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Medical and economic costs for obesity are estimated at $147 billion per year, yet less than 1/3 of overweight individuals successfully maintain weight loss. The literature is replete with descriptions of the problem and research on treatments, yet demonstrations of effective loss and maintenance are lacking. Missing is an understanding of the experiences of individuals who successfully maintained healthy weight loss, which could provide insights regarding effective psycho-social interventions. The purpose of this qualitative narrative study was to explore key events and experiences in the lives of former weight cyclers. The primary phenomena of interest included weight cycling and sustained weight loss. Self-determination theory (SDT) and social cognitive theory (SCT) provided the theoretical frameworks to explore concepts like autonomy, mastery, and vicarious learning, which are known to be associated with recovery from other addictions (e.g., smoking cessation, weight loss). Using the tradition of narrative analysis, the stories of 6 formerly obese weight cyclers revealed 5 major themes: structure, strategies, relationship/support, autonomy, and identity as a fat person. Findings support SDT and SCT as meaningful frameworks for understanding how severely obese individuals can attain successful weight maintenance. Findings from this study revealed elements not fully addressed by these theories, such as resilience, the diverse orientations to the problem, and overarching themes common to all participants. Findings can be used to place greater emphasis on psychological components such as autonomy, mastery, and relatedness, which are necessary for successful remission. Findings may contribute to reducing direct and related costs of obesity and improving quality of life for individuals and their families.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A obesidade está associada com a inflamação crônica atribuída à liberação de citocinas e adipocinas, à homeostase desregulda da glicemia e à dislipidemia. Intervenções nutricionais são frequentemente acompanhadas por episódios repetidos de perda e recuperação do peso, fenômeno conhecido como efeito sanfona ou ciclagem da massa corporal. Foram avaliados os efeitos da ciclagem da massa corporal sobre os parâmetros: eficiência alimentar, massa corporal (MC), perfil lipídico, metabolismo de carboidratos, indíce de adiposidade corporal, marcadores inflamatórios, esteatose hepática e triglicerídeo (TG) hepático em camundongos C57BL/6 machos que ciclaram a massa corporal duas ou três vezes consecutivas pela alternância de dieta hiperlipídica (high-fat, HF) e dieta padrão (standard-chow,SC). Após cada ciclo de dieta HF, os animais ficavam cada vez mais pesados e, após cada ciclo de dieta SC, os animais perdiam cada vez menos peso. A ciclagem da massa corporal provocou flutuação nas reservas de gordura e nos lipídeos sanguíneos. O colesterol total dos animais, após mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC, apresentou redução dos seus valores, assim como os TG plasmáticos. No teste oral de tolerância à glicose, após o perído de ingestão da dieta HF, os animais apresentaram intolerância à glicose e, após a troca para dieta SC, os animais continuaram com intolerância à glicose. Em relação as adipocinas e citocinas, a leptina, resistina e o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) alfa séricos aumentaram após o ciclo da dieta HF e diminuíram após a troca por dieta SC. Ao contrário, a adiponectina sérica diminuiu após dieta HF e aumentou após troca por dieta SC. A IL-6 aumentou após ingestão da dieta HF, porém após a troca para dieta SC, a IL-6 permaneceu elevada. Enquanto o MCP-1 não variou durante as trocas de dietas. A expressão da adiponectina no tecido adiposo diminuiu após a dieta HF e os valores permaneceram reduzidos mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. As expressões da leptina e IL-6 no tecido adiposo aumentaram após dieta HF e continuaram aumentados mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. Da mesma forma, a esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos não reduziram após a mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC. Tanto a dieta HF, como a ciclagem da massa corporal são relevantes para o remodelamento do tecido adiposo e provoca repercussões nos lipídios séricos, na homeostase da glicose, na secreção de adipocinas e provoca acúmulo de gordura no fígado. A troca para dieta SC e redução da MC não são capazes de normalizar a secreção de adipocinas no tecido adiposo e nem das citocinas pró-inflamatórias que permaneceram aumentadas. A esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos também não são recuperados com a troca para dieta SC e redução da massa corporal. Estes resultados indicam que a ciclagem da MC cria um ambiente inflamatório, que é agraado com adipocinas alteradas, intolerância à glicose e acúmulo de gordura no fígado / Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation attributed