Includes links to web sites for additional information. / Cover title.

Global waste generation trends are increasing at an alarming rate. Low- and middle-income countries (or the ‘Global South’) bear an increasing proportion of this burden, as the amount of waste produced in these countries is expected to surge drastically in the coming years. Since cities in the Global South rarely have formal municipal recycling systems, recycling activities are typically performed by waste pickers who are precariously employed and sell their wares in unpredictable, unregulated markets. That is to say, this economic activity is an archetype of what is commonly referred to as that taking place in the ‘informal sector.’ Although waste pickers must often confront exclusionary policies and social marginalization, some countries such as Colombia have begun to recognize the social, economic, and environmental contributions of informal recycling activities and have introduced policies that support waste pickers by trying to improve their working conditions. Bogotá has been recognized internationally as an example of ‘best practice’ in terms of creating inclusive policies aimed towards improving the livelihoods of waste pickers. To this end, the Colombian government has introduced, in 2016, National Decree 596, which recognizes and remunerates waste picker organizations as official providers of municipal recycling services. Although this decree legitimizes these ‘third sector’ organizations and has important implications for ‘alternative’ models of service delivery, it has had contradictory effects: although it successfully recognizes the important role that waste pickers play in the waste management system, it also introduces barriers that impede the formalization of waste picker organizations. For example, the decree sets unattainable requirements for the recognition of waste picker organizations and does little to mitigate the vulnerability that waste pickers experience in the face of competition from large, private (often multinational) companies. Based on one month of fieldwork conducted in Bogotá from November 10th to December 10th, 2017, this thesis explores these contradictions and suggests that these barriers originate from the conflicting neoliberal and rights-based orientations of the 1991 Constitution.

The problems of waste disposal in the tanning industry are unique in that the effluents are highly saline, have a high organic loading and contain heavy metals. Methods are available for the safe treatment and disposal of the latter two components, but the saline component requires the expensive outlay of evaporation ponds. This study has identified a possible use for the saline effluents, turning a problematic waste product into a potentially valuable by-product. A range of tannery effluents were identified and tested for their suitability for the mass cultivation of Dunaliella salina (bardawil strain). The bardawil strain was preferred over a local isolate because of its higher production of β-carotene. Ponded tannery effluents and combined processes effluent proved unsuitable for realistic propagation of the alga. Anaerobic digestion of combined processes effluent did not improve its suitability significantly. Anaerobic digestion of hide-soak effluent may remove persistent antimicrobial agents which influence algal growth, but its contribution to enhancing algal growth is equivocal. Undigested hide-soak effluent lacking in persistent antimicrobial agents was found to be an ideal culture medium, as no additional nutrients needed to be added. Significantly higher biomass was obtained in this effluent compared to chemically defined media. Induction of β-carotene was achieved in nitrogen-deficient defined media after culture in tannery effluent. This suggests that a two-stage system using hide-soak effluent for cell propagation and nitrogen deficient media for β-carotene induction, could be possible for the mass cultivation of D. salina for β-carotene production.

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Orientador: Encarnita Salas Martin / Banca: João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes / Banca: Valdir Schalch / Resumo: Este trabalho procurou analisar os aspectos da gestão e do gerenciamento interno e externo dos RSS na cidade de Presidente Prudente. A realização do trabalho coincidiu com um período intenso de negociações entre os estabelecimentos geradores e a companhia responsável pela limpeza pública na busca por uma melhor alternativa para o solucionamento do problema. O município possui um caráter centralizador, oferecendo inúmeros serviços na área médica, dispondo de hospitais, laboratórios e demais estabelecimentos que atraem além dos moradores locais, pessoas advindas de cidades próximas e de até mesmo de outros Estados tais como: região sul do Mato Grosso do Sul e região norte do Estado do Paraná, gerando assim uma significativa quantidade de RSS. Para analisar o gerenciamento interno nos estabelecimentos geradores, foram elaborados e aplicados questionários em seis hospitais e sete laboratórios e no ambulatório da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - UNESP Campus de Presidente Prudente, abordando uma série de questões sobre: adoção de classificação para a realização da segregação, acondicionamento, armazenamento temporário, formas empregadas de coleta e transporte interno, segurança ocupacional, implantação do Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde, dificuldades na elaboração deste plano e existência do mesmo. Diante destes dados foi efetuada uma avaliação com base na RDC nº. 306/04 da ANVISA, buscando traçar um panorama do gerenciamento interno dos RSS nestes estabelecimentos. / Abstract: This work has analysed the aspects of the management and the internal and external management of the HCW in the city of President Prudente. The accomplishment of the work coincided with an intense period of negotiations between the generating establishments and the responsible company for the public cleanness in the search for a better alternative for the solution of the problem. The city possesss a centraliser character, offering innumerable services in the medical area, making use of hospitals, laboratories and other establishments that they attract beyond the local inhabitants, people from cities the closest and even though of other States such as: south region of the Mato Grosso do Sul and northern of Paraná, generating a significant amount of HCW. To analyze the internal management in the generating establishments, questionnaires were elaborated and applied in six hospitals and seven laboratories and the clinic of the College of Sciences and Technology - UNESP Campus of President Prudente, approaching a serie of questions on: adoption of classification for the accomplishment of the segregation, preservation, temporary storage, used forms of collection and internal transport, occupational security, implantation of the Plan of Management of Healthcare Waste, difficulties in the elaboration of this plan and existence of it. Faced with these data the RDC was effected an evaluation on the basis of nº. 306/04 of ANVISA, tracing a panorama of the internal management of the HCW in these establishments. Moreover, aspects referred to the external management of the HCW adopted in the city had also been referred analyzed, such as: collection and transport, used technologies of treatment and analysis of external residues disposal place. / Mestre

Orientador: Anne Helene Fostier / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_Jamilda_M.pdf: 1013559 bytes, checksum: 995725570940ee07ede7e66602c97552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

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English recapitulation of this thesis -Legal regulations of the Waste management in the Czech Republic The main purpose of the thesis is to demonstrate the most important waste management principles in the Czech Republic and in the other European countries. The thesis is divided into 8 chapters. The first chapter deals with a general introduction concerning the topic. It indicates global situation and undesirable influences of deficiencies in the waste management on condition of world seas and oceans. The second chapter considers the waste management as a branch of science activity. This branch was established in 1980s in west European countries, however, 10 years later also in the Czech Republic. The first Parliament Act on the waste management in Czechoslovakia was created in 1991. There were some mistakes and dubiousness in the Act and it was necessary to put them aside before joining the European Union in 2004. Before 2004, this Act had been changed completely two times. The Act of Czech Parliament 185/2001 Sb. went into force on 1st January 2002. Since then, it has been novelized many times according to the European law and is currently responding to the European directives. The third chapter mentions some other acts which are connected with the waste management in the Czech Republic. On the top of...