This thesis presents the results of petrographic point counting analyses of Muna Slate ware, thepredominant slipped ceramic ware in the Northern Maya Lowlands during the Late and TerminalClassic Periods (600-1000 A.D.) of Maya prehistory. Recently, it was hypothesized that MunaSlate wares were centrally produced and distributed from the Puuc Hills site of Sayil (Smyth andDore 1994; Smyth et al. 1995). Given that Muna Slate wares may be considered utilitariansubsistence items (sensu Brumfiel and Earle 1987), this suggestion runs counter to severalarguments that ancient Maya utilitarian ceramics production is associated with outlyingcommunities and that their distribution is localized. In the research presented here, the model ofMuna Slate ware production presented for Sayil is evaluated in terms of ceramic ecology,economic theory and models of craft distribution, the culture-historical context of Muna Slateware use, and previous studies of ceramic production and distribution in the Maya Lowlands.Muna Slate wares from three sites in the northern Lowlands - Kiuic, Labná, and Ek Balam –were then analyzed in order to test the whether or not Sayil was the sole producer of theseceramics.

Denna uppsats behandlar Paulus syn på lagen vilket är ett mycket omdebatterat område inom paulusforskningen. Frågan om Paulus lagsyn är så central för den övergripande paulustolkingen att alla som vill förstå Paulus och hans texter måste bilda sig en uppfattning om detta. Det har skrivits många hyllmeter och diskussionen verkar långt ifrån avslutad. Frågan kräver dock tydliga avgränsningar för att kunna behandlas i denna relativt korta uppsats. Därför kommer jag fokusera på en perikop i ett av Paulus brev som behandlar denna fråga. Min frågeställning blir då: Vad menar Paulus med ”lagen” i Rom 3:21-31?

This study investigates the physical, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of a group of pottery sherds that are mostly Miletus-ware ceramics, belonging to the Early Ottoman period and excavated during 2003 season, from the The sherds examined are mostly characterized by cobalt-blue designs which are occasionally coupled with black, green and purple paintings. After grouping the sherds according to their stylistic and color differences / petrographic, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray and Fourier Transform Infrared analyses were carried out for investigating the mineralogical and chemical properties. Most of the ceramic samples have slip and glaze on both sides. The glaze part is mostly fresh without any devitrification products. Bodies of the ceramics have tones of reddish yellow and/or red, indicating abundant amount of iron in their raw material. Grains consist mainly of metamorphic rock fragments (quartz-mica schist), quartz, feldspar, hornblende, hematite and biotite. Pyroxene, epidote, chert, muscovite, opaque minerals, chlorite are also encountered. Micritic calcite occurs in some of the pores. Ceramic bodies investigated are usually fine-grained and well-sorted. Clay raw material used for the production of the ceramics seems to be originated from a metamorphic source. Bodies usually show a low degree of vitrification with few exceptions, indicating a rather simple technology with non-uniform and low degree of firing, probably not exceeding 900&deg / C. Technological characteristics of the sherds examined do not seem to have changed much between 14th and 16th century.

The influence of drying parameters namely residence time before drying, drying temperature, drying time, relative humidity, and slip recipe on the drying rate of slip cast sanitary wares, predominantly lavatories and toilet closets, was studied. The drying temperatures were changed from 80 oC to 110 oC with an increment of 10 oC. The drying time was changed from 10 to 7 h with a decrease of 1 hour. Relative humidity of the environment was changed from 60 to 75 %. The percent weight loss, percent residual moisture and the percent shrinkage of the samples were determined by weighing and measuring the samples before and after the tests. The percent weight loss was within the range of 6.5 to 6.6 % after holding the as cast samples for 6 hours at ambient casting shop conditions while it was within the range of 17.96 to 18.10 % when subsequently dried for 10 hours at 110 oC in the dryer. The percent shrinkage was within the range of 2.9 - 3.0 % after holding the as cast samples 6 h at ambient laboratory conditions. No shrinkage was observed in the sample when it was subsequently dried for 10 hours at 110 oC in the dryer. Optimum moisture content of dried wares was obtained after drying for 8 hours at 100 oC in the dryer. It has been seen that the relative humidity of the dryer at the beginning of the drying should be lower than 75 %. As the non-plastic content in the recipe of the sanitary ware slip increased, drying shrinkage and residual moisture content decreased. The results of this study showed that through increasing the residence time up to 6h with a casting shop environment of approximately 30 oC and 60 % relative humidity, the drying time could be safely reduced from 10 h to 8 h with a drying temperature of 100 oC for the test plates. The same approach can be used for more complex shapes, e.g., WC closets, basins, tanks etc. in EczacibaSi Vitra plant. Once the drying time was reduced, the amount of natural gas per ware would be reduced to a certain extent. Aside from that the reduction in the drying time would increase the quantity of the drying cycles per week so that more wares could be dried. When all these observations were taken into account, this thesis study could also be utilized by other sanitary ware producing companies whose processes require slip cast drying.