to release of cytokines and adipokines and to dysregulated glucose-insulin homeostasis and dyslipidemia. Nutritional interventions such as dieting are often accompanied by repeated bouts of weight loss and regain, a phenomenon known as weight cycling (WC). In this work we studied the effects of WC on the parameters: feed efficiency, body mass (BM), blood lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, adiposity, inflammatory markers, hepatic steatosis and hepatic triglyceride (TG) in C57BL/6 male mice that WC two or three consecutive times by alternation of a high-fat (HF) diet with standard chow (SC). The body mass (BM) grew up in each cycle of HF feeding, and decreased after each cycle of SC feeding. After three consecutive WC, less marked was the BM reduction during SC feeding, while more severe was the BM increase during HF feeding. After each cycle of the HF diet body mass grew up in each cycle of HF feeding, became increasingly heavier and after each cycle of SC feeding, the animals lost less weight. The WC mass caused fluctuations in fat reserves and blood lipids total cholesterol, after shift the HF diet by SC diet showed a reduction of their values and plasma TG. The oral glucose tolerance test after the regular intake of HF diet, the animals showed glucose intolerance and, after switching to SC diet, the animals continued with glucose intolerance. Regarding the adipokines and cytokines, leptin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) serum increased after the cycle of HF feeding and decreased after the switch to SC feeding. In contrast, serum adiponectin decreased after HF feeding and increased after dietary exchange for SC. The IL-6 increased after intake of HF diet, but after switching to SC feeding, which remained elevated, while the MCP-1 was not changed during the shift of diets. The expression of adiponectin in adipose tissue decreased after the HF feeding and the values remained low even after switching to diet SC. The expression of leptin, IL-6 in the adipose tissue increased after HF feeding and remained elevated after the change to SC diet. Similarly, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic TG not reduced after the change to the diet HF diet SC. The results of the present study showed that both the HF diet and WC are relevant to BM evolution and fat pad remodeling in mice, with repercussion in blood lipids, homeostasis of glucose-insulin, adipokine levels and causes fat accumulation in the liver. The simple reduction of the BM during a WC is not able to recover the high levels of adipokines in the adipose tissue and serum as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hepatic steatosis and hepatic TG are not recovered with the change to SC feeding and body mass reduction. These findings indicate that the WC creates an inflammatory environment; with altered adipokines in association with WC which potentially aggravates the chronic inflammation attributed to dysregulated production and release of adipokines in mice

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A obesidade está associada com a inflamação crônica atribuída à liberação de citocinas e adipocinas, à homeostase desregulda da glicemia e à dislipidemia. Intervenções nutricionais são frequentemente acompanhadas por episódios repetidos de perda e recuperação do peso, fenômeno conhecido como efeito sanfona ou ciclagem da massa corporal. Foram avaliados os efeitos da ciclagem da massa corporal sobre os parâmetros: eficiência alimentar, massa corporal (MC), perfil lipídico, metabolismo de carboidratos, indíce de adiposidade corporal, marcadores inflamatórios, esteatose hepática e triglicerídeo (TG) hepático em camundongos C57BL/6 machos que ciclaram a massa corporal duas ou três vezes consecutivas pela alternância de dieta hiperlipídica (high-fat, HF) e dieta padrão (standard-chow,SC). Após cada ciclo de dieta HF, os animais ficavam cada vez mais pesados e, após cada ciclo de dieta SC, os animais perdiam cada vez menos peso. A ciclagem da massa corporal provocou flutuação nas reservas de gordura e nos lipídeos sanguíneos. O colesterol total dos animais, após mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC, apresentou redução dos seus valores, assim como os TG plasmáticos. No teste oral de tolerância à glicose, após o perído de ingestão da dieta HF, os animais apresentaram intolerância à glicose e, após a troca para dieta SC, os animais continuaram com intolerância à glicose. Em relação as adipocinas e citocinas, a leptina, resistina e o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) alfa séricos aumentaram após o ciclo da dieta HF e diminuíram após a troca por dieta SC. Ao contrário, a adiponectina sérica diminuiu após dieta HF e aumentou após troca por dieta SC. A IL-6 aumentou após ingestão da dieta HF, porém após a troca para dieta SC, a IL-6 permaneceu elevada. Enquanto o MCP-1 não variou durante as trocas de dietas. A expressão da adiponectina no tecido adiposo diminuiu após a dieta HF e os valores permaneceram reduzidos mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. As expressões da leptina e IL-6 no tecido adiposo aumentaram após dieta HF e continuaram aumentados mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. Da mesma forma, a esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos não reduziram após a mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC. Tanto a dieta HF, como a ciclagem da massa corporal são relevantes para o remodelamento do tecido adiposo e provoca repercussões nos lipídios séricos, na homeostase da glicose, na secreção de adipocinas e provoca acúmulo de gordura no fígado. A troca para dieta SC e redução da MC não são capazes de normalizar a secreção de adipocinas no tecido adiposo e nem das citocinas pró-inflamatórias que permaneceram aumentadas. A esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos também não são recuperados com a troca para dieta SC e redução da massa corporal. Estes resultados indicam que a ciclagem da MC cria um ambiente inflamatório, que é agraado com adipocinas alteradas, intolerância à glicose e acúmulo de gordura no fígado / Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation attributed to release of cytokines and adipokines and to dysregulated glucose-insulin homeostasis and dyslipidemia. Nutritional interventions such as dieting are often accompanied by repeated bouts of weight loss and regain, a phenomenon known as weight cycling (WC). In this work we studied the effects of WC on the parameters: feed efficiency, body mass (BM), blood lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, adiposity, inflammatory markers, hepatic steatosis and hepatic triglyceride (TG) in C57BL/6 male mice that WC two or three consecutive times by alternation of a high-fat (HF) diet with standard chow (SC). The body mass (BM) grew up in each cycle of HF feeding, and decreased after each cycle of SC feeding. After three consecutive WC, less marked was the BM reduction during SC feeding, while more severe was the BM increase during HF feeding. After each cycle of the HF diet body mass grew up in each cycle of HF feeding, became increasingly heavier and after each cycle of SC feeding, the animals lost less weight. The WC mass caused fluctuations in fat reserves and blood lipids total cholesterol, after shift the HF diet by SC diet showed a reduction of their values and plasma TG. The oral glucose tolerance test after the regular intake of HF diet, the animals showed glucose intolerance and, after switching to SC diet, the animals continued with glucose intolerance. Regarding the adipokines and cytokines, leptin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) serum increased after the cycle of HF feeding and decreased after the switch to SC feeding. In contrast, serum adiponectin decreased after HF feeding and increased after dietary exchange for SC. The IL-6 increased after intake of HF diet, but after switching to SC feeding, which remained elevated, while the MCP-1 was not changed during the shift of diets. The expression of adiponectin in adipose tissue decreased after the HF feeding and the values remained low even after switching to diet SC. The expression of leptin, IL-6 in the adipose tissue increased after HF feeding and remained elevated after the change to SC diet. Similarly, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic TG not reduced after the change to the diet HF diet SC. The results of the present study showed that both the HF diet and WC are relevant to BM evolution and fat pad remodeling in mice, with repercussion in blood lipids, homeostasis of glucose-insulin, adipokine levels and causes fat accumulation in the liver. The simple reduction of the BM during a WC is not able to recover the high levels of adipokines in the adipose tissue and serum as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hepatic steatosis and hepatic TG are not recovered with the change to SC feeding and body mass reduction. These findings indicate that the WC creates an inflammatory environment; with altered adipokines in association with WC which potentially aggravates the chronic inflammation attributed to dysregulated production and release of adipokines in mice

Les personnes atteintes de diabète sont plus à risque de développer la dépression, un fardeau additionnel dans leurs activités quotidiennes. Notre étude auprès d’adultes diabétiques résidant au Québec vise à en déterminer les caractéristiques lorsque la dépression fait partie du tableau clinique. Hypothèse 1: Les adultes québécois atteints de diabète et de dépression (dépression majeure et mineure) seront plus prédisposés à avoir des indicateurs reliés aux habitudes de vie, aux soins du diabète et à l’efficacité personnelle vis-à-vis du contrôle du poids et de la quantité d’aliments consommés, moins favorables que les sujets diabétiques sans dépression. Hypothèse 2: Chez les Québécois atteints de diabète de type 2, l’association entre la dépression et l’obésité sera affectée par les indicateurs de la Variation Cyclique du Poids (VCP) et de l’efficacité personnelle. Hypothèse 3: Chez les Québécois atteints de diabète de type 2, ceux qui auront développé ou maintenu une dépression au cours de 12 mois, seront plus susceptibles de détériorer les indicateurs reliés à leurs habitudes de vie et à leur efficacité personnelle. Des personnes diabétiques au Québec ont été recrutées à l’aide d’un sondage téléphonique. Des adultes, hommes et femmes, âgés de 18 à 80 ans étaient éligibles à participer. La dépression était déterminée par le questionnaire PHQ-9 « Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ». Au total, 3 221 individus ont été contactés au départ de l’étude; 2 003 ont participé à l’étude (93% type 2)et 1 234 ont participé au suivi de 12 mois. La prévalence de dépression mineure et majeure était de 10,9% et 8,7%, respectivement. Cinquante-trois pourcent des sujets avec dépression majeure avaient deux ou trois indicateurs malsains (tabagisme, inactivité ou obésité), 33% des sujets avaient une dépression mineure et 21% des sujets étaient non déprimés. Les résultats des analyses de régression logistique ont révélé que les sujets dépressifs étaient plus susceptibles d’être de sexe féminin, moins instruits, non mariés,sédentaires, fumeurs, percevaient plus souvent avoir une faible maîtrise du contrôle de la quantité d’aliments ingérés et tendaient davantage à mesurer leur glycémie au moins une fois par jour (p<0,05). Chez les patients avec le diabète de type 2, l’association entre la dépression et l’obésité a été affectée par les variables de la VCP et d’efficacité personnelle. Une année après le début de l’étude, 11,5% des sujets ont développé une dépression et 10% ont maintenu leur état dépressif. Les sujets ayant développé une dépression ou persisté dans leur état de dépression étaient plus susceptibles d’avoir été inactifs au début de l’étude ou d’être restés inactifs au suivi de 12 mois, et d’avoir maintenu une perception d’un faible contrôle de leur poids corporel et de la quantité d’aliments ingérés. Cependant, les changements de statut de dépression n’étaient pas associés à des changements de l’indice de masse corporelle. En conclusion, l’inactivité physique et une faible efficacité personnelle sont des facteurs importants dans le développement et la persistance de la dépression chez les patients diabétiques et méritent d’être considérés dans le traitement. / Individuals with diabetes are at a greater risk of developing depression, an additional burden for their daily activities. The aim of our study is to determine the characteristics of individuals with depression, in a Quebec population of adults with diabetes. Hypothesis 1: adults in Quebec with diabetes and with depression (major and minor), compared to those without depression, will be more likely to have less healthy lifestyle and care related indicators, and poorer self-efficacy indicators related to control of body weight and amount of food eaten. Hypothesis 2: among adults in Quebec with type 2 diabetes, the association between depression and obesity will be affected by weight cycling and self-efficacy indicators. Hypothesis 3: adults in Quebec with type 2 diabetes who developed or maintained depression during a 12 month period will be more likely to worsen their lifestyle and self-efficacy related indicators. A telephone survey was conducted to recruit individuals with diabetes residing in Québec. Male and female adults, 18 to 80 years of age, were eligible to participate. A total of 3221 subjects were contacted at the beginning of the study; 2003 participated in the study (93% type 2) and 1234 participated in the 12 month follow-up survey. The prevalence of major and minor depression was 10.9% and 8.7%, respectively. Fifty three percent of subjects with major depression had two or three unhealthy indicators (smoking, inactivity or obesity), 33% of subjects were having minor depression and 21% of subjects were without depression. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that depression was more likely to be associated with being female, less educated, not married, inactive, smoking, having a poor perception of controlling amount of food eaten, and testing blood glucose on a daily basis more frequently (p<0.05). Among individuals with type 2 diabetes, the association between depression and obesity was affected by the variables of weight cycling and self-efficacy. At the 12-month follow-up, 11.5% of subjects developed depression and 10% maintained their depressed state. Individuals who developed depression or maintained their depressed state were more likely to have been physically inactive at the start of the study or to have remained inactive at the 12-month follow-up, and to have maintained a perception of a poor control of body weight and amount of food eaten. However, changes in depression status were not associated with changes in body mass index. In conclusion, physical inactivity and poor self-efficacy play an important roles in the development and persistence of depression in diabetic patients,underlying the usefulness of acting on these multiple factors during treatment.

