation (LOQ) was set to the lowest point of calibration curve, hence for catechin, procyanidin B1 and B2 was LOQ = 10 µg.l-1 and for epicatechin was LOQ = µg.l-1 . Yield of method of the observed Pas was very good, where yield oscillated around 100%. The method also had excellent repeatability, where the relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower then 20%. After optimization of this method it was used for observation of profile changes during brewery process in catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, B2 and B3. It was discovered, that catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and B2 originate mainly from hops and procyaniding B3 is...

This thesis is focused on Radiation damage of samples in low-voltage transmission electron microscopy. In thesis is general description of transmission electron microscopy and their important parts. There is described how samples are damaged by primary electron beam and how samples for transmission electron microscopy are prepared and which degradation occurs from the point of view materials of sample and time dose of electrons from primary electron beam.

The main goal of this thesis is to study and compare electron microscopy images of Nicotiana Occidentalis chloroplasts, obtained from two types of transmission electron microscopes,which work with different accelerating voltage of 80kV and 5kV. The two instruments, TEM JEOL 1010 and low voltage electron microscope LVEM5 are employed for experiments. In the first theoretical part, principle of electron microscopy and chloroplast morphology is described. In experimental part, electron microscopy images of chloroplast under different conditions of sample preparation are shown and discussed.

The thesis apply to reliability problems approach of Voronoi tessellation, typically used in the field of samples designs evaluation and for Monte Carlo samples reweighing. It is shown, this general technique estimation converges to that of Importance Sampling method despite it does not rely on Importance Sampling's auxiliary density. Consequently, reliability analysis could be divided into sampling itself and assessment of simulation results. As an extension of this idea, adaptive statistical sampling using QHull library was attempted.

This diploma thesis deals with the automation of the electropolishing process, which is per-former as the last step in the preparation of metallographic samples intended for observation in an electron microscope. A complete hardware design of a single-purpose machine has been developed, which provides the automatic preperation of up to six samples per insertion. There was the design of a manipulator for sample handling together with chemically re-sistant sample holder suitable for automatic operation as a part of solution. The design of the whole machine was developed with regard to the safety of the operator. The thesis includes detailed 3D model of the device and the desing of an application for measurement in the LabVIEW. It describes the future working process of the machine, including a description of a software for controlling the machine and sending process data of each sample to the to the database in accordance with the principles of industry 4.0. In the conclusion, the achieved results and the proposal of further steps necessary for the realization of the machine are for-mulated.

Multielement analysis of flue gas residues from secondary lead smelting was tested using seven decomposition methods on four different flue gas residues and certified reference materials (CRM) CPB-2 (Pb concentrate, CCRMP). The studied samples contained both silicates and also high contents of phases with Pb, primarily Pb chlorides and sulphates. Solutions prepared by various decomposition methods were analysed using ICP OES (Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, Zn). Greater yields were found for most of the elements by combined decomposition (with fusion) and decomposition by sintering. Nonetheless, both methods exhibited major losses of volatile elements (As, Bi, Sb, Tl). Thus, one of these methods must always be combined with a method of decomposition in a closed system. The work also demonstrates that, for investigation of untraditional waste geological materials (e.g. flue residues from high- temperature industrial processes), it will be necessary in the future to produce new certified reference materials with anomalous chemical and mineralogical compositions, which are not currently available on the market. Laboratory extraction tests were performed on two different types of flue residues - kinetic (30 days) with ratio L/S...

The topic of my diploma thesis draws on my bachelor thesis, which described combustion products of selected substances in the complete combustion. The diploma thesis focused on the incomplete combustion in the same substances to make a comparison possible. In the chapter on the substances selected for burning, the substances were described theoretically first. Further, the burning was carried out, the products that came into being were collected into collection bags and sent to the laboratory of the Institute of Population Protection in Lázně Bohdaneč to be analysed. After receiving the records all possible effects on human health were carried out, and the results were compared with those of the bachelor thesis. The analyses showed that carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide appeared in all analyses, while the remaining substances differed to a minimum extent, however, they are in much higher concentrations than in the perfect combustion. I added two more substances that had not been in my bachelor thesis to those that were burnt, but in the course of two years their application became a common practice, and they play an increasingly more significant role in our life. The task of the chapter dealing with the detection technique was to find out and describe the possibilities of the commander in detecting the combustion products directly on the spot of the actual operation in the shortest possible time, to enable him to propose the protection of the firemen, and possibly to establish the possibilities of taking samples, transport to the laboratory, conducting a laboratory analysis and establishing the approximate time when he could obtain the first sampling results. All of this was focused on the possibilities of the Fire Rescue Service of the Region of South Bohemia (HZS JčK). The next chapter concerned their colleagues of the Fire Rescue Service of the Region of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, in which a questionnaire investigation was focused on them, identical with that of my bachelor thesis. As I had succeeded in including the results of my bachelor thesis into a training course, I wondered whether the knowledge would improve or not. After a comparison with the results from my bachelor thesis with the new ones the conclusions turned out to be favourable, and suggested in which way the training courses - not only for the professional units - should proceed. The results of the new questionnaire investigation, which showed an improvement, should form a basis of a campaign focusing on the non-professional public, which should be acquainted with what they breathe in the event that they burn vast variety of waste. I believe that results would be achieved even here in the form of a deeper knowledge and a better quality of the air we breathe.