A method of solubilizing and extracting proteins from by-products was tested. The raw materials used were finely homogenized and digested at 60(DEGREES)C and pH 10.5 for 30 to 120 minutes in the presence of 0.5% alkaline nonspecific bacterial proteases from Bacillus subtillis. The protein in solution was separated from nonsoluble and organic solvent soluble components by filtration or centrifugation. When desired, the proteinaceous solution was dried (preferably by spray drying). Raw materials that were test digested included keratin from turkey feathers, bovine skin collagen, shark waste, shrimp heads, whole squid, inedible chicken carcass, bovine blood plasma, slaughterhouse waste, cotton gin waste, Enteromorpha sp. (a marine alga), Batis sp. and Distycilus sp. (two halophytes), soybean meal, casein, and fibrinogen. With this method, plant proteins were 57.4% to 59.9% extractable and animal proteins were 75.8% to 93.0% extractable. The native protein hydrolyzed by the procedure was reduced to an average molecular weight of 10,000-15,000 daltons. Other changes characteristic of the digestion process were increased protein concentration and decreased ash concentration. Complementation of by-product proteins in Tetrahymena medium resulted in increased growth compared to Tetrahymena cultures using soy or casein as the sole protein source up to 1.25 times. Decreasing protein molecular weight resulted in decreased growth in Tetrahymena (up to 4 times). Shrimp fed hydrolyzed animal proteins grew only 37.6% to 54.8% as much as squid-fed shrimp controls. White leghorn chicks fed 40% protein as hydrolyzed by-product proteins grew as much as chicks fed a commercial-type milo-soy diet supplemented with methionine. Amino acids from smaller peptides were more rapidly absorbed and more completely incorporated into muscle mass by chicks than were larger peptides.

SAPPI SAJCCOR, whose factory is situated south of Durban, South Africa, is one of the few paper and pulp mills that uses the acid sulphite process with calcium and magnesium bases to produce a high-grade cellulose pulp. Four streams of effluent, namely, the calcium - spent liquor stream, the magnesium condensate stream and two streams from the bleaching effluent are produced during this sulphite pulping process and they contain a variety of organic compounds extracted from the wood. Characterisation of the effluent was based on isolation using column chromatography and identification using NMR techniques. A range of constituents, such as lignans and lignin - type precursors, a trilerpenoid and fatty acids were isolated and identified. X-ray diffraction was used to identify an inorganic residue obtained from the calcium - spent liquor stream and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to identify a wax residue. which builds up in the process. In addition to this, the carbohydrate content of the four streams of effluent was detennined using UV/visiblc spectroscopy. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Surplus sugarcane bagasse, estimated at a maximum of 0,9x106 tons/year, represents an annual renewable resource which is readily available at the mill site and is a suitable potential source of alternative fuels and chemical feedstocks. This work contains an extensive literature survey which covers the production of C5- and C6- sugars from lignocelluloses by chemical hydrolysis and the pretreatment of cellulosic materials for enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose fraction. This survey was then used to determine the final direction of this research into the utilisation of bagasse for the production of fermentable sugars. It was decided that research should be directed at the dilute acid hydrolysis of the bagasse hemicellulose fraction to determine whether this fraction could be selectively hydrolysed from the complex lignocellulose structure and to obtain xylose yields under different hydrolysis conditions. Acids, especially acetic acid, are liberated from bagasse by steaming at elevated temperatures. In this acid medium the hemicelluloses are hydrolysed and become soluble. Autohydrolysis tests on whole bagasse indicate that hemicellulose hydrolysis becomes significant at temperatures above 140°C. However, the autohydrolysis liquor would still require dilute mineral acid hydrolysis to convert the pentose oligomers to their monomeric forms. Dilute sulphuric and batch hydrolysis of whole bagasse hemicellulose has thus been investigated at a solid to liquid ratio of 1:15 over the following temperature and acid concentrations ranges : 80° to 150°C and 3 to 40 g/l acid. Xylose, glucose, furfural and acetic acid formation and sulphuric acid consumption were monitored during these hydrolyses. Hemicellulose hydrolysis to produce mainly xylose is readily achieved over the entire range of acid hydrolysis conditions tested with little removal of the other bagasse components (lignin and cellulose). At the upper end of the temperature range acid concentrations below 20 g/l are sufficient for hemicellulose hydrolysis due to the effect of temperature on reaction rate. The bagasse hemicellulose consists of two fractions, an easily hydrolysable portion containing 165 mg of potential xylose/g bagasse and a resistant fraction containing 105 mg of potential xylose/g bagasse. A first order reaction model has been developed using the batch acid hydrolysis results. It is based on two hemicellulose fractions reacting simultaneously to give a common product (xylose) and predicts total xylose yield as a function of hydrolysis time for a given set of hydrolysis conditions. The encouraging xylose yields obtained during the batch hydrolyses led to the design of a continuous hydrolysis reactor to process bagasse at low liquid to solid ratios to determine whether xylose yields similar to the batch hydrolysis yields could be obtained at the same hydrolysis conditions. The continuous hydrolyses showed that for the conditions tested the xylose yields are unaffected by the decrease in liquid to solid ratio (down to 3,6:1) and it would appear that reactor performance is still controlled by reaction kinetics. A number of reactor configurations for the industrial production of pentoses from bagasse hemicelluloses are also proposed. