This study was conducted to provide Grenada, Mississippi an assessment of the current groundwater resources available for use from the Meridian-upper Wilcox Aquifer (MUWX), which is the primary source of groundwater for the city, by creating an accurate groundwater model. Public, private, industrial, and agricultural wells; springs; streams; and surface water bodies all exist within the study area. Groundwater data were collected from local, state, and federal agencies. Well locations, groundwater levels, and well pumping rates were all used in determining the aquifer's characteristics, such as, hydraulic conductivity, discharge, and recharge. Location of the recharge area in relation to a large reservoir was essential in determining the capabilities of recharge to the aquifer, which in turn allowed for a more accurate prediction of groundwater infiltration. Location of wells down-dip of the recharge area was essential in determining the discharge capabilities of the aquifer. This study proved that there is a direct relationship between the current use of the MUWX aquifer in the study area and the ability of the aquifer to recharge sufficiently in order to support its current use. In addition this study also proved that the aquifer would support a large industrial development in the study area and a substantial amount of new public development.

Groundwater is critical in Texas, representing 60 percent of total water used in 2008. Water demands in Texas are projected to increase 22 percent, largely from an almost doubling of population, within the next 50 years; this ever-increasing pressure on Texas water supplies underscores the need to optimize management of water resources. The objective of this study was to assess regulations, scientific information, and rulemaking by groundwater conservation districts (GCDs) that support policies that achieve the legislative intent of GCDs to protect and conserve groundwater resources of the states aquifers. This study's scope was the Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer and managing GCDs and the following key topics were evaluated 1) management and protection issues; 2) if and how GCDs are utilizing science in development of management plans and rules; 3) whether GCDs are implementing management plans and using enforcement actions; 4) determining if GCDs would have production budgets in conflict with the Regional and State Water Plan and use of the aquifer; 5) and comparing the management plans of GCDs for compatibility. Two online surveys were developed to solicit responses from GCDs and interested parties. Results show that the predominant management issues stemmed from the uncertainty in how groundwater production was regulated and how future permitting would proceed. Environmental interest groups were concerned that GCDs would not adequately incorporate science that supports groundwater production budgets. Stakeholder groups perceived groundwater conservation management as adversely impacting their individual property rights and their region’s ability to develop water management strategies that address projected water budgets. Few formal enforcement actions have been taken by GCDs since 2007. Current water budgets and desired future conditions by the GCDs for the Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer do not conflict or result in long-term deficits with respect to water budget projections established by the 2011 Regional Water Plans. GCDs adopted groundwater management plans that addressed goals including conservation and recharge, as outlined in the Texas Water Code, by creating varied objectives and standards. Unanimous public acceptance of the management plans and rules established by the GCDs may never be accomplished, but acceptance will improve through the continuation of public communication, stakeholder coordination, and education. / text

The Wilcox Group in east-central Louisiana consists of a variable sequence of fine-grained sand, mud, and lignite units with a composite thickness of about 3,000 feet. Studies of sand-body geometry, lithologic composition, and facies relationships indicate that the Wilcox Group consists dominantly of deltaic plain deposits (the Holly Springs and an overlying, unnamed delta system) which filled the Mississippi trough during late Paleocene and early Eocene times. Depositional history of these deposits is divided into four phases: (1) a basal progradational phase, characterized by thick bar-finger and upper deltaic plain sequences indicative of delta construction onto a deep and muddy shelf; (2) a thick transgressive deltaic phase including several shoal-water delta lobes with many distributaries separated by destructional phase units; (3) an upper deltaic phase characterized by small shoal-water delta lobes; and (4) a fluvial-transgressive phase consisting of a massive sand unit of coalescing fluvial deposits capped by a veneer of glauconitic, transgressive sands. Deltaic deposits of the lower part of the Wilcox Group closely resemble corresponding facies of the Recent Mississippi River delta system. The deltaic mass of the upper part of the Wilcox Group differs from both in several significant lithologic and geometric parameters, including: (1) an increase in carbonate accumulation; (2) a decrease in thickness and width of the channel sand and related facies; (3) a decrease in sand percentage; and (4) a decrease in the amount of lignite. A shift in paleodrainage from south to southeast accompanies these changes. / text

No description available.

Lignite (brown coal) mine-mouth power plants supply a significance portion of electricity generated annually in Texas. Most lignite is produced from the Wilcox Group at surface mines located near a power plant. At the Oak Hill Mine, a lignite mine in the Sabine Uplift area of northeast Texas, the presence of low pH seeps has delayed the release of some portions of the reclaimed land from bond of some until all surface water bodies achieves a stable pH between 6 and 9. But this federal requirement may require an artificial elevation of surface water pH above the natural range for low volume, groundwater-fed surface water bodies in that region. The primary objective of this thesis is to determine whether the distribution of groundwater pH at Oak Hill Mine has become more acidic as a result of mining activity. This study shows that low pH (<6.0) groundwater was common within the mine permit area prior to mining activities; the 95% confidence interval for the median pH of overburden pre-disturbance (OP) wells is 4.7 to 4.8. This naturally occurring, low pH groundwater is produced by the weathering (oxidative dissolution) of pyrite in the Carrizo Sand and overburden Wilcox Group. Although low pH groundwater occurs naturally within the Oak Hill Mine permit area, groundwater pH has also decreased (groundwater has become more acidic) as a result of mining activities. The 95% confidence interval for the median pH of overburden reclamation (OR) wells is 4.1 to 4.2, indicating that mining activities has changed the median groundwater pH by approximately -0.5 standard units. Underburden groundwater is less acidic than overburden groundwater, but also becomes more acidic after mining activities. Underburden pre-disturbance (UP) groundwater has a median pH of 6.2 to 6.3 at the 95% confidence interval, whereas underburden reclamation (UR) groundwater has a median pH of 5.6 to 5.8 at the 95% confidence interval. / text