Les personnes atteintes de diabète sont plus à risque de développer la dépression, un fardeau additionnel dans leurs activités quotidiennes. Notre étude auprès d’adultes diabétiques résidant au Québec vise à en déterminer les caractéristiques lorsque la dépression fait partie du tableau clinique. Hypothèse 1: Les adultes québécois atteints de diabète et de dépression (dépression majeure et mineure) seront plus prédisposés à avoir des indicateurs reliés aux habitudes de vie, aux soins du diabète et à l’efficacité personnelle vis-à-vis du contrôle du poids et de la quantité d’aliments consommés, moins favorables que les sujets diabétiques sans dépression. Hypothèse 2: Chez les Québécois atteints de diabète de type 2, l’association entre la dépression et l’obésité sera affectée par les indicateurs de la Variation Cyclique du Poids (VCP) et de l’efficacité personnelle. Hypothèse 3: Chez les Québécois atteints de diabète de type 2, ceux qui auront développé ou maintenu une dépression au cours de 12 mois, seront plus susceptibles de détériorer les indicateurs reliés à leurs habitudes de vie et à leur efficacité personnelle. Des personnes diabétiques au Québec ont été recrutées à l’aide d’un sondage téléphonique. Des adultes, hommes et femmes, âgés de 18 à 80 ans étaient éligibles à participer. La dépression était déterminée par le questionnaire PHQ-9 « Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ». Au total, 3 221 individus ont été contactés au départ de l’étude; 2 003 ont participé à l’étude (93% type 2)et 1 234 ont participé au suivi de 12 mois. La prévalence de dépression mineure et majeure était de 10,9% et 8,7%, respectivement. Cinquante-trois pourcent des sujets avec dépression majeure avaient deux ou trois indicateurs malsains (tabagisme, inactivité ou obésité), 33% des sujets avaient une dépression mineure et 21% des sujets étaient non déprimés. Les résultats des analyses de régression logistique ont révélé que les sujets dépressifs étaient plus susceptibles d’être de sexe féminin, moins instruits, non mariés,sédentaires, fumeurs, percevaient plus souvent avoir une faible maîtrise du contrôle de la quantité d’aliments ingérés et tendaient davantage à mesurer leur glycémie au moins une fois par jour (p<0,05). Chez les patients avec le diabète de type 2, l’association entre la dépression et l’obésité a été affectée par les variables de la VCP et d’efficacité personnelle. Une année après le début de l’étude, 11,5% des sujets ont développé une dépression et 10% ont maintenu leur état dépressif. Les sujets ayant développé une dépression ou persisté dans leur état de dépression étaient plus susceptibles d’avoir été inactifs au début de l’étude ou d’être restés inactifs au suivi de 12 mois, et d’avoir maintenu une perception d’un faible contrôle de leur poids corporel et de la quantité d’aliments ingérés. Cependant, les changements de statut de dépression n’étaient pas associés à des changements de l’indice de masse corporelle. En conclusion, l’inactivité physique et une faible efficacité personnelle sont des facteurs importants dans le développement et la persistance de la dépression chez les patients diabétiques et méritent d’être considérés dans le traitement. / Individuals with diabetes are at a greater risk of developing depression, an additional burden for their daily activities. The aim of our study is to determine the characteristics of individuals with depression, in a Quebec population of adults with diabetes. Hypothesis 1: adults in Quebec with diabetes and with depression (major and minor), compared to those without depression, will be more likely to have less healthy lifestyle and care related indicators, and poorer self-efficacy indicators related to control of body weight and amount of food eaten. Hypothesis 2: among adults in Quebec with type 2 diabetes, the association between depression and obesity will be affected by weight cycling and self-efficacy indicators. Hypothesis 3: adults in Quebec with type 2 diabetes who developed or maintained depression during a 12 month period will be more likely to worsen their lifestyle and self-efficacy related indicators. A telephone survey was conducted to recruit individuals with diabetes residing in Québec. Male and female adults, 18 to 80 years of age, were eligible to participate. A total of 3221 subjects were contacted at the beginning of the study; 2003 participated in the study (93% type 2) and 1234 participated in the 12 month follow-up survey. The prevalence of major and minor depression was 10.9% and 8.7%, respectively. Fifty three percent of subjects with major depression had two or three unhealthy indicators (smoking, inactivity or obesity), 33% of subjects were having minor depression and 21% of subjects were without depression. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that depression was more likely to be associated with being female, less educated, not married, inactive, smoking, having a poor perception of controlling amount of food eaten, and testing blood glucose on a daily basis more frequently (p<0.05). Among individuals with type 2 diabetes, the association between depression and obesity was affected by the variables of weight cycling and self-efficacy. At the 12-month follow-up, 11.5% of subjects developed depression and 10% maintained their depressed state. Individuals who developed depression or maintained their depressed state were more likely to have been physically inactive at the start of the study or to have remained inactive at the 12-month follow-up, and to have maintained a perception of a poor control of body weight and amount of food eaten. However, changes in depression status were not associated with changes in body mass index. In conclusion, physical inactivity and poor self-efficacy play an important roles in the development and persistence of depression in diabetic patients,underlying the usefulness of acting on these multiple factors during treatment.