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal. Durban, 1982.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. April, 2015 / Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology presents great potential for use as a dual system for industrial waste water remediation and electricity generation. The hurdle in up-scaling this technology has been identified as MFC-bioreactor architecture, both with regards to bioremediation and carbon source to electricity conversion rates. In addition to the latter’s limitations, the use of expensive mediators and membrane to enhance MFC performance renders the technology uneconomic to employ industrially. A 60mm high double chamber membrane and mediator-less MFC-bioreactor was designed, and constructed. The novel MFC-bioreactor made of transparent polyacrylic plastic had a total working volume of 8 litres with the anode chamber situated at the bottom and the cathode chamber at the top separated by a 10cm deep artificial membrane made up of glass wool, glass beads and marble balls. The MFC was operated under various operating parameters including; feeding modes (batch and continuous), with different substrate concentration at a range of external resistance (100-9000Ω) .The voltage produced during MFC operation was monitored and used to estimate the power density output of the MFC. The pseudo membrane was able to sufficiently separate the anode and cathode chambers allowing the development of potential difference and hence generation of current. The MFC demonstrated the potential for sustainable operation by producing and maintaining a stable power density of 2000mW/m2 when operated with an external resistance of 1000Ω. This power density was accompanied by a 73% remediation efficiency of the synthetic wastewater. It was concluded that the results of this research show proof of concept for a membrane-less MFC that can produce electrical energy in the absence of an electron shuffling mediator.

Orientador: Manuel Baldomero Rolando Berríos Godoy / Banca: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Diego Correa Maia / Banca: Márcio José Celeri / Banca: Rafael Alves Orsi / Resumo: A gestão regionalizada dos resíduos sólidos na Região Metropolitana do Cariri Cearense tem como meta a construção de um aterro sanitário consorciado, alternativa considerada importante para dispor os rejeitos. Nesse sentido, deve ser integrada à política de incentivo à coleta seletiva institucionalizada nas cidades consorciadas. Implantar sistema de segregação de resíduos implica em diminuir quantidade e os custos com as toneladas de resíduos que serão dispostas no aterro regional, incluir os catadores que vivem e sobrevivem nos lixões e fortalecer a organização dos mesmos. Assim sendo, a pesquisa sugere um sistema de coleta seletiva participativa, solidária, cooperada e integrada que atenda às necessidades, locais e regional. Esta proposta responde ao objetivo central da tese, qual seja, propor um sistema de coleta seletiva com a participação social a partir da realidade do lugar. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, por meio da aplicação de questionários e realização de oficinas. O processo se deu em três rodadas das quais participaram os atores sociais implicados diretamente no processo, quais sejam: catadores, comunidade, empresários, professores e gestores. Para cada segmento foram aplicados 30 questionários. Para tanto, adaptou-se a técnica Delphi. O recorte espacial da pesquisa é formado por seis cidades: Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Barbalha, Nova Olinda, Santana do Cariri e Altaneira, todas localizadas na região Sul do Ceará. O mapa teórico fundamentou-se nos novos conceitos introduzidos pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Entende-se que o sistema de coleta seletiva com a participação dos catadores de forma organizada e fundamentada nos princípios da economia solidária rompe com a gestão de coletar, transportar e dispor os resíduos em lixões a céu aberto, visto que estes devem ser eliminados até 2018. Assim a segregação dos resíduos contribuirá efetivamente... / Abstract: The regionalized management of solid waste in the metropolitan area of Cariri Cearense aims to build a consortium landfill, alternative considered important to dispose the waste. Accordingly, it should be integrated into the incentive policy of institutionalized selective collection in consortiums cities. Implement waste segregation system implies lower amount and the cost of tons of waste to be disposed in the regional landfill, include scavengers who live and survive in the dumps and strengthen their organization. Therefore, the research suggests a participatory selective collection system, supportive, cooperative and integrated that meets the needs, local and regional. This proposal responds to the central aim of the thesis, namely, proposing a system of selective collection with social participation from the reality of the place. To this end, it carried out quantitative and qualitative research, through questionnaires and workshops. The process