Non-covalent interactions in solution are subject to modulation by surrounding solvent molecules. This thesis presents two experimental molecular balances that have been used to quantify solvent effects on non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic and dispersion interactions. The first chapter introduces literature where non-covalent interactions have been studied in a range of solvents, particularly those where the effects of aqueous or fluorous solvents have been investigated. These solvents are of particular interest as they both invoke solvophobic effects on organic molecules, but have differing chemical and physical properties. The second chapter describes the adaptation of the Wilcox molecular torsion balance to study interactions between organic and fluorinated carbon chains in a range of solvents. Solvent cohesion was found to be the principle force driving both the alkyl and fluorous chains together in aqueous solvents, where no contribution to the interaction energy arising from dispersion forces could be detected. In fluorous and polar organic solvents evidence was found for weak favourable dispersion interactions between the alkyl chains. In contrast dispersion forces between the chains were found to be disrupted by competitive van der Waals interactions with surrounding solvent molecules in apolar organic solvents. Association of the fluorous chains was found to be solely driven by solvent cohesion. The final chapter describes the design and synthesis of a novel synthetic molecular-balance framework and describes its application to simultaneously measure solvent and substituent effects on the position of conformational equilibria. Despite the simplicity of the model system, surprisingly complicated behaviour emerged from the interplay of conformational, intramolecular and solvent effects. Nonetheless, a large data set of experimental equilibrium constants was analysed using a simple solvent model, which was able to account for both the intuitive and more unusual patterns observed. A means of dissecting electrostatic and solvent effects to reveal pseudo gas-phase behaviour has resulted from the analysis of experimental data obtained in many solvents.

Hydraulic connectivity for the Tiber field and 17 other Wilcox penetrations in Keathley Canyon (KC) and 5 fields in Walker Ridge (WR) protraction areas was assessed. All five chronostratigraphic Wilcox units are not in vertical communication across both protraction areas. Four of these units are in lateral communication across Tiber field except where faults isolate portions of the structure. Five “areas of connectivity,” where two or more fields are in communication, were found in KC. The fields in WR show no evidence of connectivity despite a relatively simpler structural environment than KC. I propose that the wells in WR are isolated due to a combination of diagenetic cementation and increased vertical effective stress acting to decrease permeability between structures. I also attempted to assess the possibility of hydrodynamic flow in the primary basin encompassing Tiber by geophysically identifying the field’s oil water contact and determining its orientation. This was unsuccessful.

There is little consensus among scholars as to what Nietzsche’s “perspectivism” is or what it entails. I will focus on a limited number of Nietzsche’s commentators, describing and commenting upon the writings of Brian Leiter, R. Lanier Anderson, Maudemarie Clark, Christoph Cox, and John Wilcox. Each commentator provides insight into the problems generated by the interpretations previous commentators have given, while simultaneously generating different problems within these newer interpretations. I hope to draw together the salvageable elements of each of these five interpretations in order to alleviate some general interpretive problems. My own interpretation is as follows: perspectivism entails the two positions ‘knowledge coherentism’ and ‘truth constructivism.’ ‘Knowledge coherentism’ is the need for coherence within a system of knowledge. This position saves perspectivism from relativism. ‘Truth constructivism’ is the claim that we humans intersubjectively create truth; this entails a rejection of the dichotomy of the real and the apparent.

This case-study examines the Swedish armed forces in Afghanistan between 2009 and 2012. The aim of this study is to explore how it comes that an organization that is promoting security and stabilizing operations in a post conflict setting in northern Afghanistan gaudily turns in to an aggressive fighting force. The analytic framework is based on Theo Farrells theory of military adaption as well as Lauren Wilcox’s theory of the role of gender as an explanation of military organisations offensive bias. The results show that the Swedish behaviour should be understood as a combination of adaption to demands form allied forces, a result of pollical will to achieve national political goals and a strong offensive bias.

The McCurtain Creek watershed was proposed for a large reservoir project resulting in the commissioning of this study to assess the site?s geology, hydrogeology, and surface hydrology to find whether or not the site was suitable. Data was collected from 57 geophysical logs from coal exploration boreholes to produce geologic and aquifer cross sections. A program to assess discharge identified surface hydrology characteristics of the stream at five locations. Twenty-seven geotechnical boreholes, 23 standpipe piezometers, and the data from the coal exploration were used to map the water table using ArcGIS 8.3 software. Eighteen piezometers at stream sites, used to measure discharge, assessed groundwater/surface water interactions of the basin. After careful analysis, the results of this study concluded that the geology and hydrology of the basin is sufficient to support the large reservoir although engineering design will be required to mitigate some highly permeable sands for the proposed levee.