This thesis discusses the dress code during the Pitted Ware culture on the Swedish island of Gotland. Eight Pitted Ware grave-fields have been analyzed; only 74 skeletons have been identified with some sort of ornament that could have been attached to clothes. The grave-fields are rich in finds and in people nearly every age group is present. The analysis has shown that there are clear differences between the genders. The female always has some sort of seal tooth ornament around her waist and thighs. The man has sometimes tusks from wild boar and tubular bones as an ornament on his clothes. The children have all of the ornaments that the parents have but in smaller numbers. There are also other finds that appear on all of the individuals, but the tusks, seal tooth and tubular bones are the ones that appear on nearly every individual. The North American Indians clothing has been used as a reference to help understand the clothing of the Pitted Ware. So far all of the finds that have been found on the skeletons have shown great diversity in the Pitted Ware clothing.

The bark from prehistory – an osteological analysis on dog bones from the Stone Age settlements of Hemmor and Gullrum at Gotland and a theoretic study of the secular and sacred roles of the dog during the Neolithic. Dog bones from two Pitted Ware Culture (around 2500 BC) settlements, Hemmor in När parish and Gullrum in Näs parish/Havdhem parish, at southern Gotland, Sweden are analyzed. The analysis contains a study of age, withers height and size estimation as well as skeletal changes and pathologies. The attempt of the analysis is to highlight the secular and sacred role of the dog during the Neolithic at Gotland. The dog bones were collected during excavations in the years 1890 and 1903 and were found across the entire surfaces of the settlements. Although there were no specific dog breeds during the Stone Age, the dogs at Hemmor and Gullrum show a wide range of size (withers height spans from 39,74 cm to 56,47 cm) and may therefore have been used for different purposes depending on their size. The dogs were not eaten, but evidence of skinning is found. The results are compared with other analysis made on dog bones from similar settlements. The analysis is complemented with a theoretic study of the functions of dogs in other parts of the world. Ethnologic studies of traditional societies show the importance and wide range of functions in which the dogs are used and can give us an idea of the corresponding functions at a Neolithic Gotland. The functions vary from pet and guardian of the settlement to fishing, hunting and ritual purposes.