took place in three rounds on which was attended by stakeholders involved directly in the process, namely: collectors, community, business people, teachers and administrators. For each segment were applied 30 questionnaires. For that Delphi technique was adapted. The spatial area of research is made up of six cities: Crato, Juazeiro, Barbalha, Nova Olinda, Santana do Cariri and Altaneira, all located in the southern region of Ceará. The theoretical map was based on the new concepts introduced by the National Policy on Solid Waste. It is understood that the selective collection system with the participation of organized collectors and based on the principles of social economy breaks with the management collect, transport and dispose the waste in open dumps, as these should be eliminated by 2018. Thus the segregation of waste effectively contribute to the shared management of municipal solid waste in view of the National Policy on Solid Waste / Doutor

This investigation presents results of the temperature effect on durability properties (resistivity and diffusivity) and compressive strength of concrete with pozzolans, and the effect of pozzolanic admixtures on microstructure and chemical compositions of concrete pore solution. ... Temperature dependence of electrical resistivity and chloride diffusivity was studied by dynamic temperature tests. Accelerated curing regimes involving curing concrete specimens in 35À C lime water with different durations were tested. Compressive strength test, resisivity measurement and rapid chloride migration (RCM) tests were performed. A leaching method was used to measure pH and conductivity of concrete pore solution. ... The accelerated curing regimes were found to increase the compressive strength and resistance to chloride ion penetration at short-term and long-term. With the developed correlation between resistivity and migration coefficients, it is possible to employ the resistivity measurement as an alternative or replacement of the RCM test to evaluate resistance of chloride ion penetration of concrete. Pozzolanic admixtures were found to decrease both pH and conductivity of concrete pore solution as the replacement ratio increased. Moreover, the migration coefficients were found to be greatly correlated to the microstructure properties of concrete, such as porosity, formation factor and tortuosity. / by Yanbo Liu. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Renewable energy security for the future and better use of natural resources are key challenges that can be concurrently managed by a practical anaerobic co-digestion approach in the production of methane. For this study, co-digestion of cassava and winery waste was investigated for the production of biogas. Cassava biomass is a good substrate for biogas production due to its high carbohydrate yield per hectare (4.742 kg/carb) than most plants. Winery wastes constitute a lot of challenge in South Africa due to high amounts currently being dumped at landfills. Due to the chemical properties of the two substrates, it is envisaged that their co-digestion will produce more biogas than use of a single substrate. Biomethane potential (BMP) tests were carried out in a batch, mesophilic (37 °C±0.5) reactor using cassava and winery waste singly and in combination at a ratio of 1:1 and ran for 30 days. Biogas optimization was also evaluated. The optimal conditions for methane production from anaerobic co-digestion of cassava biomass and winery solid waste using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of temperature, pH and co-substrate ratios on the methane yield were explored. A central composite design technique was used to set-up the anaerobic co-digestion experiment was determined. Once the optimized values were established, biogas production from co-digestion of cassava biomass with winery waste was investigated using a single-stage 5 L mesophilic batch digester and the microbial dynamics inside the digester during co-digestion of cassava and winery waste in the single-stage 5 L mesophilic batch digester. The samples were collected on days 1, 15 and 30 of the anaerobic digestion period and DNA extracted from them while 16sRNA bacterial sequencing was performed. The results for the BMP tests showed that cumulative methane yield for cassava, winery waste and in combination were 42, 21 and 38 mLCH4 respectively. It was concluded that biogas production from anaerobic digestion was dependent on many factors such as pH, substrate properties and the ratio of different feedstocks used during co-digestion. The results from the optimization study were pH 7, temperature of 35 °C±0.5 and co-digestion ratio of 70:30 cassava to winery waste. The maximum methane yield of 346.28 mLCH4/gVSadded was predicted by the quadratic model at the optimal temperature of 35 oC±0.5, pH of 7 and 70:30 ratio of cassava biomass to winery solid waste. Experimental results showed a close fit but higher methane yield (396 mLCH4/gVSadded) than predicted values as indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9521. The response surface model proved successful in the optimization process of methane yield. The single-stage 5L mesophilic batch digester with a co-substrate ratio of 70:30 cassava to winery waste produced a total of 819.54 mL/gVS biogas with a 62 % methane content. The study of microbial community dynamics showed the presence of the bacteria that is responsible for each stage of anaerobic digestion. The study concluded that both winery waste and cassava substrates were favourable for biogas production and most underprivileged people in the rural areas with no access to electricity can produce & utilise it.

