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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Modeling of Mixing in Cross Junction using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Hammoudi, Hellen 06 August 2021 (has links)
Research has shown that mixing in cross-junctions in water distribution systems is far from perfect, and that the entering fluids bifurcate from each other rather than mix. The purpose of this thesis is to study the behaviour of two fluids entering a cross-junction in a water distribution system. In this context, experimental tests and numerical simulations are performed in order to produce and test the mixing at cross-junctions. This study focuses on cross-junctions with equal pipe diameters, with flows that can vary from laminar to turbulent. The fluids are pure water and tracer. Different tracer materials with various flow configurations were tested experimentally and numerically. Firstly, an experimental study of mixing in cross-junctions was performed at the TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Center) in Dresden. This experimental study pro-vides an overview of the parameters that can affect the mixing in cross-junctions, and is used to validate the numerical simulations. Different numerical approaches for modelling the mixing in cross-junctions are presented. The simulations use an existing commercial CFD code, ANSYS CFX 19.1, and are also extensively validated using experimental and numerical results from other researchers. In ANSYS CFX there are several models that can be used to simulate the mixing of two fluids. In this study both fluids are considered to be isothermal incompressible and without phase change. Two mixing models are tested: the additional variable model and the multi-component model. The three-dimensional models use RANS turbulence models and LES simulations. The parameters of the numerical setup were investigated carefully in order to study their effect on the results. Furthermore, the effect of changing the turbulent Schmidt number in the RANS simulations was extensively studied, and the results are compared with the experimental results. The accuracy of using Large eddy simulation to simulate mixing in cross junction is also tested, taking into consideration the required mesh resolution and the turbulence in the initial bound-ary conditions. This work presents an applicable numerical approach to simulate the fluid behaviours in cross-junctions. Using this approach, the effect of different parameters is tested, such as: Reynolds number, pipe diameter, mixing time, diffusivity and density difference. The results produced using the numerical approach revealed that one of the main parameters that affect the mixing is the density difference. It has a great effect on the outgoing concentration in cross-junctions, and the mixing behaviour changes when the tracer material and the flow regime are changed. The used approach will help to investigate the effect of various flow parameters on the mixing in cross-junctions. Based on the data set of this study, an empirical conceptual model for mixing in cross-junction is also presented using multiple regression, and there is potential for this model to be further developed in combination with experimental and numerical studies.:Abstract Kurzfassung Nomenclature List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Transport in water distribution system 1.2.2 Mixing in pipe junctions 1.3 Research problems 1.4 Research methodology and objectives 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Basic equations and terms in pipe hydraulic 2.1.1 Conservation of mass (the equation of continuity) 2.1.2 Conservation of momentum (the Navier-Stokes equations) 2.1.3 Contaminant transport (transport equation) 2.1.4 Reynolds number 2.1.5 Flow development in pipes 2.1.6 Velocity distribution in pipe flows 2.1.7 Definition of concentration and mass fraction 2.1.8 Viscosity 2.2 Turbulence and modeling 2.2.1 Spatial discretization methods 2.2.2 Turbulence models 2.2.3 Direct numerical simulation (DNS) 2.2.4 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) 2.2.5 Large eddy simulation 2.3 Modeling of mixing in ANSYS CFX 2.3.1 Additional variable 2.3.2 Multi-component flow model 2.3.3 Two-phase flow model 2.4 Mixing in cross-junctions (available models) 2.4.1 Complete mixing model 2.4.2 Bulk advective mixing model (BAM) 2.4.3 BAM-Wrap mixing model 2.4.4 Shao mixing model 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the model network 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Turbulent flow experiments 3.3.2 Laminar flow experiments 3.3.3 The interpolation of the experimental results 3.4 Conclusion 4 3D Numerical Study using ANSYS CFX 4.1 Introduction to ANSYS CFX 4.1.1 Model setup in ANSYS CFX 4.1.2 Modeling of mixing in cross-junctions 4.2 Additional variable model 4.2.1 Application of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulation 4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of URANS simulations 4.2.3 Application of the large eddy simulation 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Multi-component flow model 4.3.1 Setup of the multi-component simulation model 4.3.2 Results and discussion 4.4 Summary 5 Mixing Model for Cross junction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter sensitivity Analysis 5.2.1 The influence of changing the Reynolds number 5.2.2 The influence of changing the pipe diameter 5.2.3 The influence of the inflow and outflow ratios 5.2.4 The influence of changing the tracer properties 5.2.5 The influence of the pipe roughness 5.3 Conceptual model for mixing in cross junction 6 Summary 7 Outlook References APPENDIX A APPENDIX B / Frühere Forschungsergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass das Vermischen von gelösten Substanzen in Rohrkreuzen in Wasserversorgungssystemen alles andere als perfekt ist und wenn zwei Flüssigleiten in einem Rohrkreuz eintreten, trennen sie sich eher voneinander anstatt sich zu vermischen. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist es, das Verhalten von zwei Flüssigkeiten in einem Rohrkreuz zu untersuchen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden experimentelle Unter-suchungen und numerische Strömungssimulationen durchgeführt, um das Vermischen an Kreuzungspunkten in Wasserversorgungssystemen zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf Rohrkreuzen mit gleichen Rohrdurchmessern in Strömungen, die von laminar bis turbulent variieren können. Verschiedene Eigenschaften der Flüssigkeiten mit verschiedenen Strömungskonfigurationen wurden experimentell und numerisch getestet. Zunächst wurden im TZW (DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser) die experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Mi-schen in Rohrkreuzungen durchgeführt. Die durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen bieten einen Überblick über die Parameter, die das Mischverhältnis in Kreuzungspunkten be-einflussen können, und werden zur Validierung der numerischen Simulationen verwendet. Verschiedene numerische Ansätze zur Modellierung des Vermischens in Rohrkreuzen werden vorgestellt. Die 3D-numerische Strömungssimulationen verwenden einen vorhandenen kommerziellen CFD-Code, ANSYS CFX 19.1, und werden auch anhand experimenteller und numerischer Ergebnisse anderer Forscher umfassend validiert. In ANSYS CFX gibt es mehre-re Modelle, mit denen das Vermischen von Flüssigkeiten simuliert werden kann. In dieser Arbeit werden beide Flüssigkeiten als isotherm, inkompressibel und ohne Phasenwechsel betrachtet. Es werden zwei Mischmodelle getestet: das Additional Variable Model und das Multi-component Model. Die 3D -Strömungsmodelle verwenden RANS-Turbulenzmodelle und LES-Simulationen. Die Parameter des numerischen Aufbaus wurden sorgfältig untersucht, um ihre Auswirkung auf die Ergebnisse zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss der Änderung der turbulenten Schmidt-Zahl in den RANS-Simulationen ausführlich untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Die Genauigkeit der Ver-wendung einer Large-Eddy-Simulation zur Simulation des Vermischens in Rohrkreuz wird ebenfalls getestet, wobei die erforderliche Netzauflösung und die Turbulenzen in den An-fangs- und Randbedingungen berücksichtigt werden. Diese Arbeit präsentiert einen anwend-baren numerischen Ansatz zur Simulation des Fließverhaltens in Rohrkreuzen. Mit diesem Ansatz wird die Wirkung verschiedener Parameter getestet, z. B.: Reynolds-Zahl, Rohrdurch-messer, Vermischungszeit, Diffusivität und Dichteunterschied. Die mit den numerischen Mo-dellen erzielten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass einer der Hauptparameter, die das Vermischen in Rohrkreuzen beeinflussen, der Dichteunterschied ist, welcher einen großen Einfluss auf die ausgehende Konzentration in Kreuzungen hat. Der verwendete numerische Ansatz wird dazu beitragen, die Auswirkung verschiedener Strömungsparameter auf das Vermischen in Rohr-kreuzen zu untersuchen. Basierend auf dem Datensatz dieser Studie wird auch ein empiri-sches konzeptionelles Modell für das Vermischen in Rohrkreuz unter Verwendung multipler Regression vorgestellt. Dieses Modell kann in Kombination mit experimentellen und numeri-schen Studien weiterentwickelt werden.:Abstract Kurzfassung Nomenclature List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Transport in water distribution system 1.2.2 Mixing in pipe junctions 1.3 Research problems 1.4 Research methodology and objectives 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Basic equations and terms in pipe hydraulic 2.1.1 Conservation of mass (the equation of continuity) 2.1.2 Conservation of momentum (the Navier-Stokes equations) 2.1.3 Contaminant transport (transport equation) 2.1.4 Reynolds number 2.1.5 Flow development in pipes 2.1.6 Velocity distribution in pipe flows 2.1.7 Definition of concentration and mass fraction 2.1.8 Viscosity 2.2 Turbulence and modeling 2.2.1 Spatial discretization methods 2.2.2 Turbulence models 2.2.3 Direct numerical simulation (DNS) 2.2.4 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) 2.2.5 Large eddy simulation 2.3 Modeling of mixing in ANSYS CFX 2.3.1 Additional variable 2.3.2 Multi-component flow model 2.3.3 Two-phase flow model 2.4 Mixing in cross-junctions (available models) 2.4.1 Complete mixing model 2.4.2 Bulk advective mixing model (BAM) 2.4.3 BAM-Wrap mixing model 2.4.4 Shao mixing model 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the model network 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Turbulent flow experiments 3.3.2 Laminar flow experiments 3.3.3 The interpolation of the experimental results 3.4 Conclusion 4 3D Numerical Study using ANSYS CFX 4.1 Introduction to ANSYS CFX 4.1.1 Model setup in ANSYS CFX 4.1.2 Modeling of mixing in cross-junctions 4.2 Additional variable model 4.2.1 Application of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulation 4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of URANS simulations 4.2.3 Application of the large eddy simulation 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Multi-component flow model 4.3.1 Setup of the multi-component simulation model 4.3.2 Results and discussion 4.4 Summary 5 Mixing Model for Cross junction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter sensitivity Analysis 5.2.1 The influence of changing the Reynolds number 5.2.2 The influence of changing the pipe diameter 5.2.3 The influence of the inflow and outflow ratios 5.2.4 The influence of changing the tracer properties 5.2.5 The influence of the pipe roughness 5.3 Conceptual model for mixing in cross junction 6 Summary 7 Outlook References APPENDIX A APPENDIX B

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