Zugl.: Berlin, Steinbeis-Hochsch., Masterarbeit, 2009

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-10T13:17:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULA SIMONE SOARES DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2261838 bytes, checksum: 5b33d306d5194e626b13402878abf44d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-10T13:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULA SIMONE SOARES DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2261838 bytes, checksum: 5b33d306d5194e626b13402878abf44d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Capes / As indústrias de beneficiamento e transformação de minérios geram quantidades bastante significativas de resíduos e atualmente existe uma preocupação mundial com a contaminação do meio ambiente. Os custos de disposição de resíduos e tratamentos de efluentes de forma ambientalmente correta são elevados, o que tem motivado muitas pesquisas sobre reciclagem desses resíduos para uso como matérias primas cerâmicas. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a incorporação do resíduo do beneficiamento de quartzito para uso como matérias prima cerâmicas em substituição parcial aos materiais não-plásticos (quartzo e feldspato), para produção de louças sanitárias. Inicialmente as matérias primas convencionais e alternativas (resíduo de quartzito) foram submetidas a uma caracterização físico-mineralógica através das seguintes técnicas: análise granulométrica por difração a laser (AG), difração de raios X (DRX), fluorescência de raios X (EDX), análises térmicas (DTA, TG). Após caracterização foram formuladas barbotinas sem e com resíduo nos percentuais de 2, 4 e 6%, e posteriormente avaliadas suas propriedades reológicas. Após preparação da massa foram conformados corpos de prova pelo processo de colagem, em seguida submetidos a etapa de queima a temperatura de 1.200ºC em forno contínuo e forno intermitente. Após queima foram determinadas as propriedades físicomecânicas: absorção de água; porosidade aparente; perda ao fogo, ensaio mecânico de flexão em três pontos e retração linear. Os resultados evidenciaram que o resíduo de quartzito poderá ser utilizado em até 6% em massa cerâmica para produção em louça sanitária, sendo que os melhores resultados foram para os corpos cerâmicos sinterizados em forno contínuo. / The beneficiation and mineral processing industries generate significant quantities of waste and there is a global concern with environmental contamination. The waste disposal cost and treatments are high, which has motivated much research on recycling of this waste for use as ceramic raw materials. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the incorporation of quartzite processing of waste for use as raw material ceramics in partial substitution of non-plastic materials (quartz and feldspar) for the production of sanitary wares. Initially materials conventional and alternatives (quartzite residue) were subjected to physical and mineralogical characterization using the following techniques: particle size analysis by laser diffraction, X ray diffraction, X ray fluorescence, thermal analysis. After characterizations, the slurries were formulated with and without residue in percentage of 2, 4 and 6%, and then their rheological properties were evaluated. After conformation, test specimens were firing at temperature of 1200 °C in continuous and intermittent furnace. After firing were determined physical and mechanical properties: water absorption; porosity; loss on ignition, mechanical testing of three point bending and linear shrinkage. The results showed that the residue of quartzite can be used by up to 6% ceramic mass production in sanitary ware, and the best results were for the sintered ceramic bodies in continuous furnace.

There are no written sources are available from the Predynastic period, but an array of art decorated artefacts has been found. This essay will take a closer look at one type of these artefact; the animal shaped stone palette to see what art of this artefact can tell us about the culture that made them.      I will do so by looking at the animal depictions found on the palettes, to allow comparison I will include D-wear, a decorated Predynastic pottery type. I have put together two data sets for the respective artefact that forms the base for this study. My theoretical perspective is that the art depictions of artefact as traces of the culture that made them. The palettes show a variety of patterns that can be seen as such traces in which type of animals are most common, how the animals can be connected by habitat and which animal depiction gets decorated features. My look at the D-ware data set is only brief but shows that animals are quite rare on the pottery and includes only three different kinds of animals. These still correlates with the animal palettes by both artefacts having birds as the most common. The bovids has an almost equal occurrence on the palettes and D-ware in my data sets. Other than this the animal depictions differ notably between the two artefacts. As the traces of culture does not provide any details, this study has given new questions that can be studied further in greater depth.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:05:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHFS.pdf: 2904580 bytes, checksum: ce1d71d9cbe4ea5332da7da1272f4cd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-06 / Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) is a multidisciplinary field that looks for appropriate studies to promote cooperation among groups of people involved in an common task to make use of a computational support to facilitate this cooperation. Besides studying several computation ways to facilitate the cooperative activities, the design, software development and implementation of the support computational are also object of study of CSCW. The cooperative activity support has a great importance because these activities involving a group of people are larger amount that individual ones to the compliment of a common purpose. Within this sense, this research introduces a collection of identified cooperative components through the utilization of a component-based software development methodology. / Trabalho Cooperativo Suportado por Computador (CSCW - Computer Supported Cooperative Work) é um campo multidisciplinar que busca o estudo de formas adequadas para promover a cooperação entre grupos de pessoas envolvidas na realização de uma tarefa comum, utilizando-se de um suporte computacional para facilitar essa cooperação. Além de estudar as diversas maneiras da computação facilitar as atividades cooperativas, o projeto, a implementação e a implantação do suporte computacional para auxiliar as várias formas de cooperação também são objeto de estudo de CSCW. O suporte à atividade cooperativa é de grande importância uma vez que, para o cumprimento de um objetivo comum, as atividades envolvendo um grupo de pessoas são em maior quantidade que as atividades individuais. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta um conjunto de componentes cooperativos identificados a partir da utilização de uma metodologia para desenvolvimento de software baseado em componentes.