Waste-to-energy (WTE) is the environmentally preferred method of managing post-recycling wastes. In this process, municipal solid waste is combusted under controlled conditions to generate steam and electricity. Waste is by nature heterogeneous and has a substantially high composition of chlorine (0.47-0.72 wt%) as compared to other solid fuels used for power production. During combustion, chlorine is converted to hydrogen chloride and metal chlorides, which can accelerate the high temperature corrosion of boiler surfaces, especially superheater tubes. This corrosion can significantly affect plant efficiency and profitability by causing unplanned shutdowns or preemptively forcing operators to limit steam temperatures. The following work focuses on the role of chlorine compounds on boiler tube corrosion and investigates approaches for minimizing its effects. The corrosion behavior was studied by conducting laboratory furnace tests on alloys of current and future interest to the WTE industry. Test specimens were coupons machined from boiler tubes to a nominal area of 3.2 cm² (0.5 in²). An chemical environment was introduced in an electrical furnace that replicates the fireside of superheater tube. This included a mixed gas stream with O₂, CO₂, H₂O, HCl, SO₂, and N₂, and temperatures ranging between 400-550°C (752-1022°F). For some experiments, a salt layer was applied to the coupons with a loading of 4.0 ±10% mg/ cm² to understand the behavior of the effects of metal chlorides. Following each experiment, the corrosion rate was determined by taking the mass loss as specified in an American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) protocol, G1-09. Additional insights were obtained by characterizing the coupons via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Additionally, the corrosion scale and salt layer were characterized via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The addition of 800 ppm of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas to a mixed gas oxidizing environment accelerated the corrosion rate of SA178A (Fe-0.1C) at 500°C (932°F) as determined by the change in the parabolic rate constant over a period of 72 hours, from 0.18 to 1.7 μm²/h (3.0 E-03 to 2.5 E-02 mil²/h). The findings from the EDS and XRD scale analyses were compared to other literature and thermodynamic calculations that showed that effect that HCl accelerates corrosion via an active oxidation mechanism. A parametric study was performed on the effect of hydrogen chloride on three alloys, SA178A, SA 213-T22 (2.5 Cr-1 Mo-Fe) and NSSER-4 (Fe-17Cr-13Ni). Varying the concentration from 400 ppm to 800 ppm at 500°C increased the mean mass loss by 17.5%, as compared to the 60% increase from 0 to 400 ppm. For each alloy, the mass loss increased sharply with temperature between 450, 500, and 500°C, with corresponding apparent activation energies of Ea NSSER- 4 53 kJ/mol, Ea SA213 T22 110 kJ/mol, and Ea SA178A 111 kJ/mol. The lower apparent activation energy for NSSER-4 demonstrates that effect of hydrogen chloride is mitigated with austenitic alloys versus carbon steel or low alloyed steel. In a comparative study between isothermal and temperature gradient tests, it was also shown that the corrosion of SA178A was not impacted by a temperature gradient up to 250 °C. Another important chlorine compound in WTE boilers are metal chlorides, which are readily contained in fly ash and boiler deposits. Using sodium chloride as a surrogate compound, the corrosion behavior under chloride salts was investigated by applying a salt layer (4.0 mg/cm²) on coupon surfaces. Corrosion under the chloride layer was much more severe than below the HCl-containing atmospheres alone. The mass loss for the commercial steels was increased by more than an order of magnitude. Based on SEM and XRD coupon and corrosion product characterization, this behavior was the result of a second active oxidation mechanism in which sodium chloride reacts with and depletes protective oxides such as chromium (II) oxide. The WTE furnace tests with the sodium chloride layer were executed for six different Ni-Cr coatings, including Inconel 625 (Ni-Cr-Mo), SW1600, SW1641 (Ni-Cr-Mo-B-Si) and Colmonoy 88 and SP 99 (Ni-Cr-B-W). The primary corrosion attack observed was pitting located under the original salt layer. Colmonoy 88, showed superior corrosion resistance with mass losses between 0.3-3.1 mg/cm2 between 450-550°C as compared to the Ni-Cr-Mo, and Ni-Cr-B-So coatings which has mass losses between 10-30 mg/cm². The enhanced corrosion performance of Colmonoy 88 and SP 99 was attributed to the alloying addition of tungsten, which had been previously shown in literature to also improve the pitting resistance for Ni-Cr in aqueous environments. The corrosion behavior under metal chlorides was compared with metal sulfates, which are also prominent in WTE fly ash and boiler deposits. The application of sulfate salts on coupon surfaces was shown to semi-protective on WTE boiler tube surfaces up to temperatures of 550°C. The mass loss for carbon steel and Fe-17Cr-13Ni (NSSER-4) below sodium sulfate was an order of magnitude lower than under sodium chloride. These results motivated experiments aimed at sulfating chloride boiler deposits by increases the sulfur/chlorine gas ratio (SO₂/HCl) in WTE fuel gas. The SO₂/HCl ratio was modified between 0.3 to 0.6 and 1.0 respectively. By increasing the SO₂/HCl ratio, the sodium chloride layer applied on the coupon surface was converted from a chloride rich salt to a sulfate rich and was shown to dramatically reduce the corrosion of tube alloys up to 500°C. The impact of sulfating the alloy was most prominent with alloys with high mass loss under the sodium chloride layer. Tests showed a reduction in the corrosion rates of SA213 T22 (37%), Inconel 625 (23%), and NSSER-4 (27%). At 550 °C, there was no trend with respect to increases of the ratio, which suggests that other corrosion reactions are faster than the rate of sulfation. Finally, the annualized cost factor was defined and proposed as a method for replacing current superheater alloys with alternative materials, such as those tested in this thesis. From this discussion it was calculated that the installation of a colmonoy 88 protected superheater can cost approximately 1.4 times the cost of an Inconel 625 cladded replacement, or as much as 4.3 times the cost of a T22 superheater tube and remain a cost effective option.

Orientador: Ederio Dino Bidoia / Banca: Carlos Renato Corso / Banca: Peterson Bueno de Moraes / Resumo: A escassez de água potável está sempre em foco por ser um pré-requisito para a vida. Nas grandes cidades é evidente como uma preocupação que determina a vida de bilhões de cidadãos, sendo um recurso que movimenta a economia e a saúde pública. É fundamental nas indústrias movimentando a economia, e muitas vezes ao sair delas, como efluente, não é submetida aos tratamentos necessários antes de ser devolvida aos cursos hídricos, dos quais primeiramente foi retirada. Este trabalho visa aprimorar os métodos de remoção de corante Acid Red 114 e Acid Blue 40 do efluente de indústrias têxteis com o uso do processo de coagulação e floculação. Uma vez que os efluentes não tratados geram problemas ecológicos, com um grande impacto ambiental, seu tratamento é fundamental para evitar a contaminação de nossos mananciais. O método escolhido de tratamento foi o de coagulação/floculação por ser amplamente empregado em ETE (Estações de Tratamento de Efluentes) e possuir uma boa eficiência e baixo custo. Com o uso da espectrofotometria e testes de toxicidade foi avaliada a eficiência deste tratamento. Nos testes de toxicidade com S. cerevisiae na mistura dos corantes, Acid Blue 40 com Acid Red 114, mostraram que as leveduras são resistentes as concentrações as quais foram expostas. Nos testes de toxicidade com Artemia salina na mistura dos corantes, Acid Blue 40 com Acid Red 114, mostraram uma mortalidade de 23,33% na concentração de 0,100 g L-1 . Esta sensibilidade maior dos organismos expostos a combinação dos corantes é notada quando comparada com os organismos expostos aos corantes isolados. As sementes expostas a combinações dos corantes mostraram uma mortalidade similar as sementes expostas aos corantes isolados / Abstract: The shortage of drinking water is always in focus to be a prerequisite for life. In large cities it is evident as a concern that determines the lives of billions of people, and a feature that moves the economy and public health. It is essential in industries moving the economy, and many of them times out as effluent is not subjected to the necessary treatments before being returned to watercourses, which was first removed. This research aims to improve the stain removal methods Acid Red 114 and Acid Blue 40 from the effluent from textiles with the use of coagulation and flocculation process. Since untreated effluents generate ecological problems, with a large environmental impact, its treatment is essential to prevent contamination of our water sources. The chosen method of treatment was the coagulation / flocculation to be widely used in wastewater treatment plants (wastewater treatment plants) and have a good efficiency and low cost. With the use of spectrophotometry and toxicity tests evaluated the efficacy of this treatment. toxicity tests with S. cerevisiae in the mixture of dyes, Acid Blue 40 with Acid Red 114, showed that yeast concentrations which were exposed are tough. In toxicity tests with Artemia salina in the mixture of dyes, Acid Blue 40 with Acid Red 114, showed a mortality of 23.33% at a concentration of 0.100 g L-1. This increased sensitivity of the organisms exposed to the combination of dyes is noted when compared with organisms exposed to the isolated dye. Seeds exposed to combinations of dyes showed similar mortality seeds exposed to the isolated dye / Mestre

Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / The search for alternatives to fossil fuel is necessary with a view to reducing the negative environmental impact of fossil fuel and most importantly, to exploit an affordable and secured fuel source. This study investigated the viability of municipal solid waste gasification for a fuel cell system. Potential solid fuels obtained from the study in the form of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) had high heating value (HHV) between 18.17 MJ/Kg - 28.91 MJ/Kg with energy density increased from 4142.07 MJ/m3 to 10735.80 MJ/m3. The molecular formulas of RDF derived from Ladies Smith drop-off site, Woodstock drop-off site and an average molecular formula of all thirteen municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal facilities were CH1.43O1.02, CH1.49O1.19, and CH1.50O0.86 respectively. The comparative ratios of C/H were in the range of 7.11 to 8.90. The Thermo Gravimetric Analysis showed that the dehydration, thermal decompositions, char combustions were involved in the production of gaseous products but flaming pyrolysis stage was when most tar was converted to syngas mixture. The simulation of RDF gasification allowed a prediction of the RDF gasification behaviour under various operating parameters in an air-blown downdraft gasifier. Optimum SFR (steam flowrate) values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were determined to be within these values 2.80, 2.50 and 3.50 and Optimum ER values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were also determined to be within these values 0.15, 0.04 and 0.08. These conditions produced the desired high molar ratio of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream. The molar ratios of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream for all the RDFs were between 18.81 and 20.16. The values of H2/CO satisfy the requirement for fuel cell application. The highest concentration of heavy metal was observed for Al, Fe, Zn and Cr, namely 16627.77 mg/Kg at Coastal Park (CP), 17232.37 mg/Kg at Killarney (KL), 235.01 mg/Kg at Tygerdal (TG), and 564.87 mg/Kg at Kraaifontein (KF) respectively. The results of quantitative economic evaluation measurements were a net return (NR) of $0.20 million, a rate of return on investment (ROI) of 27.88 %, payback time (PBP) of 2.30 years, a net present value (NPV) of $1.11 million and a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) of 24.80 % and 28.20 % respectively. The results of the economic evaluations revealed that some findings of the economic benefits of this system would be viable if costs of handling MSW were further quantified into the costs analysis. The viability of the costs could depend on government responsibility to accept costs of handling MSW.